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Background Although the incidence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) has increased in recent decades, the role played by minimal extrathyroidal extension (mETE) in the prognosis of PTMC is still unclear. The aim of this study is to analyze the factors associated with PTMC with mETE and its long-term prognosis. Material and methods We conducted a retrospective study on patients with a histological diagnosis of PTMC. We excluded patients who had previously undergone thyroid surgery, those who had other synchronous malignancies, those with an ectopic location of the PTMC, and those lost to follow-up within two years. We compared group 1 (PTMC without extrathyroidal extension) to group 2 (PTMC with mETE) and performed a multivariate analysis. Results We observed PTMC with mETE in 11.2% (n = 18) of patients. On the multivariate analysis, mETE was associated with an age ≥45 years (OR: 4.383; 95% CI: 1.051−18.283, p = .043), tumor size ≥8 mm (OR: 5.913; 95% CI: 1.795−19.481; p= .003), bilaterality (OR: 4.430; 95% CI: 1.294−15.173; p = .018) and metastatic lymph nodes (OR: 12.588; 95% CI: 2.919−54.280; p = .001). Over the mean follow-up period of 119.8 ± 65 months, one case of recurrence was detected in group 2 (0% vs. 5.6%; p= .112). No patients died of the disease. Disease-free survival was lower in group 2 (124.9 ± 5.6 vs. 97.4 ± 10.3 months; p = .034). Conclusions The mETE of PTMC is a factor of worse prognosis associated with the presence of metastatic lymph nodes and a lower rate of disease-free survival.

Resumen Introduccion Aunque el microcarcinoma papilar de tiroides (MCPT) ha sufrido un incremento en la incidencia en las ultimas decadas, todavia no esta claro que papel desempena la extension extratiroidea minima (EETm) en su pronostico. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los factores asociados al MCPT con EETm y su pronostico a largo plazo. Material y metodos Estudio retrospectivo cuya poblacion a estudio la constituyen los pacientes con diagnostico histologico de MCPT. Se excluye a los pacientes con: cirugia tiroidea previa, otras enfermedades malignas sincronicas, localizacion ectopica del MCPT o perdida durante el seguimiento antes de los 2 anos. Se comparan 2 grupos: grupo 1 (MCPT sin extension extratiroidea) y grupo 2 (MCPT con EETm). Se realiza un analisis multivariante. Resultados El 11,2% (n = 18) de los pacientes presentaron MCPT con EETm. En el analisis multivariante, la EETm se asocio con la edad ≥ 45 anos (OR: 4,383; IC del 95%: 1,051-18,283; p = 0,043), el tamano tumoral ≥ 8 mm (OR: 5,913; IC del 95%; 1,795-19,481; p = 0,003), la bilateralidad (OR: 4,430, IC del 95%; 1,294-15,173; p = 0,018) y las adenopatias metastasicas (OR: 12,588; IC del 95%; 2,919-54,280; p = 0,001). Durante un seguimiento medio de 119,8 ± 65 meses, una recurrencia fue detectada en el grupo 2 (0% vs. 5,6%; p = 0,112). Ningun paciente fallecio debido a la enfermedad. La supervivencia libre de enfermedad fue menor en el grupo 2 (124,9 ± 5,6 vs. 97,4 ± 10,3 meses; p = 0,034). Conclusion La EETm del MCPT es un factor de peor pronostico, asociada a la presencia de adenopatias metastasicas y a una menor supervivencia libre de enfermedad.

This paper discusses the performance of a multi-method ensemble meta-heuristic for optimization in a problem of submerged arches design. Specifically, the Coral Reefs Optimization algorithm with Substrate Layers (CRO-SL) is proposed. It is a multi-method evolutionary ensemble which combines different searching structures in a single population. In this case, some novel searching strategies such as the Firefly algorithm and the Water Wave Optimization have been proposed to be included in the CRO-SL algorithm. In addition, some other traditional searching structures such as classical crossovers, Gaussian mutation operators, Harmony search and Differential Evolution search strategies have also been implemented in the algorithm. The proposed CRO-SL has been applied to the optimal design of submerged arches in deep waters, considering several design aspects such as the bending moment of the beam and the airspace of the arch. The evaluation of the submerged arches quality is obtained after the simulation of the arches by means of a finite elements computational software, which has been hybridized with the CRO-SL algorithm in the process of fitness calculation. It will be shown that the CRO-SL is able to obtain excellent solutions to submerged arches design problems. For this, the computational performance of each substrate (different searching strategies) in this optimization problem will be discussed and the results obtained will be compared with those in alternative works for similar experiments.

The sensitization of the population toward organ donation is fundamental; for that reason, it is important to determine the factors that condition the opinion toward donation on the population scope in order to carry out cost-effective campaigns.To analyze the attitude toward the donation of the proper organs for transplantation among the population residing in Cienfuegos, Cuba.Population under study: Population who reside in Cienfuegos, Cuba.Population over 15 years old as stratified by age and sex. Assessment instrument: The attitude questionnaire for organ donation for transplant-PCID-DTO Ríos. Fieldwork: A random selection based on stratification. The available data from the census were used. The completion was anonymous and self-administered. Verbal consent was requested to collaborate in the study.Student t test, χA sample of 636 respondents was included in the study, of which 71% (n = 453) are in favor of donating their organs after death, 16% (n = 103) are against, and 13% (n = 80) are undecided. This attitude is associated with different psychosocial variables (P .001): age, marital status, having offspring, level of studies, carrying out prosocial activities, discussing with the family the subject of donation and transplantation, knowledge of the concept of brain death, the attitude toward the manipulation of the corpse, the religion of the respondent, and the attitude of the couple toward organ transplantation. The main independent factors obtained in the multivariate analysis (odds ratio2.5): knowledge of the brain death concept, attitude toward the manipulation of the corpse, religion, and attitude of the couple toward transplantation.The attitude toward organ donation among the population of Cienfuegos, Cuba, is favorable and is conditioned by several psychosocial factors.

Because personal decisions affect the availability of organs for transplants, awareness about organ donations among the general population is fundamental.To analyze attitudes toward organ donation among the citizens of Havana, Cuba.The sample population was the residents of the city of Havana, Cuba. The inclusion criterion was being older than 15 years; the sample was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex. Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects of organ donation and transplant (PCID-DTO-Ríos). A random selection of people to be surveyed was carried out.A sample of 920 respondents was included in the study. Attitude toward cadaveric donation was favorable in 68% of respondents, while 14% were against and 18% were undecided. Several variables were associated with having a more favorable attitude. In the multivariate analysis, the following variables continue to feature as independent variables (P .05): 1. level of studies; 2. knowledge of the concept of brain death; 3. attitude toward organ donation of a relative; 4. having discussed the issue of organ donation and transplantation with one's family; 5. the attitude of the couple toward organ donation and transplantation; 6. the religion of the respondent; 7. knowing the opinion of one's religion toward organ transplantation; 8. fear of manipulation of the body after death; and 9. acceptance of burial as a treatment of the body after the death.The attitude toward cadaveric organ donation among the residents of Havana is favorable and similar to that of the citizens of Spain. Improving the organ procurement system will increase donation rates given the population's awareness of the issue.

In this work, a fast two-step process combining co-electrodeposition of a CuZnSn precursor plus a reactive selenization step with a rapid thermal annealing to synthesize Cu2ZnSnSe4 thin films is presented. By tuning the electrochemical procedure is feasible to obtain with a short electrodeposition time (15 min) the precursor composition required for high efficiency solar cell devices. XRD characterization reveals that the precursor is mainly composed of binary Cu-Zn and Cu-Sn alloys that after thermal treatment completely react to form a kesterite thin film. Raman spectra and Raman mappings demonstrate that best quality kesterite films are obtained after selective chemical etching necessary to remove secondary phases, like ZnSe and SnSe, which are detrimental for solar cell performance. Best solar cells prototypes achieve efficiencies of 5% with a current density of 30.9 mA/cm2, an open circuit potential of 327 mV and a fill factor of 51.5%. The low value of open circuit voltage is attributed to the presence of voids and partial delamination observed in the Mo/Cu2ZnSnSe4 interface. Fil: Valdes, Matias Hernan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales; Argentina Fil: Hernández Martinez, A.. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos; España Fil: Sánchez, Y.. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos; España Fil: Oliva, F.. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos; España Fil: Izquierdo Roca, V.. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos; España Fil: Perez Rodriguez, A.. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos; España Fil: Saucedo, Edgardo. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos; España

Introduction Making xenotransplantation socially acceptable is the first step in working toward the promotion of this potential therapy option for providing transplant organs. However, most of the questionnaires used for this task are not validated. Objective To analyze the psychometric characteristics of the questionnaire of attitud toward xenotransplantation PCID-XENOTx-Rios (Questionnaire of Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante about Xenotransplantation developed by Dr. Rios) to validate the questionnaire in the Spanish speaking population. Methods The study population was the native Spanish population living in southeast Spain. A sample of the population was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex (N = 600), using the following inclusion criteria: 1. being older than 18 years; 2. being Spanish; and 3. living in Spain. Instrument valuation. Attitude was assessed using the validated PCID-XENOTx-Rios questionnaire to gauge attitudes toward organ and tissue xenotransplantation. The statistical analysis included an initial description of the data, an exploratory factor analysis, an items analysis, and an internal consistency analysis. Results The questionnaire consists of a total of 30 items, distributed in 4 subscales: 1. Factor 1: consequences (11 items); 2. Factor 2: associated risks (7 items); 3. Factor 3: transmission of infections (6 items); and 4. Factor 4: origins of transplantation (6 items). This structure presents a total explained variance of 61.18%. The internal consistency of each factor was as follows: α1 = 0.91; α2 = 0.92; α3 = 0.89; and α4 = 0.72. The analysis of items and internal consistency supported the 4 factors' composition. Conclusions Dimensions analyzed in the PCID-XENOTx-Rios questionnaire of attitudes toward organ and tissue xenotransplantation show a good fit in relation to their factorial validity and internal consistency values.

The number of people of Nigerian origin in Europe is growing. However, there are no studies that have analyzed their awareness of organ donation and transplantation.To analyze the attitude toward organ donation among Nigerian-born population living in Spain.The sample population was a selection of people born in Nigeria who are now living in Spain. A sample of this cohort older than 15 years was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex. Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire on the psychosocial attitudes toward organ donation (PCID-DTO-Ríos). A random selection of people from this cohort was surveyed.A sample of 183 respondents was included in the study. Of their attitudes toward cadaveric donation, 33% were in favor of it, 34% were against it, and 33% were undecided. The variables associated with having a more favorable attitude (P .001) were: 1. Knowledge related to donation and transplantation; 2. attitude toward the body; 3. religion; and 4. social interaction. In the multivariate analysis, the main independent factor associated with the attitude toward organ donation was the knowledge of the concept of encephalic death. Respondents who are familiar with the concept of brain death are 10 times more likely to be in favor of donation than those who are not.The attitude toward organ donation among the Nigerian-born population living in Spain is not very favorable and is associated with psychosocial factors. A campaign to raise awareness among Nigerian residents in Spain has become a priority.

Xenotransplantation carries many social and cultural implications. The immigrant population in countries with xenotransplantation programs, such as Spain and the United States, will play an important role in accepting such therapy. The objective of the study is to analyze the attitude toward xenotransplantation among the Dominican population residing in the United States and Spain.The study population was born in the Dominican Republic and resides in the southeastern United States and Spain. A sample population older than 15 years was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex. Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects toward xenotransplantation (PCID-XENOTx-Ríos). A random selection of people to be surveyed was carried out. Assistance from immigration support associations was needed to advise on the location of potential respondents.A total of 123 respondents were included in the study: A sample was taken of residents of the population from the Dominican Republic residing in Florida, United States (n = 66), and in Spain (n = 57). If it was assumed that xenotransplanted organs functioned as well as human ones, 30% would be in favor. If the results were worse, only 7% would be in favor. This favorable attitude was related to the following variables (P .05): level of education, an attitude in favor of deceased and living organ donation, and having spoken about donation and transplantation within the family.The attitude toward xenotransplantation among the population from the Dominican Republic who are residing in the southeastern United States and Spain is unfavorable.

Awareness about organ donation among the general population is fundamental to organ donation programs. It is important to determine the factors that influence attitudes toward organ donation within the general population in order to carry out cost-effective campaigns.To analyze the attitude toward organ donation among Santiago, Cuba, citizens.The study population encompassed residents in Santiago, Cuba. A sample population of residents older than 15 years was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex. Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects toward organ donation and transplant (PCID-DTO Ríos). Available census data were used. The survey was self-administered and completed anonymously.Of the 455 respondents, 70% of respondents are in favour of cadaveric donation, 16% are against, and 14% were undecided. Several variables were associated with having a more favorable attitude. And in the multivariate analysis, the following variables continue to feature as independent variables: 1. knowledge of the concept of brain death [OR = 2.386 (4.761-1.194); P = .014]; 2. being in favor of donating a family member's organs [OR = 3.067 (5.952-1.584); P = .001]; 3. a partner's favorable attitude [OR = 5.795 (1.477-22.731); P = .012]; 4. being an atheist/agnostic as the religious beliefs [OR = 1.845 (3.289-1.038); P = .037]; 5. not being concerned about the possible mutilation of the body after donation [OR = 7.437 (2.918-18.955); P .001]; 6. not accepting other treatment options after death, such as inhumation [OR = 3.048 (5.714-1.626); P = .001].The attitude toward cadaveric organ donation among the Santiago, Cuba population is favorable and it is associated with several psychosocial factors.

The pandemic influenza virus A (H1N1) in 2009, which was initially associated with pigs (swine flu), could have had a negative influence on attitudes toward xenotransplantation (XT), particularly after the social alarm it caused. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of this pandemic on the acceptance of XT among veterinary science students. Methods A control group sample was taken of students registered in the veterinary degree course (academic year 2007–2008). For the study group, the study was repeated on the same students (year 2008–2009) after the pandemic (April 2009). Pair-matching was carried out between both groups taking into account that (1) the questionnaire was anonymous but included the student's initials and (2) when the study was repeated, the students were in the next academic year. Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire. Results After comparing the surveys from the control group (n = 515) and study group (n = 465), 287 matched pairs were obtained. Acceptance of organ XT did not differ significantly before and after the outbreak, assuming similar results to those using human organs (89% vs 89%; P = .10) or with a greater risk than human donation (10% vs 13%; P = .37). There was no difference between the attitude toward tissue XT before and after (94% vs 93%; P = .69) and toward cell XT (97% vs 98%; P = .30); 82% (n = 236) believed that the pandemic had not changed their perception of XT, although 43% (n = 124) considered that it had negatively affected society's perception. Conclusion The pandemic influenza virus A (H1N1) did not change the attitude of veterinary science students toward XT.

The design of funicular (or momentless) submerged arches has a great application in the fields of the building construction and the civil engineering. Traditional approaches in this field have been based on the resolution of ordinary differential equations that govern the structural behavior of the submerged arches. Indeed, these approaches only consider a design parameter and they are computationally expensive. For intermediate depth ratios, the funicular shape of the arch lays about halfway between the geometric forms of the parabola and the ellipse. Actually, the arch centerline could be modeled as a parametric linear function of these two conical shapes where different parameters are established, opening new opportunities for the optimization in the design of such structures, which also consider several design parameters. In this article, we propose a methodology to optimize several parameters in the design of submerged arches. Specifically, we focus on the reduction of the arch bending moment, which is a critical factor in the design cost of the structure, and also the maximization of the airspace enclosed by the arch, which is of particular interest in the serviceability of recreational submerged installations. Our methodology is based on a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm, which uses artificial neural networks with extreme learning machine (ELM) to predict the level of bending stresses at the submerged arch under different shape configurations and also reduce the overall computational cost. Two groups of test examples, corresponding to deep and shallow waters, are developed to compare the numerical results obtained by multi-objective optimization with the theoretical curves predicted by the traditional funicular analysis. Our experimental results offer good accuracy (R2 up to 93%) in the fitness evaluation using ELM. After the multi-objective optimization procedure, our results show optimal arch-shapes with minimum bending stress (i.e., minimum cost) and maximum airspace; thus, the functionality of the underwater installation is also optimal.

Finite element model updating is a well-known technique to better characterize the real behaviour of civil engineering structures. The updated numerical model can be used to perform a more accurate structural assessment. Herein, its effectiveness is validated through the fatigue assessment of a lively footbridge considering two different numerical models: (i) a preliminary finite element (FE) model and (ii) an updated version of the preliminary model based on the modal parameters of the footbridge identified experimentally. For this purpose, the Malecon footbridge (Murcia, Spain) has been considered. This footbridge, a cable-stayed structure, is prone to vibrate in vertical direction under continuous walking pedestrian flows so fatigue damage might be expected on its supporting cables. A detailed FE model of the footbridge has been performed and subsequently updated based on the experimental modal parameters of the structure. The behaviour of the pedestrian flows was characterized by field observations. Finally, a comparison is performed between the fatigue damage of some cables of the footbridge considering the two mentioned FE models. The safe life method was used to assess such damage. As result, a maximum relative difference around 52 % was obtained between the two numerical models.

INTRODUCTION Living kidney donation is currently the most important kidney donor source in Latin America, and it is necessary to further increase its rates. OBJECTIVE To analyze the attitude toward living kidney donation among the Santiago de Cuba's population and to determine the sociopersonal factors with which it is associated. METHOD The population over 15 years old residing in Santiago de Cuba, stratified by sex and age, was screened. The "PCID-LKD Rios" attitude questionnaire toward living kidney donation was administered to a random selection of the people surveyed according to the stratification and the census data. The completion was anonymized and self-administered. Verbal consent was obtained. RESULTS The study was completed by 445 people, of whom the 86% (n = 389) were in favor of living related kidney donation. This attitude is associated with the level of education (P < .001); previous experience with organ donation (P = .006); attitude toward cadaveric organ donation (P < .001); carrying out of prosocial activities (P = .010); discussion of the issue with the family (P < .001) and the significant other (P < .001); concern about mutilation after donation (P = .001); religious beliefs (P = .001); and assessment of the risk of living kidney donation (P < .001). In the multivariate study, the following variables persisted: (1) level of education; (2) attitude of cadaveric donation; (3) carrying out of prosocial activities; and (4) risk assessment of living donation. CONCLUSIONS Living related donation is very well accepted among the Santiago de Cuba's population.

The Nigerian population is an emerging group in Spain and in Europe, but their sensitization toward living kidney donation has not been studied. The aim of this work was to analyze the attitude toward related renal donation while alive among the population born in Nigeria resident in Spain.A population older than 15 years born in Nigeria and resident in Spain, stratified by age and sex, was studied with the use of the attitude questionnaire about living kidney donation, "PCID-DVR-Ríos." People were randomly selected based on stratification. African immigration support associations advised on the location of potential respondents. Completion of the questionnaire was anonymous and self-administered. Verbal consent was requested to assist in the study. Statistical methods included Student t test, χA total of 179 respondents were included in the study: 70% (n = 125) were in favor of living-related kidney donation, and 30% (n = 54) remained against or undecided. This attitude was associated with different psychosocial factors: marital status (P = .001), having offspring (P = .029), risk assessment of live donation (P .001), partner's opinion about donation (P .001), previous relationship with donation and/or transplantation (P .001), religion (P .001), and fear of mutilation after donation (P .001). In the multivariate analysis, the previous relationship with donation and/or transplantation (odds ratio, 8.064) persisted as the main related factor.The Nigerian immigrant population in Spain has a less favorable attitude toward living kidney donation than the native western European and Spanish population.

The Puerto Rican population represents one of the largest immigration groups in Florida, and this has an impact on the organ transplant donation process. Our aim was to analyze attitudes toward organ donation among Puerto Ricans who currently reside in the state of Florida (USA).The population screened consisted of individuals15 years old, who were born in Puerto Rico, living in Florida, and awaiting organs for transplant. All participants completed the "PCID-DTO Rios" questionnaire. Random selection was done according to stratification. Support from immigration associations in Spain was needed for advice on the locations of potential respondents. Study participation was anonymized and self-administered.There were 259 respondents, 37% (n = 95) were in favor of donation, 36% (n = 93) were against donation, and 27% (n = 71) were undecided. The variables associated with these attitudes were: age (P = .017); civil status (P = .021); level of education (P .001); previous experience with donation and transplant (P .001); attitude toward organ donation of a relative (P .001); carrying out pro-social activities (P .001); discussing the issue of transplant with the family (P .001) or couple (P .001); attitude toward incineration (P .001), burial (P .001), and autopsy (P .001); fear of mutilation after donation (P .001); and religious beliefs (P .001). In the multivariate study, it remained an independent variable to have discussed the issue at the family level (odds ratio = 11.627; P = .009).The Puerto Rican study population residing in Florida has an unfavorable attitude toward organ donation.

The Guinean population is an emerging group in Europe, but the group's awareness of organ donation and transplantation has not been studied.To analyze the attitude toward organ donation among the population born in Guinea living in Spain.The population older than 15 years, born in Guinea, and resident in Spain was studied, stratified by age and sex, according to census data and immigrant assistance associations. The valuation tool used was the attitude questionnaire toward organ donation PCID-DTO RIOS (questionnaire on "Donor International Collaborative Project" on organ donation and transplantation developed by Dr Ríos). A random selection of people to survey was based on stratification. Support from African immigration support associations was needed to advise on the location of potential respondents. The completion was anonymous and self-administered. A descriptive statistic was performed, and Student t, χIn all, 181 Guineans were surveyed, of whom 32% (n = 58) were in favor of the donation of their own organs after death, 32% (n = 57) were against, and 36% (n = 66) were undecided. The variables that are associated with attitude toward donation are separated mainly into 4 large groups (P .001): (1) knowledge about the process of donation and organ transplantation; (2) attitude toward the manipulation of the body; (3) religious variables; and (4) sociofamily variables, especially in relation to the couple.The Guinean population emigrant to Spain has an unfriendly attitude toward organ donation.

Introduction The Uruguayan population is sensitized toward transplantation. However, it has not been studied how this awareness can change when emigrating to different countries. Objective To analyze the attitude toward cadaveric organ donation and living organ donation between the Uruguayan population residing in Florida (United States) and the Uruguayan population residing in Spain. Method Adults born in Uruguay and residing in Florida and Spain were screened. The questionnaire “PCID—DTO Rios” (donation of cadaveric organs) and “PCID—DVR Rios” (living renal donation) were used. Subjects were randomly selected according to age and gender stratification. Support from Latin-American immigration associations in Spain and Florida was needed. The survey was anonymized and self-administered. Verbal consent was obtained to collaborate in the study. Results Because the emigrant population to Spain is far larger than the emigrant population to the United States, a 2:1 proportional sampling was performed (n = 132). Sixty-seven percent of residents in Spain were in favor of organ donation at the time of death compared with 50% among residents in Florida ( P = .082), and 100% of residents in Spain were in favor of living renal donation compared with 50% of those living in Florida ( P Conclusions The attitude toward donation is more favorable among Uruguayan emigrants to Spain than emigrants to the United States, especially in related kidney donation.

Introduction Organ refusal rates among Gypsies is much higher than that of any other social group in Spain. However, their attitude toward new therapies related to transplantation, such as the xenotransplantation, is not known. This is especially important in countries such as Spain, where there are research and development units for xenotransplantation. Objective To analyze the attitude toward xenotransplantation among the Gypsy population living in Spain. Method Type of study: Observational sociological study. Population under study: Adult Gypsy population currently residing in Spain. Sample: A random sampling of 230 adult Gypsies. Assessment instrument: A validated attitude questionnaire for xenotransplantation—PCID–XenoTx Rios. Fieldwork: Random selection based on stratification. Anonymity and self-administered fulfillment. Statistics: Student t test, χ2, Fisher, and a logistic regression analysis. Results A sample of 206 Gypsies was obtained. Forty-five percent (n = 93) would accept a solid organ xenotransplantation if they needed it, and the results were similar to those currently obtained with human organs; 24% (n = 49) have doubts, and 31% (n = 64) would not accept the xenotransplantation. If the results were worse than with human organs, only 9% would accept the xenotransplantation (n = 19). Respondents with a favorable attitude toward xenotransplantation presented a more favorable attitude toward cadaveric organ donation (55% vs 34%, P = .01). Conclusions Gypsies do not present a very favorable attitude toward xenotransplantation, especially compared with other Spanish population groups. A favorable sensitivity is presented by the population group in favor of it to cadaveric organ donation, which could be used to sensitize this social group and promote donation campaigns with the aim of increasing donation rates.

Introduction Religious factors have conditioned the attitude toward organ donation and transplantation (ODT) since the beginning of transplantation, despite the fact that most religions are in favor of transplantation. Objective To assess the impact of religious beliefs of medical students on their attitude toward ODT. Method Population under study: Medical students in Spanish universities. Study sample: Stratified by geographical area and academic course. Assessment instrument: Attitude ODT questionnaire PCID-DTO-Ríos, anonymous and self-administered. Results Of all students, 42% (n = 3907) declare themselves atheists or agnostics. The remaining 58% (n = 5368) declare themselves to be religious, the majority being Catholic (55%, n = 5102). Of the rest, 0.2% are Muslims (n = 8), 0.1% Protestants (n = 1), and the remaining 2.7% (n = 257) indicate other religious doctrines but do not want to specify it. Regarding their attitude toward ODT, those who consider themselves atheists or agnostics have a more favorable attitude than those who consider themselves religious (84% versus 76%; P < .001). Among those who follow some kind of religion, Catholics are more in favor of ODT than non-Catholics (77% vs 64%, P < .001). Note that among the religious, only 57% (n = 3050) know which religion is in favor of transplantation, while 22% (n = 1,152) consider that it has not been pronounced on the matter, 13% (n = 723) think the religion is against donation, and the remaining 8% (n = 443) do not know. Conclusion The religion professed by medical students conditions their attitude toward donation, with the atheists and agnostics being more in favor of donation. Sin financiación 0.784 JCR (2019) Q4, 155/158 Immunology, 191/210 Surgery, 24/24 Transplantation 0.363 SJR (2019) Q3, 254/451 Surgery, 27/41 Transplantation No data IDR 2019 UEM

Introduction The knowledge of the brain death (BD) concept is important when determining the attitude toward organ donation. Objective To analyze the level of knowledge of the BD concept among the population in Santiago de Cuba and determine the factors that condition it. Methods From the Collaborative International Donor Project, we obtained a sample of Cubans living in the area of Santiago de Cuba (n = 455). The attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire (PCID-DTO-RIOS). The survey was self-administered and completed anonymously. Student t test, χ2, Fisher, and logistic regression analysis were used. Results Forty percent (n = 180) of the respondents know the BD concept and consider it as the death of an individual. Of the rest, 43% (n = 199) do not know about it, and the remaining 17% (n = 76) consider that it does not mean the death of a patient. The variables significantly related to the correct knowledge of BD in the multivariate analysis and considered as independent are: level of studies; the opinion of the couple toward organ donation; the religion of the respondent; having offspring; and a favorable attitude toward organ donation. Conclusion There is ignorance about the brain death concept among the population of Santiago de Cuba. This lack of knowledge has a direct relationship with various psychosocial factors.

The reinforced concrete beams is a structural member that is widely used in all types of building and civil constructions. These beams are subjected to different external loads that, above a critical value, may cause the collapse of the whole structure, having devastating consequences for civilians. Therefore, the a priori simulation of the internal forces developed within a reinforced concrete beam, when it is subjected to external loads, is mandatory to figure out its progressive structural response, to provide integrated risk assessment for a wide range of constructions such as buildings, bridges, etc. In this paper, we provide a simulation framework to estimate the behavior of reinforced concrete beams when they are subjected to external loads. Of particular interest to us is the simulation of the particularly damaging internal force, called Shear force. Several techniques are under study such as regression analysis, Little Genetic Algorithm (LGA) and Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES), along with different objective functions (lineal, polynomial and rational functions) to provide a solution that satisfies both the physical and computational constraints of the targeted problem. These techniques are empirically optimized by using different parameters and genetic operators such as elitism, penalization for unfeasible individuals, crossing by one point or by linear combination of two individuals, mutation by gen or by individual. Numerical results reveal that CMA-ES algorithm together with a proper objective function, elitism and penalization allows predicting, under a relative error less than 5% (compared to experimental data taken from a tested beam), the shear response of a reinforced concrete beam in the stages near to the structural collapse.

The Bolivian population is growing in Spain. Xenotransplantation of organs and/or tissues carries many social and cultural implications. It is important to find out the level of acceptance of xenotransplantation in immigrant populations, especially in populations where there are preclinical trials. The objective of the study is to analyze the attitude toward xenotransplantation of organs and tissues in the Bolivian population residing in Spain and the variables that influence their attitude.We selected a sample of the Bolivian population living in Spain. A sample of the population older than 15 years was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex. Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects toward xenotransplantation (PCID-XENOTX-Ríos).Of the 206 respondents, 26% of respondents are in favor of xenotransplantation of organs if it was assumed that xenotransplanted organs functioned as well as human ones. If the results were worse, only 6% would be in favor. The following factors were associated with this attitude: (1) level of education (P = .008), (2) a favorable attitude toward human donation (P = .004), (3) a partner's favorable attitude toward transplantation (P .001), and (4) a belief that one might need a transplant in the future (P = .01). The following were associated with attitude in the multivariate analysis: (1) having secondary education (odds ratio, 3.690; P = .004) and (2) a partner's favorable attitude toward transplantation (odds ratio, 6.024; P = .003).The attitude of Bolivian residents in Spain toward xenotransplantation is negative and is determined by educational and family factors.

Introduction The Bolivian population is growing in Spain. The knowledge and acceptance of the concept of brain death are fundamental. Objective To analyze the level of understanding of the brain death concept among the population of Bolivians residing in Spain. Methods The study population was Bolivians living in Spain. The inclusion criteria were being older than 15 years, being born in Bolivia, and residing in Spain; participants were selected randomly from this group and stratified by age and sex. Knowledge of the concept of brain death was assessed using a validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects toward organ donation. A group of people to be surveyed was randomly selected. Assistance from immigration support associations in Spain was needed to advise on the location of potential respondents. The survey was self-administered and completed anonymously. Results Of the 206 respondents, 27% understood brain death (BD) and believed that this was the death of an individual. Of the rest, 18% did not understand it and the remaining 55% believed it did not mean the death of a patient. Those who understood the concept of BD were more in favor of deceased donation than those who did not (52% vs 47%; P = .886). None of the sociopersonal variables analyzed is associated with knowledge of the concept of BD. A high percentage of respondents indicated fear of apparent death during organ donation. Conclusions The majority of the Bolivian population residing in Spain does not understand the concept of BD. Contrary to most psychosocial studies, it is not associated with attitudes toward organ donation or other sociopersonal factors.

Introduction The number of Population of Guinea residents in Spain has increased significantly; however, there are no studies that analyze their awareness of transplantation and especially living kidney donation. Objective To analyze the attitude toward living kidney donation among the Spanish resident population born in Guinea. Methods People born in Guinea and residents in Spain were included in this study. A sample of population older than 15 years was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex. Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects with respect to living kidney donation (PCID-DVR-Rios). Results Of the 170 respondents, 68% of respondents are in favor of related living kidney donation. The remaining 32% were against it or undecided. The results of the multivariable analysis indicated that respondents who were in favor of cadaveric organ donation and transplantation had a probability of being in favor of living kidney donation 10 times greater than those who were not in favor, and that respondents who had collaborated in prosocial activities had a probability of being in favor of living kidney donation that was 10,638 times greater than those who have not collaborated and will not collaborate in the future. Conclusions The attitude toward related living kidney donation among the population born in Guinea and residing in Spain is not very favorable compared with studies of attitude in the European and Spanish population, and it is associated with psychosocial factors.

One of the main reasons against organ donation is the fear of apparent death due to ignorance of the brain death concept. Our aim was to assess knowledge about and acceptance of the brain death concept among the population of Havana, Cuba.The population screened, stratified by gender and age, included those15 years old and living in Havana, Cuba. The appraisal tool utilized was a questionnaire on attitude toward organ donation ("PCID-DTO Ríos"). A random selection of individuals were surveyed according to the stratification. Cuba's census data were used. The participation was anonymized and self-administered. The verbal consent of participants was provided.There were 920 respondents: 31% (n = 282) knew the concept of brain death and accepted it; 57% (n = 529) did not; and 12% (n = 109) had a misperception, or did not accept brain death as a person's death. Those who knew and accepted the concept had a more favorable attitude toward their own organ donation after death (85% vs 61%; P .001). The psychosocial factors related to the knowledge of brain death concept were: the gender (P = .002), to make up for speaking at a family level about the organ transplant (P .001), the couple's opinion about the organ donation (P .001) and the religion (P .001).The brain death concept is not well understood in the population of Havana, Cuba.

Background There are social groups with very low donation rates, and action is needed to try to reverse this situation. The goal of this study was to determine which approach is the best to use with the gypsy population in Spain to determine their attitude toward organ donation. Methods The study population screened was the adult gypsy population resident in Spain. An attitude questionnaire regarding organ donation for transplant (“PCID-DTO Rios: Questionnaire of “Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante” about Organ Donation and Transplant [developed by Dr. Rios]”) was used as the assessment instrument. In 3 gypsy towns, the patriarch was contacted, who agreed to the questionnaire and to inform the others of our presence. Two forms of action were valued: (1) a direct approach (n = 100), with personal interview; and (2) an alternative approach (n = 200), which involved leaving the questionnaire in a meeting point of the town and collecting the questionnaires at the end of the meeting. The completion was anonymous and self-administered. Results The completion level of the study was anecdotal in both groups. The direct approach presented several problems: (1) null participation to complete the questionnaire (only 12 questionnaires were collected); (2) the attempt to generate empathy and request re-evaluation generated in 78% of the cases a hostile environment; and (3) the male population presented a harder and more aggressive attitude. With the alternative approach, only 10 of the 200 questionnaires left were retrieved, 9 of them blank or painted. Conclusions The approach of the gypsy population is complex; because of their hostile and unfavorable attitude, a more global approach is needed, with the collaboration of people of their own ethnic group.

The involvement of health professionals from their training period is important for the promotion of living liver donation. There are data that indicate that the awareness of living donation is lower in areas with high rates of deceased donation. Objective To analyze the attitude toward living liver donation among Spanish medical students, according to donation rates of their regions. Method Population under study: Medical students in Spanish universities. Database of the Collaborative International Donor Project, stratified by geographic area and academic course. The completion was anonymous and self-administered. Groups under study: group 1 (n = 1136): students in universities of regions with >50 donors per million population (pmp); group 2 (n = 2018): students in region universities with 50 donors pmp. Thus, in group 1, a total of 88% (n = 1002) of students are in favor compared with 91% (n = 1831) of group 2 (P=.02). The psychosocial profile of each study group about their attitude toward living related liver donation is analyzed. There is a similar profile between the 2 groups, although there are differences in some variables such as age, a belief that one might need a transplant, family discussion about donation and transplantation, discussion with friends about donation and transplantation, and knowing about a donor. Conclusions The awareness of living related donation among Spanish medical students is greater among the regions with lower organ donation rates. Sin financiación 0.784 JCR (2019) Q4, 155/158 Immunology, 191/210 Surgery, 24/24 Transplantation 0.363 SJR (2019) Q3, 254/451 Surgery, 27/41 Transplantation No data IDR 2019 UEM

The awareness of organ donation among health professionals is important at the time of transplant promotion. In this sense, the training and awareness of the professionals in training is fundamental. Objective To analyze the differences in the attitude toward organ donation and the factors that condition it among medical students of regions with donation rates >50 donors per million population (pmp) with respect to those with rates 50 donors pmp. Group 2 (n = 2018): university students in regions with 50 donors pmp and with

Immunological molecules are implicated in inflammatory disorders, including IBD [CD and UC]. A further group of genetically variable proteins involved in immune function are killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). These are expressed by NK cells and certain T lymphocytes where they regulate specificity and function by interaction with HLA Class I molecules. KIRs may either be inhibitory or activating and are polymorphic both in terms of alleles and haplotype gene content. Genetic associations of activating KIRs with certain autoimmune and inflammatory diseases have been demonstrated. However, there are several conflicting articles of KIR association with IBD and their relationships seem to be unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between KIR repertoire and the IBD pathologies in a Spanish population. KIR variability analysis was performed using PCR-SSOP. We found an increased frequency in inhibitory KIR2DL5 in UC and IBD patient groups respect to Controls (P = 0.028 and P = 0.01, respectively, but Pc > 0.05) and in the same manner an increased frequency in activating KIR2DS1 (P = 0.02, Pc > 0.05, UC vs Controls; P = 0.001, Pc = 0.01, IBD vs Controls; P = 0.01, Pc > 0.05, Controls vs CR), KIR2DS5 (P = 0.0028, Pc = 0.04, Controls vs UC; P = 0.0001, Pc = 0.0017, Controls vs IBD; P = 0.01, Pc > 0.05, Controls vs CD) and KIR3DS1 (P = 0.012, Pc > 0.05, Controls vs IBD). Our data suggest that the eventual imbalance between activating and inhibitory KIR may make sense, at least in part, to the differential pathogenesis of these IBDs and could also suggest a hypothetical role for the telomeric B region (which contains both KIR2DS5 and KIR2DS1) in these diseases.

In recent years, some modifications were introduced in the stress–strain relationship of the steel in order to develop a more efficient shear model for reinforced concrete members. The last contribution in this sense corresponding to the Refined Compression Field Theory (RCFT, 2009); this theory proposed a steel constitutive model that has account the tension stiffening area prescribed by technical codes, what simplifies all the design process. However, under certain design conditions supported by such codes, the RCFT model does not provide a real (non-complex) solution for the steel yield strain when the prescribed tension stiffening area is considered; then the load-strain response cannot be computed. In this technical note, the tension stiffening area is fixed in order to guarantee the application of the embedded steel constitutive model for all the standard design range.

Resumen El metabolismo anaerobio es clave en la fisiopatologia del shock septico. Actualmente disponemos de la saturacion venosa central y mixta, y del lactato para monitorizar estos pacientes. Hay trabajos que han demostrado que la normalizacion de parametros hemodinamicos y de oxigenacion no previene la progresion del dano organico o de mayor mortalidad. Recientemente se ha propuesto como marcador de hipoperfusion tisular la diferencia venoarterial de pCO2 (ΔpvaCO2), equivalente al gasto cardiaco; un gradiente elevado se ha relacionado con resultados adversos. Asi mismo se ha propuesto la ratio ΔpvaCO2 entre diferencia de contenido arteriovenoso de oxigeno (ΔCavO2): ΔpvaCO2/ΔCavO2, tambien la ratio diferencia de contenido venoarterial de CO2 entre ΔCavO2: ΔCvaCO2/ΔCavO2, como marcadores de metabolismo anaerobio. Ambas ratios elevadas estan relacionadas con mayores niveles de lactato y peor pronostico. Por lo tanto, en pacientes con sepsis pudiera ser importante la combinacion de objetivos de reanimacion para mejorar los resultados.

The anaerobic metabolism is the cornerstone in physiopathology of septic shock. Nowadays we have both the central or mixed venous oxygen saturation and lactate levels to monitoring the metabolism in septic patients. Some studies have shown that normalization of systemic hemodynamic and oxygen metabolism variables not prevent progression to multiorgan damage and death. Recently has been proposed the venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference (ΔpvaCO2) as an alternative marker of tissue hypoperfusion, like Cardiac Index. High ΔpvaCO2 predicts adverse outcomes. Also has been proposed both, the ratio between the ΔpvaCO2 and arterial-to-venous oxygen content difference (ΔCavO2): ΔpvaCO2/ΔCavO2; and, the ratio between venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference (ΔCvaCO2) and ΔCavO2: ΔCvaCO2/ΔCavO2, as markers of anaerobic metabolism. Both of high ratios are related to high levels of lactate and worse prognosis. Therefore in patients with sepsis the combination of markers of resuscitation could be important to improve the outcomes.

The Ghanaian population is migrating toward the European economic community, especially toward the southern countries.To analyze the attitude toward organ donation among the population born in Ghana but currently residing in Spain.The study included the population born in Ghana who are ≥ 15 years of age and residents of Spain, stratified by age and sex. The assessment instrument used is the donation and transplant attitude questionnaire of Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante (PCID-DTO Ríos), which was self-administered and anonymously completed with verbal consent. The statistics used were descriptive, χThe questionnaire was completed by 237 Ghanaians. Forty-three percent (n = 102) are in favor of cadaveric organ donation, 35% (n = 83) are against donating their own organs, and 20% (n = 48) are undecided. In the multivariate analysis, the association was maintained at the level of the primary studies (P .001, OR = 25), not being afraid of possible mutilation after donating (P .001, OR = 76.923), religion (P .001; OR = 27.777), performing prosocial activities (P = .016, OR = 12.048), and having previously commented on the issue of organ donation and transplantation in the family setting (P = .012, OR = 4.878).The Ghanaian immigrant population in Spain has an unfavorable attitude toward the donation of their own organs at death, which is conditioned by multiple psychosocial factors.

Introduction The refusal to consider death and the donation and transplantation of organs make Gypsies one of the subpopulation groups with the lowest donation rates in Europe. The approach of this social group implies the support of the most favorable social groups within their own ethnic group. In this sense, the young population with a high level of education is usually the most favorable toward organ donation. Objective To analyze the attitude toward the donation of one's own organs for transplantation among the Gypsy population under 45 years and with secondary or university studies. Method Population under study: The Gypsy population under 45 years old with secondary or university studies who currently reside in Spain. Assessment instrument: The attitude questionnaire for organ donation for transplantation PCID–DTO Rios. Fieldwork: A random selection based on stratification. Anonymity and self-administered fulfillment. Statistics: Student t test and χ2. Results A total of 44 Gypsy people under 45 years of age were surveyed (mean age 31 ± 8.9 years); 66% were women, and the rest were men. Of these, 20 had university studies, and 24 had secondary or vocational studies. The attitude is favorable toward organ donation in 64% of the respondents, with 80% among university students and 50% among those with secondary or vocational education (P Conclusions The young Gypsy population with university studies has a very favorable attitude toward organ donation. This population subgroup must be key in the promotion of organ donation in the Gypsy population, so the transplant coordinators must request their collaboration in the promotion campaigns of organ donation and transplantation.

The population from Mali is migrating toward Europe in a significant way.To analyze the attitude toward organ donation (ODT) among the population born in Mali who are currently residents in Spain.Study population: people born in Mali who are ≥15 years of age and residents of Spain, stratified by age and sex. The assessment instrument is the validated attitude questionnaire toward organ donation (PCID-DTO-Ríos). Fulfillment was anonymous and self-administred. The statistics used were descriptive, χThis study surveyed 402 Malians. Thirty-four percent (n = 136) are in favor of donating their own organs after dying, 39% (n = 156) are against organ donation, and 27% (n = 110) are undecided. Multiple factors are associated with this attitude, such as level of studies (P = .042, OR = 6.535), having a positive attitude toward ODT (P = .001, OR = 47.619), performing prosocial activities (P = .001, OR = 141.679), being familiar with the scope of the transplant (P .001, OR = 16.949), the attitude toward the incineration of the body (P = .002, OR = 8.928) and toward autopsy (P = .003, OR = 8.620), having had a prior donation or transplantation relationship (P = .001, OR = 17.910) and not having concerns about the possible mutilation of the body after donating (P .001; OR = 90.909).The Malians have an unfavorable attitude toward the donation of their own organs, which is conditioned by multiple psychosocial factors.

Negative organ donation rates among the Gypsies is much higher than that of any other social group in Spain. However, living donation rates have not been raised much in this social group, despite the existence of several Gypsy patients on the waiting list for transplantation.To analyze the attitude toward related living donation among the Gypsy population who reside in Spain.This type of study is an observational sociological study. The study consisted of the adult Gypsy population residing in Spain, and a random sampling of 230 adult gypsies was conducted. Attitude questionnaires for live donation, both hepatic PCID-DVH-Ríos and renal PCID-DVR-Ríos, were used, and random selection was based on stratification. Questionnaires were self-administered and completed anonymously. Student t test, χ2, Fisher, and a logistic regression analysis were used.A sample of 206 Gypsies (52% women) with a mean age of 34 years is obtained. Seventy-two percent (n = 150) would donate an organ to a relative in life, 8% (n = 16) would not donate it, and 20% (n = 41) have doubts. Respondents with a favorable attitude toward living donation presented a more favorable attitude toward cadaveric organ donation (55% vs 0%, P .001). The attitude toward living kidney donation was more favorable (81% in favor) than toward living liver donation (P .001).The Gypsy ethnic group is sensitized to live donor transplantation. The family and cultural roots of Gypsy people could condition this favorable attitude, a fact to be taken into account to sensitize this social group and promote donation campaigns with the aim of increasing donation rates.

The Nigerian population, an emerging group in Europe, has not been studied in terms of its knowledge of the concept of brain death (BD) and its relationship with organ donation and transplantation (ODT).To analyze knowledge of the BD concept among Nigerians living in Spain.A sample of Nigerians who are ≥15 years of age and living in Spain were stratified by age and sex and interviewed. The assessment instrument is the attitude questionnaire for donation and transplantation, Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante sobre Donación y Trasplante de Órgano (in Spanish) Ríos, which was self-administered and anonymously completed. The statistics used were descriptive, χThe questionnaire was completed by 362 Nigerians. Eighteen percent (n = 66) know the concept of BD and accept it as a person's death. Of the rest, 58% (n = 210) do not know it and 24% (n = 86) have a misconception. Those who know the BD concept have a more favorable attitude toward organ donation after death than those who do not know it (29% vs 13%, P .001). Couples' opinions about organ donation (P .001) and level of studies (P = .039) are related to the knowledge of the BD concept. In the multivariate analysis, the following persist as independent variables: the attitude in favor (P .001, OR = 3.925) and the opinion of the couples toward donation (P . 001, OR = 6.776).Knowledge of the BD concept is anecdotal among the Nigerian population in Spain.

The Senegalese population is migrating massively to southern Europe, especially Spain, France, and Italy. The ignorance of the concept of brain death (BD) is one of the main factors that condition organ donation.To analyze the knowledge of the BD concept among the Senegalese population who currently reside in Spain.A sample of the population born in Senegal who are ≥15 years of age and currently living in Spain, stratified by age and sex, were surveyed. The assessment instrument is the questionnaire of attitude toward donation and transplant-Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante sobre Donación y Trasplante de Órgano (in Spanish) RIOS-which is self-administered, with anonymous completion and prior verbal consent. The statistics used were descriptive, χThe survey included 468 people. Of these, 25% (n = 115) know about the BD concept and accept it as the death of a person. Of the rest, 57% (n = 266) do not know the meaning of the BD concept, and 18% (n = 87) have a misconception. Those who know the concept have a more favorable attitude toward the donation of their own organs after dying than those who do not (41% vs 14%, P .001). Having talked about the transplant (P .001), a couple's opinion about organ donation (P .001), and religion (P .001) are related to knowledge of the BD concept. In the multivariate analysis, the association with the attitude in favor of cadaver organ donation (P .001, OR = 3.848) and religion (P .001, OR = 12.332) is maintained.The lack of knowledge of the BD concept in the Senegalese population has a negative effect on the attitude toward organ donation.

Puerto Rican and Cuban populations are 2 of the most important migration groups in Florida. Awareness about organ donation among them is fundamental. It is important to determine the factors that influence attitudes toward organ donation.To analyze the attitude toward living kidney donation (LKD) among Florida's Puerto Rican residents.Study population: Population born in Puerto Rico resident in Florida (United States).A sample of population older than 15 years was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex. Instrument valuation: LKD attitude questionnaire Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donantesobre Donación de Vivo Renal, Rios.for the study: Random selection based on stratification. Immigration support associations in Florida were needed to locate potential respondents. Anonymized and self-administered with verbal consent completion.Of the 259 respondents, 55% (n = 143) are in favor of related LKD (family or friends). The following factors were associated with this attitude: marital status (P = .008); educational level (P .001); personal experience with organ donation and transplantation (P .001); attitude toward deceased organ donation (P .001); realization of prosocial activities (P = .02); family comments about organ donation (P .001) and comments within couples (P .001); not being concerned about possible mutilation of the body after donation (P .001); believing that one's own religion was in favor of donation and transplantation (P .001); economic incentives of donation (P .001), and evaluation of the risk from living kidney donation (P .001). In the multivariate analysis, only marital status is featured as an independent variable (odds ratio, 32.258; P .001).The attitude toward related LKD among the Puerto Rican population who resides in Florida is not very favorable; only 55% would do it.

Introduction Given the lack of a sufficient number of livers available for transplantation, living liver donation (LLD) is being developed in the Spanish-speaking world. Knowing the population's attitude toward this donation will help in designing more effective campaigns to increase the number of such donations. However, there are few validated questionnaires. Objective To analyze the psychometric characteristics of questionnaire PCID-DVH-Rios [questionnaire of the International Collaborative Donor Project about Living Liver Donation (”Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante sobre Donacion de Vivo Hepatico” in Spanish) developed by Dr. Rios, in order to validate the questionnaire for the Spanish-speaking population. Methods The study population comprised native Spanish citizens. A sample of the population was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex (N = 600) according to the following: 1. being older than 18 years; 2. being Spanish; and 3. living in Spain. Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire of attitude toward liver donation (PCID-DVH-Rios). This questionnaire included items distributed into subscales or factors, an initial description of the data, an exploratory factor analysis, and an internal consistency analysis. Results The questionnaire consists of a total of 11 items, distributed into 3 subscales: 1. factor 1 (6 items); 2. factor 2 (3 items); and 3. factor 3 (2 items), presenting a total explained variance of 63.995%. The factors have an explained variance of F1: 38.461%; F2: 14.228%; and F3: 11.306%, respectively. The analysis of items and internal consistency supported the 3 factors' composition. The internal consistency of each factor is as follows: α1 = 0.80; α2 = 0.70; and α3 = 0.55, respectively. Conclusions The dimensions analyzed in the PCID-DVH-Rios questionnaire on attitudes toward living liver donation show a good fit in relation to their factorial validity and internal consistency values.

Veterinarians often hold decision-making positions in the public health care system, and therefore can influence public opinion about organ donation. The objective is to analyze the attitude of Spanish veterinarian students toward living liver donation (LLD) and to establish which factors have an influence on this attitude.A sociological, interdisciplinary, multicenter, and observational study was carried out in the veterinarian students enrolled in Spain (n = 9000) (university academic year 2010-2011). A sample of 2854 students was stratified by geographic area and academic year. A validated questionnaire (PCID-DVH RIOS) was self-administered and completed anonymously. The questionnaire was applied to each academic year at compulsory sessions at randomly selected veterinary schools. Statistical analysis included t test, χCompletion rate was 94% (n = 2683); 89% (n = 2345) were in favor of related LLD, and 40% (n = 1053) supported unrelated LLD. The following variables were associated with a more favorable attitude: (1) age (P .001), (2) sex (P .001), (3) academic year (P .001), (4) believing in the possibility of needing a transplant oneself in the future (P .001), (5) attitude toward deceased donation (P .001), (6) attitude toward living kidney donation (P .001), (7) acceptance of a donated liver segment from a family member if one were needed (P .001), (8) having discussed the subject with one's family (P = .009) and friends (P .001), (9) a partner's opinion about the subject (P = .002), and (10) fear of the possible mutilation of the body after donation (P .001).Spanish veterinary students have a favorable attitude toward LLD.

The number of foreign residents in Spain increased significantly with Moroccans and Algerians as the 2 largest nationalities. However, there are no studies that analyze their awareness of living kidney donation although an increasing number of patients of these nationalities are included on the waiting list. The aim of this study is to analyze the attitude toward living kidney donation among the population of Spain residents born in Algeria. METHODS The study population was Spain residents born in Algeria. A sample of the population older than 15 years was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex. Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects toward living kidney donation (PCID-DVR Rios). A random selection of people to be surveyed was carried out. RESULTS Of the 420 respondents, 64% of respondents are in favor of related living kidney donation (family or friends). The remaining 36% were against or undecided. The factors associated with this attitude are personal reasons and family (P < .001). Psychosocial factors are not related to this attitude (P < .001). The following factors were associated with this attitude: (1) not being concerned about the possible mutilation of the body after donation (P < .001) and (2) evaluation of the risk from living kidney donation (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The attitude toward related living kidney donation among the population of Spain residents born in Algeria is unfavorable. Only 64% would do it, and it is associated with affective factors and the evaluation of the risk from living kidney donation.