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مقدمه: سرریزهای زیگزاگی سازه‌هایی هستند که برای انتقال جریان‌های بزرگ در هدهای کم، طراحی می‌شوند. به عبارت دیگر، سرریزهای زیگزاکی نوع خاصی از سرریز غیرخطی بوده که به‌عنوان یک گزینه اقتصادی و فنی جهت کنترل جریان مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرند. کاربری آنها زمانی است که افزایش ظرفیت سرریز از طریق افزایش عرض سرریز به‌دلیل شرایط توپوگرافی میسر نمی‌باشدروش­: این نوع سرریزها ظرفیت تخلیه دبی بسیار بالایی دارند. با توجه به افزایش طول موثر و به دنبال آن افزایش راندمان تخلیه در این گونه سرریزها می­توان از آن­ها در سرریز سدها و یا سازه­های تنظیم آب استفاده نمود. با توجه به اینکه تاکنون در خصوص بررسی ضریب دبی سرریز در حالت پلان قوسی مطالعات جامعی انجام نشده است لذا در این تحقیق مطالعاتی بر روی سرریزهای کنگره ای قوسی ذوزنقه‌ای با شعاع قوس و طول سیکل متفاوت انجام شد. آزمایشات متعددی با استفاده از روش مدل‌سازی فیزیکی جهت بررسی تاثیر نسبت عرض دماغه سیکل‌های کناری سرریز به عرض دماغه سیکل میانی (w2/w1) نسبت شعاع قوس به عرض سیکل میانی (R/w1) و نسبت طول سیکل سرریز به عرض سیکل میانی (B/w1) بر ضریب دبی سرریز، انجام گردید.یافته­ها و نتیجه‌گیری: این آزمایشات نشان دادند با کاهش نسبت عرض دماغه سیکل‌های سرریز (w2/w1)، ضریب دبی روند افزایشی تا 33 % از خود نشان می‌دهد.

مقدمه: مسئله آبشستگی یکی از مهمترین مسائل در بحث مهندسی رودخانه می­باشد. سالانه تعداد بسیار زیادی از پل­ها در سراسر جهان تخریب می‌شوند که عمدتا به دلیل عدم در نظر نگرفتن نقش هیدرولیکی در طراحی آنها می­باشد. از جمله روش‌های کنترل و کاهش آبشستگی موضعی می‌توان از استفاده از زبری‌ها، طوق، صفحات مستغرق و شمع‌های حفاظتی نام برد. در پژوهش حاضر به بررسی تأثیر شمع‌های حفاظتی در کنترل و کاهش آبشستگی در اطراف پایه‌ی دوکی پرداخته شده است. روش­: برای انجام این پژوهش آزمایشگاهی، از فلومی با مقطع مستطیلی به عرض و ارتفاع 5/0 و 6/0 متر و از جنس پلکسی­گلاس در دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهواز استفاده شده است. آزمایش‌ها با نصب 5 شمع با زاویه­های مختلف و فاصله نسبی مختلف انجام شد. آزمایش‌ها شامل 36 آزمایش با نصب شمع و 4 آزمایش شاهد بدون شمع می‌باشد. مجموعا" 40 آزمایش­ انجام شد. یافته‌ها و نتیجه­گیری: نتیجه­های پژوهش آزمایش‌ها نشان دادند با نصب 5 شمع با زاویه‌ی 30 درجه و با فاصله نسبی 5/0 (L/D)=، شاهد 20% کاهش آبشستگی نسبت به پایه‌ی دوکی بدون شمع می‌باشد. این کاهش آبشستگی به دلیل منتقل شدن رسوبات اطراف شمع به سمت پایه ی و جمع شدن رسوبات در وسط شمع­ها و جلوی پایه‌ی دوکی می­باشد. دلیل دیگر، تغییر رژیم جریان و کاهش سرعت و گردابه در جلوی پایه ی­ دوکی می­باشد که این نیز به نوبه خود باعث کاهش آبشستگی شده است. همچنین افزایش سرعت نسبی (V/Vc) (سرعت جریان به سرعت بحرانی) از 54/0 به 95/0 به‌طور متوسط باعث افزایش آبشستگی به میزان 4/165% شده است.

مقدمه: آمفیزم زیر جلدی یک وضعیت بالینی است که با ورود هوا به بافت های نرم زیر پوست رخ می دهد. این عارضه بسته به نوع آسیب شناسی ممکن است در هر قسمت از بدن رخ دهد. هدف از این مطالعه ، ارزیابی حساسیت و ویژگی شرح حال و معاینه فیزیکی در تشخیص آمفیزم زیرجلدی در بیماران بلانت تروما می باشد. روش: این مطالعه توصیفی - تحلیلی است. تمام بیماران مبتلا به تروما بلانت که به بخش اورژانس بیمارستان پیمانیه مراجعه کرده بودند از نظر مکانیسم آسیب ، شکایات اصلی ، علائم حیاتی و اشباع اکسیژن مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. شرح حال و معاینه فیزیکی مطابق مرجع باربارا بیتز انجام شد. آمفیزم بر اساس نتایج اشعه X قفسه سینه تشخیص داده شد. نتایج با استفاده از منحنی های ROC در نرم افزار SPSS مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج: در 3 مورد از 99 بیمار ، وجود آمفیزم در گرافی مشاهده شد. آنالیز AUC ضربان قلب معنی دار بود(032/0= P). ضربان قلب بالای 5/98 با حساسیت 6/17% و ویژگی 7/66% با آمفیزم همراه بود. در سایر تست ها بیشترین حساسیت و اختصاصیت (100%)، مربوط به پنوموتوراکس بود. یافته جالب حساسیت 100% شکستگی دنده برای آمفیزم بود. بعد از آن کانتیوژن ریوی، کاهش صدای ریوی و وجود خراش در قفسه سینه با 7/66% حساسیت و سپس درد، تنگی نفس و هموتوراکس با 3/33% در رتبه های بعدی قرار داشتند. نتیجه گیری: معاینه مناسب بدنی و گرفتن تاریخچه می تواند به تشخیص آمفیزم با حساسیت و ویژگی بالا کمک کند.

Using flip buckets as a part of the flow dissipaters in vertical case in dams would lead to dissipation of the energy from the flood passage. This structure is used to reduce costs in comparison with other energy dissipaters. Water jet collision with the river bed leads to the creation of scouring hole which can reduce the stability of dams and relevant structures. In the present study, the scouring phenomenon of the downstream of a flip bucket in free conditions and also in the presence of slots with rectangular and triangular shapes in various intervals distances with 9 flow rates and a total of 45 tests have been investigated. The results of this study showed that the presence of a slot would have a lot of effects on the depth and extent of scouring, so that a flip bucket with alternate rectangular slot compared to a non-slotted case causes about 13 percent less scour. Also, the maximum scour depth in bucket mode with alternate rectangular slots occurred in a more favorable range than the rest of the models. Then, the obtained results were compared with a number of empirical formulas and it was determined that Martinez B relation provides closer results to real values.

The use of structures has economic and safety advantages compared to other energy-consuming structures. In this research, to investigate the effect of the length of the sill of the flip bucket spillway on the scour downstream, experiments were conducted in a rectangular laboratory flume made of Plexiglas. The scouring downstream of the flip bucket spillway was investigated using a flip bucket spillway with four relative sill lengths and four threshold angles at four current intensities in the channel in this research. The results of this research showed that by the increase in the length of the sill in the flip bucket spillway, the energy consumption in the spillway increased and the scour depth downstream decreased. Also, increasing the relative length of the sill by 70% at the sill angle of 45 degrees, the scouring depth is reduced by about 88%. Also, a relationship was presented to determine the maximum depth of relative scour, and the correlation coefficient of the results obtained from this equation with the laboratory results is about 0.92. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past, various methods have been proposed to control beach heel scouring. For shallow rivers (such as mountain rivers), various types of overflows are used. Therefore, the development of scour in cross-vane and w-weir structures for coastal protection was investigated in this study. The results showed that by installing a w-weir structure in a 90- degree position compared to a 30 and 60-degree position, a 37.9% and 19.7% reduction of scouring was observed, respectively. Also, by installing the cross vane structure in the 90-degree position compared to the 30 and 60-degree position, a 35.4% and 21.2% reduction of scouring was observed, respectively. With increasing width (L / B) (ratio of the width of structure to the width of flume), the w-weir structure decreased from 1.5 to 2, scour rate of 7.9%. Also, with increasing width (L / B) (ratio of the width of structure to the width of flume), the cross-vane structure has decreased from 1.3 to 1.7, and the scour rate has decreased by 4.7%. The w-weir structure had an average of 7.3% less scouring than the cross-vane structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Darkhovein Water System was commissioned in 1969 for supplying water to the port of Bandar-e Imam Knomeini and the Mahshahr Petrochemical Complex via the Kut-e Amir Pumping Station in Ahvaz. In addition, it has been the sole source of drinking water for Shadegan County, including villages. In this research, using the Water Gems software, the flow pattern in the Darkhoin water transition line was modeled and the change in the diameter of the pipes and pumping and its effect on the pressure, velocity and losses were investigated. Based on the results, a 33.3% decrease in the pipe diameter resulted in pressure losses of less than 3 m throughout the pipeline. This low pressure drop was due to the normal flow velocity. Furthermore, a reduction in the pump propeller diameter from 500 mm to 460 mm in addition to the mentioned decrease in the pipe diameter led to a significant reduction in pressure. Moreover, the average pressure in Scenario 1 was found to be 75 m, while those in Scenarios 2-6 were 72 m, 65 m, 60 m, 55 m, and 40 m, respectively, indicating pressure drops of 3.3 m, 12.4 m, 19.7 m, 25.7 m, and 46.2 m, respectively, across the pipeline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, abutments disrupt the normal flow of rivers and cause scouring and erosion of sedimentary materials around them, creating holes and resulting in much damage every year. Researchers have proposed various methods to reduce the power of water erosion. One of the essential methods in this regard is creating slots in abutments. Since the expansion of the scour hole endangers the stability of the bridge structure, this study examined the effect of slot dimensions in the support on the scour hole dimensions. The findings demonstrated that the presence of slots in abutments effectively reduces the dimensions of scour holes. With the slot, the volume of the scour hole can be reduced by up to 50%. Furthermore, as the relative speed of scouring increases by 75%, the depth of the scour hole also increased up to 140%. An increase in slot depth leads to a decrease in scour hole depth of up to 85%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of vortices behind the gates of diversion dams is an operational challenge. Such vortices lead to vibration and corrosion in the gate, reducing the lifetime and raising the operational cost of the dam. This study investigated these vortices and their formation. It was found that the gate or cutoff wall was not the only explanation for the vortices; the closed side gates also contribute to vortex formation. Furthermore, an increase in the gate width reduced vorticity; the vortex size experienced a 200% reduction as the gate size increased by 200%. The cutoff wall diameter was another determinant. An increase in the cutoff wall diameter raised vorticity. The vortices increased by 50% as the wall diameter increased by 150%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piano key overflows have a high discharge capacity. Proper design of these overflows requires sufficient accuracy in predicting the type of overflows. In this study, experiments were performed in a rectangular laboratory flume made of Plexiglas to investigate the effect of the relative length and width of the two-cycle piano switch overflow crest on the discharge coefficient. In present research, the flow intensity coefficient was investigated by installing a rectangular piano switch overflow with relative crest lengths of 0.8, 1, and 1.2 and relative crest widths of 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 in 10 flow intensities in the channel. The results of this study showed that by increasing hydraulic load, the flow intensity coefficient first increases and then decreases. Also, by increasing the relative length of the crest by 50%, the current intensity coefficient increases by 43% in the overflow. Increasing the relative width of the overflow crest by 50% increases the current intensity coefficient by 25% in the overflows. Also, an equation was presented to determine the maximum relative scour depth, and the correlation coefficient of the results of this equation with the laboratory results is about 0.90. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structures constructed on rivers induce downstream oscillating vortices. These vortices apply oscillating loads on the structure and harm its stability. This paper carried out numerical simulations in SOLIDWORKS to explore the effects of the barrier shape and size on the load applied by the vortex on structures constructed in water streams. It was found that a reduction in the barrier size diminished the vortices. The highest Strouhal number was calculated to be 5.2 at a Reynolds number of 5000 and a barrier diameter of 0.09. The maximum downstream vortices were induced by the triangular barrier, and the maximum Strouhal number occurred to be 7.8 at a velocity of 0.4 and a barrier diameter of 0.05. The maximum vortices induced by the square barrier occurred at a barrier diameter of 0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of a labyrinth weir with an orifice is a proper solution for floating material to pass over the weir and transfer sediment through the orifice. Additionally, creating a slot in the overflow wing leads to higher discharge. This study examined four discharges (5, 10, 15, and 20 liters per second) with channel width and height of 30 and 40 cm in trapezoidal-orifice, square-orifice, and triangular-orifice labyrinth weirs in the laboratory and using Flow3D with RNG k-epsilon (k-ε) turbulence model, the results were compared with one another. Comparing the discharge flow over weirs and measuring the discharge coefficient among the mentioned models showed that the triangular-orifice labyrinth weir had the highest discharge rate. Moreover, the increased Ht/P ratio (Ht represents total hydraulic head; P denotes weir height) for all models resulted in the increased discharge coefficient. Due to the efficiency of this type of weirs, the highest discharge coefficient was obtained at low Ht/P ratios. At lower ratios, since there was free flow, the coefficient of weir discharge increased, and as the ratio increased, the weir was partially submerged. Furthermore, for the weir design, the best Ht/P ratio was between 0.13 to 0.41, and the maximum discharge coefficient (Cd = 1.2) was within this range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow fields over a trapezoidal labyrinth weir (two-cycle) and a piano key weir were simulated using Flow3D, studying the impact of each model on the flow field in the weirs and the coefficient of discharge in comparison with the available experimental data. Moreover, the models were investigated experimentally in a 12.5 m long, 0.3 m wide, and 0.4 m high rectangular flume under clear-water conditions. The results showed good agreement between the data from the numerical and experimental models. The piano key weirs had a higher coefficient of discharged compared with labyrinth weirs. The coefficient of discharge was observed to increase by 26 percent as the height of the PKW was increased by 50 percent (from 5 to 7.5 cm). This increase was 24 percent for labyrinth weirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water supply at a desired rate at any time to meet the water requirements regardless of river discharge must be considered in the general design of intakes provided that the needs do not exceed the river flow. Due to the lack of necessary information in this field and the importance of sediment transport to the lateral intakes at river bends, this study aimed at understanding the mechanism of this phenomenon. To this end, the combined effect of convergence and divergence in lateral intakes on the sediment transport was investigated. According to the results, the diversion discharge to the intake was increased by converging the laboratory flume. By narrowing and converging the end of the flume, the diversion discharge was increased further, so that as the flume was converged to the size (b/B) of 0.75 and 0.5, the diversion discharge to the intake was increased by 13.6% and 75%, respectively. This could be connected to narrowing, flow obstruction and backflow to the intake. In contrast, different results were found by diverging the flume. In other words, the inflow to the intake was decreased by diverging the flume. As the flume end was diverged, the diversion discharge was decreased further. By diverging the flume to the size (b/B) of 0.75 and 0.5, the diversion discharge to the intake was decreased by 21.9 and 31.8%, respectively. The average diversion discharge to the intake at 30, 60 and 90º was 13.2, 15.2 and 11.5%, respectively. By converting the flume to the size (b/B) of 0.75 and 0.5, the diversion sediment to the intake was increased by 18.5 and 71.4%. In contrast, by diverging the flume to the size (b/B) of 0.75 and 0.5, the diversion sediment to the intake was decreased by 35.4 and 49.9%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of free launch jets in flip bucket structures with associated submerged ponds, in the appropriate geological, and topographic and hydraulic conditions, could have significant economic and safety benefits. In this research, the downstream scour phenomenon of a flip bucket jet was investigated in free conditions, as well as in the presence of a trapezoidal and triangular slot in the coastal manner with different layout intervals at flow rate of 9, with a total of 45 experiments. The results of this study showed that the presence of the slot had significant effects on the depth and range of scour, so that the fit bucket jet with alternate triangular slots reduced the scour by about 12.7%, as compared to the no slot mode. Moreover, the maximum scour depth occurred in the bucket mode with the alternate trapezoidal slots in the more favorable interval than the rest of the models. Then, the results were compared with several empirical formulas and Veronese A relation showed closer results to the actual values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morning glory spillway is one of the spillways that used to passing of flood from high to low level. This spillway is used in the reservoir dams that are placed in narrow valleys and in many locations with high slope in reservoir walls. In the Morning glory spillways, the vortex flow can reduce discharge, discharge coefficient and the performance of spillway. The zigzag spillway, as another type, is introduced as a proper option for compensating the problem of passing maximum possible flow rate, usually encountered by spillways. In the present study, the experimental results of a physical model were used to develop a hydraulic design with squire and circle inlet and analysis method for Labyrinth Morning Glory Spillway. The analysis of experimental data in circle and square inlet showed, that increase in length of spillway and zigzag, causes decrease in the discharge coefficient. Finally the result of effect spillway inlet on flow rate demonstrate that discharge coefficient in square inlet is more than circle, whereas without vortex breaker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear weirs are regarded as important hydraulic structures for water level adjustment and flow control in channels, rivers and dam reservoirs. One example of non-linear weirs is shaped as curved-zigzag. The crest axis of these weirs is non-linear. At a given width, the crest length is greater than that of the conventional linear weirs. Thus, they achieve a higher flow rate for an identical hydraulic load. This research experimentally focused on the discharge coefficient and flow rate of curved weirs with three different curve radii in two triangular linear and zigzag shapes. The discharge coefficients of these weirs were comparatively explored in terms of the hydraulic performance as a function of the total hydraulic load to weir crest height ratio (hd/P) and curvature angle (θ) (or curve radius). The results indicated that for the same hydraulic load, the increase of θ (the decrease in curve radius) led to a lower discharge coefficient; this was first because of the increased topical rise of water level, and then the more indirect path with a greater curvature through which the flow had to transport. Both factors could negatively affect the water discharge coefficient. In practice, the runoff coefficient at a weir with a curve radius of R/w=1.25 was approximately 8.5% greater than that of a weir with a curve radius of R/w=0.75 under a hydraulic load of 0.2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, some experiments were carried out in a rectangular plexiglass flume to study the effect of the cable around a vertical tripod and two piles groups with different angles. In this research, a series of experiments were performed by placing a cylindrical vertical pileand two piles groups with different angles separately in two modes including with cable and without cable. The experiments were carried out using three types of cable with various diameters, number of threads and thread angles at a constant discharge in clear water. In each experiment, scour depth at the end of the test was measured; then, the scour depth was calculated in different conditions using the obtained data. The best configuration in the vertical pier and piers group was found for the cable-pier diameter ratio of 0.1, the thread angle of 15° and the triple threads. The result indicated that the scour reduction was enhanced as the cable diameter and threads were increased and the thread angle was decreased. So in the piers group of 28 and 38°, scour depth was reduced to about 43, 49 and 56%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers has long been regarded as one of the most basic human water supplies. If the topography, a morphology, water requirements conditions, etc. allow water to be transferred to gravity, the use of the dike can have a significant impact on the flow rate and the sediment input to Intake. Dike design needs to consider several parameters such as position, length, type, etc. Using a good design can increase the input flow rate and reduce the sediment entering it. In this study, to evaluate the dike impact on flow hydraulic conditions in the Intake with different situations, 30, 45, 60 and 90 degrees two simple L-shaped dikes in the upstream and downstream Intake and for five inlet flows (0.7, 1.12, 2.84, 5.04 and 6.23 Lit/s) were considered in the laboratory flume made by the author as a physical model to simulate the flow of the basin; then different effects of the dike on the hydraulic flow were studied. The results of the tests showed that the L-shaped dike in the upstream and downstream Intake in the internal arc flume increased the inflow flow rate into the Intake. Also, the best angle of deviation for the maximum flow entered the Intake angle of 60 degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]