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Previous studies suggested effectiveness of psilocybin in the field of mental health. FDA designated psilocybin as a "breakthrough therapy" for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in 2018. This paper provided a review of psilocybin's potential role in treatment of depression by focusing on published clinical trials. Studies showed that psilocybin, an agonist on 5-HT 2A receptors, manifests antidepressant and anxiolytic effects by increasing glutamate transmission, reducing brain inflammation, decreasing default mode network activity. In terms of clinical trials, eleven studies (six open-label and five double blinded randomized clinical trials [DB-RCTs]) trials exploring psilocybin's impact on depression were found. Among open-label studies, a pilot study on TRD patients demonstrated significant reductions in depressive symptoms after two psilocybin sessions. Psilocybin also improved cognitive bias associated with depression. Extension studies confirmed sustained improvements and high remission rates. Among five DB-RCTs, two showed that psilocybin led to significant reductions in anxiety and depression in cancer patients, and the improvements sustained for over six months. In MDD, psilocybin showed rapid reductions in depression, with higher remission rates compared to escitalopram in a DB-RCT. Another DB-RCT showed that psilocybin induced higher decrease in depression around 6 hours after their administrations than placebo. The last DB-RCT showed that in patients with TRD, a single dose of psilocybin 25 mg, but not psilocybin 10 mg, resulted in superior antidepressant effect than psilocybin 1 mg. Overall, psilocybin showed promise in treating depression and anxiety, with notable safety profiles. Further research should explore optimal dosages and long-term effects.

Optimizing soil water and fertilizer management can benefit crop production and soil environment. Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) are natural biostimulants with fertilizer efficiency- and growth-promoting functions. However, there are few application strategies of AOS in citrus production, especially in combination with water and fertilizer regulations. In this paper, a two-year field trial was conducted to investigate the effects of AOS (AOS 0 , AOS 2.5 , AOS 5.0) strategies under different moisture conditions (W 80 , W 70 , W 60) on citrus yield, quality, water and fertilizer use efficiency, plant growth and soil environment. The results showed that drip irrigation with 2.5 g L−1AOS 8–10 times under W 70 (W 70 AOS 2.5) increased fruit yield, the total soluble sugar and sucrose content by 11.93%–13.31%, 15.16–17.47% and 18.92–20.81%, and fruit potassium and water use efficiency increased by 51.09%–62.21% and 12.01%–13.34%, respectively, and the effect of increase was better than the application in W 80 and W 60. Citrus growth showed that net photosynthetic rate of W 70 AOS 2.5 were significantly increased after 4th AOS application, and that total root length, surface area, and volume also increased at harvest. Soil analysis showed that drip-irrigated AOS reduced the loss rate of soil water under both W 60 and W 70 , increased proportions of water stable aggregates >0.25 mm in the soil. The available potassium content increased significantly in the 0–20 cm soil layer but decreased significantly in the 20–40 cm soil layer, and soil cation exchange capacity also increased significantly in the 0–20 cm layer, suggesting that AOS may slow water and potassium loss under low moisture conditions. In addition, AOS also increased the organic carbon content and the abundance of Pseudolabrys which dominant bacteria associated with carbon and nitrogen. The W 70 AOS 2.5 strategy exceeded other strategies in terms of overall evaluation score and net benefits, reducing irrigation water discharge to the environment by 620–700 m3 ha−1. Our study demonstrated the good potential of AOS in improving fruit production and soil properties. • Soil moisture coupled with alginate oligosaccharide strategy significantly improved yield and quality of citrus fruits. • Soil moisture coupled with alginate oligosaccharide strategy significantly improved potassium and water use efficiency. • Soil moisture coupled with alginate oligosaccharide strategy improved photosynthesis and root growth in citrus. • Soil moisture coupled with alginate oligosaccharide strategy improved soil fertility and rhizosphere environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dominating set problem (DSP) is one of the most famous problems in combinatorial optimization. It is defined as follows. For a given graph G = (V , E) , a dominating set of G is a subset S ⊆ V such that every vertex in V ∖ S is adjacent to at least one vertex in S. Furthermore, the DSP is the problem of finding a minimum-size dominating set and the corresponding minimum size, the domination number of G. In this, work we investigate a variant of the DSP, the super dominating set problem (SDSP), which has attracted much attention during the last years. A dominating set S is called a super dominating set of G , if for every vertex u ∈ S ¯ = V ∖ S , there exists a v ∈ S such that N (v) ∩ S ¯ = N (v) ∖ S = { u }. Analogously, the SDSP is to find a minimum-size super dominating set, and the corresponding minimum size, the super domination number of G. The decision variants of both the DSP and the SDSP have been shown to be NP -hard. In this paper, we present tight bounds for the super domination number of the neighbourhood corona product, r -clique sum, and the Hajós sum of two graphs. Additionally, we present infinite families of graphs attaining our bounds. Finally, we give the exact number of minimum size super dominating sets for some graph classes. In particular, the number of super dominating sets for cycles has quite surprising properties as it varies between values of the set { 4 , n , 2 n , 5 n 2 − 10 n 8 } based on n mod 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given a non-decreasing sequence S = (s 1 , s 2 , ... , s k) of positive integers, an S -packing coloring of a graph G is a partition of the vertex set of G into k subsets { V 1 , V 2 , ... , V k } such that for each 1 ≤ i ≤ k , the distance between any two distinct vertices u and v in V i is at least s i + 1. In this paper, we study the problem of S -packing coloring of cubic Halin graphs, and we prove that every cubic Halin graph is (1 , 1 , 2 , 3) -packing colorable. In addition, we prove that such graphs are (1 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2) -packing colorable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A matching in a graph is a set of pairwise nonadjacent edges. A maximum matching is a matching which covers as many vertices as possible. In this paper, using the Gallai–Edmonds Structure Theorem, we obtain a characterization of graphs each of whose edges belongs to at most one maximum matching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]