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Dear Editor,Hemiballismus, a term derived from a Greek wordmeaning ‘‘to throw’’, is characterized by involuntary,flinging, throwing and kicking large-amplitude movementsof the limbs of one side of the body. The area of the brainusually implicated in its pathophysiology is the contralat-eral subthalamic nucleus. However, hemiballismus has alsobeen reported to occur outside the subthalamic nucleus atpoints that involve afferent or efferent pathwaysconnecting the nucleus to its projection areas including thebasal ganglia, and motor and premotor cortex. It is believedthat hemiballismus is the overt clinical manifestation ofdisinhibited thalamic outflow when tonic subthalamicactivity is interrupted [1].The most common cause of hemiballismus is cerebro-vascular disease, but a range of diseases can occur(hemorrhage, vascular malformations, tuberculomas,demyelinating plaques, tuberous sclerosis, toxoplasmosis,non-ketotic hyperglycemia, lupus vasculitis, leukemicinfiltration of the brain, primary brain tumors and drug-induced disease) [2]. Herein, we report a patient withmetastatic breast cancer who presented with hemiballismus.A 73-year-old illiterate woman with a past medicalhistory of asthma and cardiac insufficiency was diagnosedwith bone and pulmonary metastatic breast cancer andunderwent mastectomy and chemotherapy in June 2012.She presented to a neurological consultation in February2013 with a 5-year history of progressive cognitiveimpairment that subsequently led to dementia withdependence for most activities of daily living and a1-month history of generalized involuntary flingingmovements of her proximal limbs and face. Examinationshowed a third nerve palsy (sequela from traumatic injury)combined with a lower-limb predominant right hemichorea(Video1). Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealedmultiple contrast-enhanced nodular lesions, one of them inthe left subthalamus (Fig. 1). Cerebrospinal fluid analysiswas normal. She received risperidone with partial recoveryof chorea and cranial radiotherapy.Hemiballismus secondary to metastatic tumors are dis-tinctly rare, but it has already been reported with carcino-mas of the breast, lung and gall bladder [3, 4]. The firstcase of a metastatic lesion affecting the subthalamus wasreported in 1973 [3] and it was followed by a French case

This article describes a simple, quick, and economical technique that makes use of a light-polymerized resin system to facilitate the retention and removal of cement-retained implant prostheses. (J Prosthet Dent 2001;86:181-3.)

Many developing countries have adopted the market approach for expanding the supply of child care, but little is known about the economic behavior of independent providers. This paper draws on uniquely rich administrative data on child care centers and their inputs from São Paulo to examine the role of local household income in shaping the entry and quality choices of private suppliers. It documents three main facts: (1) entry rates are considerably higher in high-income districts; (2) the quality of provision as measured by teachers¿ schooling, group size and equipment is highly heterogeneous across space and increases systematically with local household income; and (3) a considerable share of centers operates below recommended (but not regulated) quality standards, especially in low-income districts. These findings accord with a model in which heterogeneous providers optimally adjust the quality of care to the willingness to pay for quality of local consumers. Market-driven heterogeneity in the quality of provision across space is a key consideration for understanding the effect of regulations on the supply of child care.

Studies using resources of a public family health program to estimate the prevalence of chronic daily headaches (CDH) are lacking.To estimate the 1-year prevalence of CDH, as well as the presence of associated psychiatric and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) comorbidities, on the entire population of a city representative of the rural area of Brazil.This was a cross-sectional, population-based, 2-phase study. In the first phase, health agents interviewed all individuals older than 10 years, in a rural area of Brazil. In the second stage, all individuals who reported headaches on 4 or more days per week were then evaluated by a multidisciplinary team. CDH were classified according to the second edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-2). Medication overuse headache was diagnosed, as per the ICHD-2, after detoxification trials. Psychiatric comorbidities and TMD were diagnosed based on the DSM-IV and on the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders criteria, respectively.A total of 1631 subjects participated in the direct interviews. Of them, 57 (3.6%) had CDH. Chronic migraine was the most common of the CDH (21, 36.8%). Chronic tension-type headache (10, 17.5%), medication overuse headache (13, 22.8%) and probable medication overuse headache (10, 17.5%) were also common. Psychiatric disorders were observed in 38 (67.3%) of the CDH subjects. TMD were seen in 33 (58.1)% of them.The prevalence of CDH in the rural area of Brazil is similar to what has been reported in previous studies. A significant proportion of them have psychiatric comorbidities and/or TMD. In this sample, comorbidities were as frequent as reported in convenience samples from tertiary headache centers.

Many developing countries have adopted the market approach for expanding the supply of child care, but little is known about the economic behavior of independent providers. This paper draws on uniquely rich administrative data on child care centers and their inputs from Sao Paulo to examine the role of local household income in shaping the entry and quality choices of private suppliers. It documents three main facts: (1) entry rates are considerably higher in high-income districts; (2) the quality of provision as measured by teachers’ schooling, group size and equipment is highly heterogeneous across space and increases systematically with local household income; and (3) a considerable share of centers operates below recommended (but not regulated) quality standards, especially in low-income districts. These findings accord with a model in which heterogeneous providers optimally adjust the quality of care to the willingness to pay for quality of local consumers. Market-driven heterogeneity in the quality of provision across space is a key consideration for understanding the effect of regulations on the supply of child care.

We investigate the impact of exchange rate movements on wage determination in unionised labour markets. Using a simple model of international oligopoly, we show that organised labour has a rational incentive to accept lower wages in the face of a currency appreciation. This proposition is examined empirically using a matched worker-firm dataset for Portugal. We find results consistent with the predictions of the model, though the impact varies considerably with both worker characteristics and the regional unemployment rate.

Os direitos de propriedade intelectual constituem um instrumento de estímulo à inovação, embora possam também obstaculizar a difusão do conhecimento na economia. Este artigo discute tal conflito na área de software, onde a proteção por patentes é dificultada pelo fato dos ativos serem intangíveis e replicáveis praticamente sem custos. Tomando por base o caso latino-americano, as práticas de proteção à propriedade intelectual são discutidas à luz de sua eficácia enquanto instrumento de estímulo à inovação e difusão das tecnologias da informação. A metodologia utilizada inclui análise do desenvolvimento da indústria de software no subcontinente, das formas de proteção adotadas pelas empresas, das legislações existentes e exame das patentes de software submetidas ao Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial. O artigo conclui que é necessário harmonizar interesses conflitantes que transcendem o aspecto técnico, levando em consideração a necessidade de assegurar novos modelos de negócios e respeitar os acordos internacionais vigentes. Intellectual property rights aim at providing incentives for innovation, but can also constitute a burden for technological diffusion. This article discusses the conflicts arising from software patent protection, an area in which the assets are intangible and replicable at almost no cost. Current practices of intellectual property (IP) protection in Latin America are discussed based on their efficiency in stimulating information technologies innovation and diffusion. The methodology adopted includes the analysis of regional software industry development, firms' strategies to protect IP, legislation and the examination of software patents submission at the Brazilian IP Office (INPI). It concludes that harmonizing conflicting interests among existing and new business models and international agreements is a major task that goes beyond pure technical considerations.

Objective.— To estimate the 1-year prevalence of headache, using face-to-face interviews of the entire population of a city in Brazil. Methods.— This was a cross-sectional, population-based study. We conducted face-to-face interviews of all individuals older than 10 years, in a town (Capela Nova) in Brazil. Prevalence of the headache was estimated using prevalence ratios, adjusted by gender, age, marital status, and level education. Results.— The estimated 1-year prevalence of any headache was 65.4%. Headache was 1.5 times more prevalent in women and individuals aged 20 and 29, but less prevalent in the elderly and divorced. There was not association with the level of education. Conclusions.— From a public healthcare perspective, headache should be seen as hypertension and diabetes, and actively screened and treated.

Ophthalmoplegic migraine (OM) is a rare disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of migraine-like headaches associated with extrinsic ocular musculature palsy. In this article, we report a patient with OM that presented recurrent palsy of the abducens nerve and other atypical features. Case reports of OM with abducens nerve palsy were also reviewed.

Introduction and Overview D.Greenaway, R.Upward & P.Wright Globalistion and Turnover C.Davidson & S.Matusz The Wage and Unemployment Impacts of Trade Adjustment P.Bastos & J.Silva Trade and Rising Wage Inequality: What Can We Learn from a Decade of Computable General Equilibrium Analysis? N.Winchester Unemployment in Models of International Trade U.Kreickemeier Human Capital and Adjustment to Trade R.Falvey, D.Greenaway & J.Silva Trade Adjustment and Occupational Mobility R.Upward & P.Wright The Labour Market Implications of Fragmentation and Trade under Imperfect Competition B.Dluhosch The Labour Market Impact of International Outsourcing I.Geishecker, H.Gorg & S.Maioli Immigration and Labour Market Adjustment A.Hijzen & D.Nelson

It is well known that cultural links between countries increase bilateral trade. In this paper we exploit Portuguese firm-level data on exports to 199 destinations to investigate the questions: How? Do cultural links increase the number of exporters, or the shipments per exporter? What is the role of firm heterogeneity? The results reveal that cultural links, measured by common language/colonial ties and emigrant communities, are significantly associated with a lower incidence of within-firm export zeros and with larger shipments per exporter. Furthermore, they show that the former of these relationships tends to be magnified by firm size, suggesting that firm heterogeneity is key in shaping the interplay between cultural links and the extensive margin of international trade.

We develop a two-country, multi-sector model of oligopoly in which unionised and non-unionised sectors interact in general equilibrium. The model is used to study the impact of trade liberalisation, deunionisation and firm entry on wages in unionised and non-unionised sectors, and on welfare. We find that a shift from autarky to free trade increases non-union wages and welfare, whereas the effect on union wages is ambiguous. We also show that partial deunionisation leads to higher wages in both unionised and non-unionised sectors, but only increases welfare when the proportion of unionised sectors is sufficiently low. Finally, wages in non-unionised sectors necessarily increase with firm entry, while the response of union wages and welfare depends on the trade regime.

What drives export quality? Using firm-level data from Portugal on exports by product and destination market, we find that free-on-board unit values increase systematically with distance, and tend to be higher in shipments to richer nations. These relationships reflect not only the selection of firms across markets, but also the within-firm selection of product varieties across destinations. Furthermore, they prevail irrespective of the size of the exporter and the value of the export flow.

In recent years the labour market consequences of trade liberalisation appear to have become a major source of anxiety. The spectre that freer trade leads to job josses and induces a ‘race to the bottom’ in wages appears to be widespread among the general public, and has frequently spilled over into the policy arena.1 These concerns are not inconsequential. In the European Union, for example, negative perceptions towards globalisation were highlighted as one of the main reasons for the recent rejection of the European constitution by French and Dutch voters (Niblett, 2005). At the same time, opinion polls carried out in the older member states point to a rising anti-Europe attitude, partly reflecting fears that an enlarged Europe may be amplifying the threats of globalisation by opening borders to cheaper labour and products from the new member states (Dempsey, 2005).2 Concerns about this issue are also evident in the US. In a speech made just before his visit to China in March 2007, Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson Jr. argued that: Despite our healthy economy and rising living standards, more and more Americans seem to doubt that trade brings greater benefits than costs. Some politicians from both parties, reflecting what they are hearing from their constituents, are moving further toward embracing protectionism. This is a worrisome trend. (…) We must make it a priority to help workers succeed in our rapidly changing and increasingly global economy, while maintaining our commitment to open markets and the benefits that come with them.3

In an international oligopoly model, we investigate how trade liberalisation impacts on collective bargaining outcomes when workers are represented by open shop unions. We find that, with intermediate levels of union density, trade liberalisation may lead to higher negotiated wages even if no trade occurs in equilibrium. In addition, we show that union wages may be higher with free trade than in autarky.

This paper introduces new dynamic measures for examining changes in international trade patterns. Using data for 20 OECD countries over the 1980-2000 period, we show that inter-industry trade changes contrary to countries' previous specialisation are frequently the dominant form of trade expansion. The econometric analysis indicates that the observed changes in trade patterns were explained by initial endowments of human-capital and industry-specific changes in labour productivity and labour costs. The results also suggest that trade liberalisation induced an increase in the previous specialisation of larger OECD economies in industries with increasing returns to scale.

In this paper we analyse the impact of changes in product market competition on wage outcomes in the presence of an open shop union. With less than full union membership, product market competition is shown to affect not only a unionised firm's profits but also its payoff in the event of a dispute. In contrast to the prediction of the standard model, increases in product market competition may now increase wage levels. The model is therefore able to accommodate the mixed empirical findings regarding the impact of product market competition on union wages.

This paper extends the international oligopoly model to the situation of bargaining with an open shop union. Within this setting, we are able to investigate the implications of different levels of union density for both the equilibrium trade regime and wages. We then use this model to examine the response of wages to product market integration in the presence of different levels of union density. We find that, with intermediate levels of union density, wages need neither to fall monotonically as trade liberalisation occurs, nor indeed to fall in absolute terms as an economy moves from autarky to free trade.

Institutional changes in telecommunications services have revolutionized the way national governments and multilateral agencies treat the sector. In Latin America, changes have been especially dramatic since new regulation has given rise to a completely different group of actors and industry structure. This chapter looks at the impact of international telecommunications agreements on Latin America. First, a framework is developed in section 6.2 in order to analyze conflicts, challenges and local interests in the telecommunications services sector. Second, multilateral and regional agreements are reviewed, namely the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), Mercosur and NAFTA. The effect these agreements have had on telecommunications regulations in Latin America is analyzed in section 6.3. Finally, the chapter investigates conflicts and reactions to the new agenda. These include convergence and divergence in Latin American national policies concerning competition, propriety, safeguards, countervailing duties and antidumping measures. The argument stems from proper identification of factors affecting national telecommunications policies, including the relationship between national regulation agencies and distinct lobbies: users, equipment and service suppliers, existing regulated firms, new entrants and international agreements.

E-commerce policy priorities evolve with a country’s transition through phases of “e-commerce readiness”. For most developing countries, getting the basic telecommunications infrastructure, competitive environment, and regulatory framework in place to support widespread and affordable Internet access remains the highest priority. Telecoms privatisation needs to be accompanied by expanded competition, not excessively generous exclusivity agreements. In important middle-income developing countries, governments must address a further challenge: ensuring an e-commerceconducive business environment. Some issues, like consumer protection, are familiar even if cross-jurisdictional, remote and anonymous transactions in a virtual environment complicate dispute resolution. Other issues are unique to or especially acute in a virtual environment, like protection of privacy, security of transactions, and authentication of electronic signatures. The OECD has devised a number of guidelines ...

Submitted by Luiza Arao (luizah@ccje.ufrj.br) on 2021-11-23T12:56:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PBTigre.pdf: 3259737 bytes, checksum: fc34b44cf618a1799be7857112b0d000 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-11-23T12:56:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PBTigre.pdf: 3259737 bytes, checksum: fc34b44cf618a1799be7857112b0d000 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1993-06 Indisponível. Unavailable.

Este artigo analisa a evolução das teorias da firma à luz das mudanças tecnológicas ocorridas em três paradigmas: (i) a Revolução Industrial britânica, que dominou a economia mundial durante todo o século XIX e foi a base de observaçãopara a elaboração da teoria neoclássica; (ii) o paradigma Fordista, que efetivamente deu origem à economia industrial; e (iii) o paradigma das Tecnologias da Informação, cuja construção teórica está baseada, principalmente nas correntes evolucionistas e neo-institucionalistas. A análise da evolução das teorias da firma e sua relação com paradigmas organizacionais distintos mostra que não existe um corpo teórico único e coerente, pois as teorias estão condicionadas por diferentes filiações metodológico-teóricas, enfocam aspectos distintos (produção ou transação) e baseiam-se em contextos institucionais, históricos e setoriais diversos. Conclui que o processo de mudanças tecnológicas e institucionais exige que a teoria evolua continuamente, adotando aportes interdisciplinares e recorrendo mais sistematicamente a pesquisa empírica.The structure of the world industry is constantly affected by technological innovations and by an institutional dynamics which destroy and create firms and markets. Historically, the increasing speed of these changes has demanded a continuous reformulation of the economic theories dealing with the firm. This article examines such theories under the analytical framework of technological change in three paradigms: (i) the British industrial revolution which dominated the world economy during the XIX century and was a starting point to the development of the neoclassical microeconomic theory; (ii) the fordist paradigm which gave rise to the industrial economics; and (iii) the information technology paradigm, in which theories are still under development, based mainly on evolutionist and neo-institutionalist frameworks. The analysis of the evolution of the theory of the firm and its relationships with different organizational paradigms shows that theories are based by different methodological affiliations, focus on different aspects (production or transactions) and are based on a diversity of institutional, sectorial and historical contexts.

Submitted by Luiza Arao (luizah@ccje.ufrj.br) on 2021-05-04T17:20:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PBTigre.pdf: 3181835 bytes, checksum: 4c6767047e65d69693ac448df19951d9 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-05-04T17:20:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PBTigre.pdf: 3181835 bytes, checksum: 4c6767047e65d69693ac448df19951d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1990-10 O presente trabalho pretende discutir a questão da difusão de tecnologia, a luz da experiência brasileira em projetar de base microeletrônica. Em particular pretendemos verificar a relevância de ter ou não uma indústria local, com razoável nível de endogenização do processo decisório e capacitação tecnológica sucesso do processo de difusão. Unavailable.

By focusing on the concrete history of attempts by two major newly industrialized countries (NICs) — Brazil and Korea — to promote indigenous innovation in the computer industry, this paper explores the interaction of state structures and industrial organization in shaping developmental strategies. It is argued that Korea's initially stronger private sector and especially its cohesive state apparatus gave it substantial advantage, but that the changes in Brazilian industrial organization fostered by its informatics policy have increased the future potental of Brazil's indigenous computer producers.