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P66(super Shc) is a genetic determinant of life span in mammals, which regulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and apoptosis. Study is conducted to show that P66(super Shc) is a redox enzyme that generates mitochondrial ROS as signaling molecules for apoptosis.

Teacher classroom instructional practice can be a powerful influence on student learning. The Classroom Promotion of Oral Language randomized controlled trial tested whether teacher professional learning focused on promoting oral language in classrooms could improve teacher knowledge and classroom instruction. This study focuses on evaluating the impact of the professional learning on teacher classroom instruction. The nature of classroom talk was used as a means of exploring theories of change and the pathways to practice change. Classroom talk was classified according to its function; organisational, doing, and learning. Teachers from early years classes (first 2 years of school) participated in 4 days of professional learning and received implementation support in their school. Teacher instruction was measured through audio-recordings of classroom talk between teachers and students. The characteristics and proportions of the functions of classroom talk demonstrated by teachers who participated in professional learning (n = 40) and those who did not (n = 38) were compared. Findings indicated no differences in the functions of classroom talk measured with Anstey's type of talk framework following participation in the professional learning; similarities in classroom instruction are discussed and implications for professional learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the gap between the varieties of language and form in India and received versions of Indian writings in the West. Issues include stereotypes of projection, mechanisms of stratification in filtering literary value, culture and canon, internal fractures, and literary globalization.

More books from India in Indian languages circulated in Europe in the nineteenth century than now – partly thanks to the efforts of book importers like Trübner & Co. Trübner's monthly American & Oriental Literary Record (1865–) shows pages and pages of imported Sanskrit books, but also books in Hindi, Hindustani, Bengali, Marathi, Telugu, Gujarati, Arabic, Persian, and so on. Trübner also imported Peruvian, Argentinian, Brazilian, Yucatanese and other books from Latin America. Yet this impressive circulation and presence of books did not translate into their recognition as world literature. Voluminous compendia like John Macy's The Story of World Literature (1927) cover "Asian Literature" in merely thirteen pages (out of five hundred), and fail to mention any modern Indian writer apart from Rabindranath Tagore, damning him with faint praise. Why was this material presence and circulation of books in non-European languages in Britain and other parts of Europe matched by their absence as modern literary texts from the imagination of world literature? This essay examines the "technologies of recognition" (Shih) that made modern Indian literatures virtually invisible though materially present in Europe, and the conditions of visibility that occasionally allowed them to be seen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The distribution of ostomy and incontinence devices takes place through different modalities according to the regional provisions in force. A first possibility is represented by direct distribution by the local health authorities. A second possibility consists of indirect distribution through affiliated retailers, typically pharmacies and authorized retailers of medical devices. A third form of distribution concerns home distribution. Methods: A survey has been administered to patients' associations in order to investigate the degree of patients' satisfaction with the distribution methods of medical devices necessary for the conditions associated with ostomy and incontinence and to provide an estimate of the indirect costs associated with distribution methods in the Italian healthcare context through the development of a budget impact model. Results: The distribution methods associated with a greater degree of satisfaction seem to be indirect and home distribution. Regarding the results of the budget impact mode, in our simulation, a diffusion of home distribution compared to direct and indirect distribution could lead to savings equal to 2,479,519 € over the three-year time horizon considered. Conclusion: The analysis conducted demonstrates how an increase in home distribution in the context of devices associated with people with ostomy or who practice self-catheterization can be associated with resource savings for the entire society (indirect costs avoided). The survey also demonstrates how this distribution method is associated with a good degree of satisfaction on the part of the users who use it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: The benefits of surfactant administration via a thin catheter (minimally invasive surfactant therapy [MIST]) in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome are uncertain.Objective: To examine the effect of selective application of MIST at a low fraction of inspired oxygen threshold on survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).Design, Setting, and Participants: Randomized clinical trial including 485 preterm infants with a gestational age of 25 to 28 weeks who were supported with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and required a fraction of inspired oxygen of 0.30 or greater within 6 hours of birth. The trial was conducted at 33 tertiary-level neonatal intensive care units around the world, with blinding of the clinicians and outcome assessors. Enrollment took place between December 16, 2011, and March 26, 2020; follow-up was completed on December 2, 2020.Interventions: Infants were randomized to the MIST group (n = 241) and received exogenous surfactant (200 mg/kg of poractant alfa) via a thin catheter or to the control group (n = 244) and received a sham (control) treatment; CPAP was continued thereafter in both groups unless specified intubation criteria were met.Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the composite of death or physiological BPD assessed at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age. The components of the primary outcome (death prior to 36 weeks' postmenstrual age and BPD at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age) also were considered separately.Results: Among the 485 infants randomized (median gestational age, 27.3 weeks; 241 [49.7%] female), all completed follow-up. Death or BPD occurred in 105 infants (43.6%) in the MIST group and 121 (49.6%) in the control group (risk difference [RD], -6.3% [95% CI, -14.2% to 1.6%]; relative risk [RR], 0.87 [95% CI, 0.74 to 1.03]; P = .10). Incidence of death before 36 weeks' postmenstrual age did not differ significantly between groups (24 [10.0%] in MIST vs 19 [7.8%] in control; RD, 2.1% [95% CI, -3.6% to 7.8%]; RR, 1.27 [95% CI, 0.63 to 2.57]; P = .51), but incidence of BPD in survivors to 36 weeks' postmenstrual age was lower in the MIST group (81/217 [37.3%] vs 102/225 [45.3%] in the control group; RD, -7.8% [95% CI, -14.9% to -0.7%]; RR, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.70 to 0.98]; P = .03). Serious adverse events occurred in 10.3% of infants in the MIST group and 11.1% in the control group.Conclusions and Relevance: Among preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome supported with CPAP, minimally invasive surfactant therapy compared with sham (control) treatment did not significantly reduce the incidence of the composite outcome of death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age. However, given the statistical uncertainty reflected in the 95% CI, a clinically important effect cannot be excluded.Trial Registration: anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12611000916943. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bronchiolitis is the most common reason for hospitalisation in infants. All international bronchiolitis guidelines recommend supportive care, yet considerable variation in practice continues with infants receiving non-evidence based therapies. We developed six targeted, theory-informed interventions; clinical leads, stakeholder meeting, train-the-trainer, education delivery, other educational materials, and audit and feedback. A cluster randomised controlled trial (cRCT) found the interventions to be effective in reducing use of five non-evidence based therapies in infants with bronchiolitis. This process evaluation paper aims to determine whether the interventions were implemented as planned (fidelity), explore end-users' perceptions of the interventions and evaluate cRCT outcome data with intervention fidelity data.Methods: A pre-specified mixed-methods process evaluation was conducted alongside the cRCT, guided by frameworks for process evaluation of cRCTs and complex interventions. Quantitative data on the fidelity, dose and reach of interventions were collected from the 13 intervention hospitals during the study and analysed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data identifying perception and acceptability of interventions were collected from 42 intervention hospital clinical leads on study completion and analysed using thematic analysis.Results: The cRCT found targeted, theory-informed interventions improved bronchiolitis management by 14.1%. The process evaluation data found variability in how the intervention was delivered at the cluster and individual level. Total fidelity scores ranged from 55 to 98% across intervention hospitals (mean = 78%; SD = 13%). Fidelity scores were highest for use of clinical leads (mean = 98%; SD = 7%), and lowest for use of other educational materials (mean = 65%; SD = 19%) and audit and feedback (mean = 65%; SD = 20%). Clinical leads reflected positively about the interventions, with time constraints being the greatest barrier to their use.Conclusion: Our targeted, theory-informed interventions were delivered with moderate fidelity, and were well received by clinical leads. Despite clinical leads experiencing challenges of time constraints, the level of fidelity had a positive effect on successfully de-implementing non-evidence-based care in infants with bronchiolitis. These findings will inform widespread rollout of our bronchiolitis interventions, and guide future practice change in acute care settings.Trial Registration: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12616001567415 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]