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Purpose: The aim of this research note is to introduce a new appraisal form, the Classroom Communication and Collaboration (C3) Appraisal, designed to evaluate communication and collaboration within classroom settings. Method: A comprehensive synthesis of the key skills from a broad range of publications on successful communication and collaboration in the classroom was conducted. The resulting appraisal comprises 39 items across six scales: crafting clear messages, appropriateness of communication exchange, active listening, pragmatics and discourse, communication breakdown, and collaboration. To demonstrate its application, an exemplar usage of the C3 Appraisal involving a hearing child and a child with hearing loss engaged in a collaborative learning task is presented. Results: The C3 Appraisal allowed for the quality and successfulness of the collaborative learning task between the two children to be assessed and quantified across the six scales. Conclusions: These findings highlight the utility of the C3 Appraisal as a valuable tool for evaluating communication and collaboration in classroom environments. Next steps are to test the reliability and validity of the C3 Appraisal on a large data set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives The inability of individuals in the advanced stage of dementia to communicate about preferences in care at the end-of-life poses a challenge for healthcare professionals and family carers. The proven effective Family Carer Decision Support intervention has been designed to inform family carers about end-of-life care options available to a person living with advanced dementia. The objectives of the mySupport study were to adapt the application of the intervention for use in different countries, assess impact on family satisfaction and decision-making, and identify costs and supportive conditions for the implementation of the intervention. Research Design and Methods A multiple-case study design was chosen where the nursing home was the case. Nursing homes were enrolled from six countries: Canada, Czech Republic, Italy, Netherlands, Republic of Ireland, and United Kingdom. Results Seventeen cases (nursing homes) participated, with a total of 296 interviews completed including family carers, nursing home staff, and health providers. Five themes relevant to the implementation of the intervention were identified: supportive relationships; committed staff; perceived value of the intervention; the influence of external factors on the nursing home; and resource impact of delivery. Discussion and Implications There is a commonality of facilitators and barriers across countries when introducing practice innovation. A key learning point was the importance of implementation being accompanied by committed and supported nursing home leadership. The nursing home context is dynamic and multiple factors influence implementation at different points of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Personal care interactions can provide vital opportunities for caregivers to engage with a person living with advanced dementia. However, interactions may also be a contentious experience, what makes this so is not fully understood. We aimed to examine features of personal care interactions between caregivers and people with advanced dementia to understand how care may be improved. Research Design and Methods This was a naturalistic observation study using one-off video-recorded observations of personal care interactions between 14 people with advanced dementia and 12 caregivers (n = 7 care-home staff, n = 5 family carers) in the United Kingdom (total observation time 03:01:52). Observations were analyzed with observational video coding to determine the frequency of actions of people with dementia and qualitative content analysis for in-depth examination. Results Refusals of care were present in 32% of video sections. Active engagement of people with dementia was observed in 66% of sections. Rare contentious interactional components were characterized by the person with dementia appearing to show uneasiness and caregivers being flustered and uncertain. However, caregivers typically emanated a nurturing attentiveness, were attuned to the person, and skilled in seamlessly supporting them through care activities. Discussion and Implications Findings draw on real-world empirical evidence to reinvigorate the notion of person-centeredness in dementia care. The findings provide much needed insight into practical ways to improve care interactions for people with advanced dementia and enhance their personhood. Appropriate training/guidance for caregivers could support positive personal care experiences for both the person with dementia and caregiver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Despite promising effects of individualized music listening (IML) for people with dementia, the individualized nature and heterogeneity of reactions to IML remain underexplored. We aimed to develop an empirically derived typology of directly observed reactions of people with dementia to IML and propose recommendations for tailoring the intervention to the respective types. Research Design and Methods An ideal-type analysis was conducted on 108 video recordings of 45 people with mainly severe dementia (78% female, mean age of 83.02 years, all White participants) listening to recorded individualized music. Dimensions were identified for capturing similarities and differences between types. Results The analysis yielded 10 types of reactions ("expressing and sharing joy," "self-disclosure stimulated by music," "concentrated, absorbed listening," "blissful enjoyment," "experience of the music as bittersweet," "sharing memories," "releasing tension," "tensing up and rejecting," "predominant search for social exchange," "no interpretable reaction") and 3 dimensions ("valence" from negative to positive, "arousal" from calm to activated, "communicative activity" from defensive/resistant to proactive), resulting in a three-dimensional coordinate system, providing a holistic representation and facilitating a systematic contrast of identified reaction types to IML. Discussion and Implications Reactions to IML were influenced by the interaction with the project staff, who monitored the sessions. Based on these observations, we propose recommendations for tailoring both the behavior of the monitoring person (e.g. engaging in synchronous activities like clapping along) and the setup of the intervention (e.g. communal vs individual listening) to each type, which may improve the effects of IML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Paradoxical lucidity is defined as an instance of unexpected lucid behavior in a person who is assumed to be noncommunicative due to a progressive and pathophysiologic dementing process. To inform studies of the prevalence, characteristics, and impact of these behaviors, this interview study examined caregivers' experiences of witnessing paradoxical lucidity. Research Design and Methods Participants were family caregivers of persons living with advanced dementia caused by a neurodegenerative disease producing significant impairments in communication. Semistructured interviews elicited the caregivers' experiences of plausible lucid episodes. Data analysis used a thematic analysis approach. Results Most caregivers reported at least 1 episode of lucidity. Episodes were typically brief. Most involved utterances, but nonverbal behaviors were also common. The mental capacities associated with these behaviors included recognition, awareness of surroundings, recognizing others' emotions, and goal-directed behavior. Most caregivers' reactions were positive. Episodes did not lead to changes in major medical decisions but instead to efforts to either modify or reinforce daily caregiving efforts. Discussion and Implications Episodes of lucidity were common, a finding seen in other studies. If prevalence studies confirm this, the qualifier "paradoxical" should be eliminated. The caregivers' familiarity with the person living with dementia allowed them to attribute meaning to subtle behaviors that might not otherwise be detected or considered lucid. Clinicians who care for persons with advanced-stage dementia should routinely ask caregivers about episodes of lucid communication and their emotional reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Awareness of unique path of the superficial branch of the radial nerve and its unusual sensory distribution can help avoid potential diagnostic confusion. We present a unique case encountered during a routine dissection of a Central European male cadaver. An unusual course of the superficial branch of the radial nerve was found in the right forearm, where the superficial branch of the radial nerve originated from the radial nerve distally, within the supinator canal, emerged between the extensor digitorum and abductor pollicis longus muscles and supplied the second and a radial half of the third digit, featuring communications with the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve and the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve. Due to dorsal emerging of the superficial branch of the radial nerve the dorsal aspect of the thumb was innervated by the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve. To our best knowledge such variation of the superficial branch of the radial nerve has never been reported before. This variation dramatically changes aetiology and manifestation of possible entrapment syndromes which clinicians should be aware of. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenomenon: Patient-centered communication is an ideal for undergraduate medical education and has been for decades. However, medical students often find the patient-centered approach challenging. The present study finds a possible discordance between formal intentions of a medical curriculum and the corresponding learning environment. The objective of our study was to explore how medical curriculum resonates with the purpose of patient-centered medicine, including how a possible dynamic may have helped maintain this discordance in undergraduate medical education. Approach: The study took a qualitative approach exploring the medical curriculum via a structured communication course. The educational context for the course was considered a discursive environment, partially constructed through documents. The concept of textual agency was used to analyze curriculum and course documents. This was to explore how competencies were presented in the medical curriculum and course descriptions and how they were translated through the practices of the communication course. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyze observations made during the course. Findings: Our analysis suggested that the medical curriculum content and structure still emphasize bio-medical disciplines and knowledge domains in students learning. This connected well with the socialization of medical students toward the role as medical experts whose primary task is to provide information, while patients are defined as passive subjects, who received information. The course description also operationalized complexities of patient-centered communication to a measurable, instrumental structure of skills. This focus on one-directional communication frames the students' understanding of the courses and their performance in it. They learn that: (1) meeting a real patient is a rare opportunity, (2) engaging patients' thoughts and feelings in the conversation is challenging, and (3) the biomedical aspect should be prioritized in the conversation. Insights: These findings suggested that the medical curriculum we studied gave limited room for patient-centered medicine, even in communication training. The power of macro-level documents framed and focused micro-level learning activities and could help explain observed disharmonies in patient-medical student encounters. We see how patient-centered medicine – in both texts and practice – is represented and enacted as a peripheral activity and patients are given a marginal position in encounters with students. The findings suggested that there are challenges for progress and change toward a more patient-centered communication training and curriculum. However, empirical findings also offered points of departure for course leaders and curriculum planners wishing to take steps toward a stronger and more reflective patient-centered approach in medical education, supported through the document structure and the translation of the curriculum through relevant learning activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting with reflexivity: As a Black woman medical student at a predominately white institution, a white woman full professor and deputy editor-in-chief of a journal, and a white woman associate professor with a deep interest in language, we understand that medicine and medical education interpellate each of us as a particular kind of subject. As such, we begin with a narrative grounding in our personal stances. Phenomenon: While there are a growing number of empirical studies of Black physicians' and trainees' experiences of racism, there are still few accounts from a first-person perspective. Black authors of these personal commentaries or editorials, who already experience microaggressions and racial trauma in their work spaces, must put on their academic armor to further experience them in publishing spaces. This study seeks to understand the stances Black physicians and trainees take as they share their personal experiences of racism. Approach: We searched four databases, identifying 29 articles authored by Black physicians and trainees describing their experiences. During initial analysis, we identified and coded for three sets of discursive strategies: identification, intertextuality, and space-time. Throughout the study, we reflected on our own stances in relation to the experience of conducting the study and its findings. Findings: Authors engaged in stance-taking, which aligned with the concept of donning academic armor, by evaluating and positioning themselves with respect to racism and the norms of academic discourse in response to ongoing conversations both within medicine and in the broader U.S. culture. They did this by (a) positioning themselves as being Black and, therefore, qualified to notice and name personal racist experiences while also aligning themselves with the reader through shared professional experiences and goals; (b) intertextual connections to other related events, people, and institutions that they—and their readers—value; and (c) aligning themselves with a hoped-for future rather than a racist present. Personal insights: Because the discourses of medicine and medical publishing interpellate Black authors as Others they must carefully consider the stances they take, particularly when naming racism. The academic armor they put on must be able to not only defend them from attack but also help them slip unseen through institutional bodies replete with mechanisms to eject them. In addition to analyzing our own personal stance, we leave readers with thought-provoking questions regarding this armor as we return to narrative grounding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A correction is presented to the article correcting errors in a previously published study titled "COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, acceptance and informational needs in an Australian cancer population: a cross-sectional survey."

The aim of this article was to identify educational interventions on sexuality for parents of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities. This is an integrative literature review. In May, 2023, searches were carried out in 12 databases using the keywords: intellectual disability, sexuality, sexual communication, intervention, program, and parents and Boolean operators AND and OR. The thematic analysis of the nine articles found resulted in the theme: Sex education programs and their interventions, and three sub-themes: (a) conceptualization and design of the programs; (b) from taboo to confidence: increasing self-perception of competence to approach sex education; and (c) speaking the same language: how sex education can contribute to improving communication between parents and children with intellectual disabilities. The results showed that the interventions were effective in promoting positive changes in self-efficacy, contributed to increasing knowledge about sexuality, improved the quality and frequency of communication about sexuality in the family context, and addressed parents' beliefs and attitudes, considering their cultural and personal context with a view to promoting positive changes in these areas. The development of sex education strategies prepares parents and families for handling and safely guiding children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities. The interventions showed a positive impact on parents and their children. Future investigations combining quantitative and qualitative approaches to the evaluation of these sex education programs are necessary, in order to provide a broader and deeper view of the results achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engaging respectfully with individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, genderqueer, or gender-nonconforming (LGBTQ+) is an ethical imperative. To help social workers fulfill this obligation, this study explored the lived experiences of LGBTQ+ people regarding their interactions with people outside the LGBTQ+ community, and what LGBTQ+ people desire for future interactions. Narrative interviews were conducted with 11 LGBTQ+ social work graduate students and alumni to explore (a) their self-reported experiences engaging in one-on-one and small group interactions with outgroup members throughout their lives and (b) the meaning they gleaned from their life experiences across various domains (e.g. work, family, education) that might improve future interactions. Analysis produced six storylines that can be summarized as (1) unbalanced depictions of difference, (2) avoiding interactions, (3) managing positive treatment of an identity, (4) restricting certain perspectives, (5) focusing on differences, and (6) the importance of seeing humanity. The findings suggest several strategies for interacting with LGBTQ+ people in a more culturally sensitive way including discussing the LGBTQ+ community in a nuanced manner (as opposed to monolithically) and considering the level of attention paid to individuals' sexual orientation and gender identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to describe the clinical communication practices of student audiologists during case history taking and feedback giving using simulated peer role play consultations and to explore whether clinical communication skills outcomes can be achieved through simulated peer role play. Method: An exploratory, qualitative research design was used for this pilot study. A total of four simulated peer role play consultations were videorecorded, comprising two adult diagnostic audiology case scenarios. Eight online interviews were conducted with the student participants following the simulated audiological consultation. Analysis of the video-recorded sessions incorporated an interactional sociolinguistic focus, and interviews were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Results: Findings from the video analysis and interviews were triangulated, with a specific focus on establishing commonalities in terms of communication skills of student clinicians, reflections of their own skills, and the simulated peer patient's reflections on the student clinician's skills. Although variation was noted in terms of case history taking skills, feedback giving was similar among all student clinicians. These communication practices are consistent with findings from related literature on consultations with real patients. Student clinicians reflected on feedback giving as more challenging than case history taking, with room for improvement suggested by the simulated peer patients. Conclusions: Our findings highlight key questions regarding the use of peer simulation in facilitating the development of communication skills for audiological consultations among student audiologists. We discuss some considerations for using this approach to clinical training more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the perspectives of Australiabased hearing health care consumers regarding the (a) provision and utilization of teleaudiology services, (b) experiences with teleaudiology, and (c) barriers and enablers to future teleaudiology use. Method: A national prospective self-report online survey was completed between April and October 2020, amid COVID-19. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (closed-answer items) and content analysis (open-text responses). A total of 381 participants (Mage = 72.07 years ± 10.08, 142 females) were recruited from different states and territories of Australia. Results: Despite positive outcomes reported by those who undertook teleaudiology appointments during COVID-19, results indicate low-consumer teleaudiology uptake. It can be inferred that consumers were not aware of teleaudiology as an appointment option, clinicians/clinic staff had not informed and/or supported teleaudiology as an option, and biases existed that prevented teleaudiology being more widely adopted. It is unclear whether consumers who were eligible for government subsidies understood that teleaudiology appointments were reimbursed through government funding. Barriers to future teleaudiology uptake were largely related to concerns regarding confidentiality and privacy. Conclusion: Lowconsumer uptake of teleaudiology appointments appears to be driven by consumer preference for in-person services, which appears to be driven by lack of knowledge regarding the availability and effectiveness of teleaudiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess preschool children's hearingrelated quality of life and to introduce the scale, originally titled "Preschool Hearing Environments and Reflections on Quality of Life Questionnaire" (Preschool HEAR-QL), to the literature through Turkish adaption, validity, and reliability analyses. Method: Our study included 210 children aged 2--6 years: 110 with hearing loss (56 cochlear implant users and 54 hearing aid users) and 100 with normal hearing. Demographic data were collected and then the Preschool HEAR-QL, which was translated into Turkish, was administered twice at 15-day intervals. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine whether the factor structure found in the original scale development study was confirmed in our sample (construct validity). Cronbach's alpha, intraclass correlation scores, and the test--retest method were used to assess the scale's reliability as the findings were analyzed using paired samples t tests. Results: The children with hearing loss had lower scores than their normalhearing peers, and the difference was significant in the subdomains of behavior and attention, hearing environments, and communication. The subscale of the Preschool Period Listening Environments and their Reflections on Quality of Life Scale consists of 23 items, and Cronbach's alpha value was found as 0.922 in the first application and 0.926 in the second application (high reliability). In the model established for validity analysis, χ² /df = 2.156, root-mean-square error of approximation = 0.074, standard root-mean-square residual = 0.078, goodnessof- fit index = 0.830, adjusted goodness-of-fit index = 0.789, comparative fit index = 0.895, and Tucker--Lewis index = 0.881 (good model fit). In terms of test--retest reliability, the correlation between the two measurements was 0.837, and there was no statistical difference between the test--retest scores (p = .15). Conclusion: The Turkish version of the Preschool HEAR-QL scale was proven to be a valid and reliable scale for assessing the hearing-related quality of life of children aged 2-6 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In previous research on advice taking, researchers have mainly focused on certain types of advice. However, in practice, when people give advice to others, there is often a degree of uncertainty (e.g. I think that the distance between Beijing and Shanghai is between 800 and 1200 km). To date, only a few studies have examined the impact of uncertain advice on advice taking. Through two studies, the present research explores the influence of advice uncertainty and individuals' regulatory mode predominance on advice taking and the mediating mechanism. In Study 1, the participants' chronic regulatory mode was measured by a questionnaire, and in Study 2, we induced the predominance of the participants' situational regulatory mode using a recall task. We found that people are more likely to adopt advice with low uncertainty. The moderating effect of participants' regulatory mode on the impact of advice uncertainty on advice taking occurs only when the regulatory mode is induced by the situation. For the assessment‐predominant group, there was a significant difference between the no‐uncertainty group and the high‐uncertainty group, while for the locomotion‐predominant group, this difference was not significant. Additionally, our study revealed the mediating role of advice reliability, which existed only when the participants were able to compare low‐ and no‐uncertainty advice in a within‐participant design. That is, when decision makers adopt uncertainty advice within ranges, they not only consider reliability but also weigh multiple factors. Our findings contribute to understanding the mechanisms underlying individuals' preferences for uncertain advice and reasoning about individual differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parents, especially mothers, and young women without children, face a subtle threat in job interviews: being asked inappropriate questions about parental status. In three vignette experiments (N = 760), we compared personal (perceived likability and likelihood of being hired) and social consequences (perceived chances that the interviewer will ask the inappropriate question again) of different response strategies. Results suggest that deflection (i.e., responding with another question) is a superior strategy at the personal level, as it increases the perceived chances to be hired in comparison to truth‐telling (Study 1) and confrontation (Studies 1–3) without hurting likability (Study 1). Confrontation (i.e., saying that the question is inappropriate) is a superior strategy at the social level, decreasing the perceived probability that the interviewer will keep asking inappropriate questions in comparison to deflection (Studies 2 and 3) and truth‐telling (Study 3). No gender differences were apparent. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This qualitative sub‐study aimed to explore how cisgender gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (cis‐GBMSM) and transgender people who reported non‐consensual sex (NCS) accessed health care services, what barriers they faced, and how this experience influenced subsequent HIV testing. Methods: SELPHI is an online randomized controlled trial evaluating both acceptability and efficiency of HIV‐self testing among cis‐GBMSM and transgender people. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted, audio‐recorded, transcribed, and analysed through a framework analysis, as a qualitative sub‐study. We identified narratives of NCS from interviews and investigated experiences of cis‐GBMSM and transgender people accessing health care services following sexual assault. Results: Of 95 participants, 15 (16%) spontaneously reported NCS. Participants reported a broad range of NCS, including partner's coercive behaviours, non‐consensual removal of condoms, and rapes. All feared HIV transmission, leading them to test for HIV, underlining a marked lack of awareness of post‐exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Most had negative experiences in communicating with reception staff in sexual health clinics following these incidents. A lack of confidentiality and empathy was described in these situations of psychological distress. Clinic visits were primarily focused on testing for HIV and sexually transmitted infection, and generally no specific psychological support was offered. Getting a negative HIV result was a key step in regaining control for people who experienced NCS. Conclusions: Sexual health care providers should take care to more fully address the issue of NCS with cis‐GBMSM and transgender people when it arises. Recognizing and managing the emotional impact of NCS on affected patients would prevent negative experiences and increase confidence in care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Moderately preterm infants (MPTI) comprise a large proportion of NICU admissions and are an understudied population. The unique experience of families with MPTIs has yet to be examined in the literature. Describing MPTI parent needs and preferences may inform interventions to improve care and outcomes for this population. METHODS: Semistructured qualitative interviews were performed with English-speaking birth parents of infants born between 32 and 34 weeks gestation to describe their NICU experience and identify areas for improvement specifically surrounding care team inclusion, education, discharge, and communication. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using directed content analysis. Enrollment ceased when the data reached thematic saturation. RESULTS: Sixteen birth parents participated. Four themes emerged around parent-medical team connectedness, parental confusion, discharge readiness, and the desire for a use of a mix of in-person and electronic communication methods (e-mail, texting, apps, etc) for communication. MPTI parents valued a strong connection with the medical team; owever, they described a lack of knowledge regarding the reasons for admission and ongoing management. Near discharge, parents desired more information regarding feeding, reflux, and breathing patterns. Parents preferred in-person discussions but described a role for electronic methods to improve their understanding of their infant and discharge readiness. CONCLUSIONS: From the MPTI parent perspective, clinicians can focus improvement efforts on communication, specifically around reasons for admission, discharge planning, and anticipatory guidance. These results may serve as a foundation for initiatives to improve the MPTI parent experience and potentially parent and MPTI outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: To identify the most important attributes related to the process of achieving, and outcomes associated with, successful care for differences of sex development (DSD). METHODS: We developed a best--worst scaling survey administered to 520 DSD stakeholders, including individuals or family members of those with DSD, health care specialists, and patient support and advocacy representatives. Fourteen process-related attributes and 16 outcomerelated attributes were identified through qualitative research. We estimated relative importance scores and coefficients from regression analysis to understand the relative importance of attributes and conducted latent class analysis to explore heterogeneity in preferences. RESULTS: The 3 most important process attributes were (1) good communication between care team and patient/family, (2) care team educated patient/family about condition, and (3) care team incorporates the values of patient/family. The 3 most important outcome attributes were (1) patient satisfaction, (2) patient mental health, and (3) treatment maintains physical health. Latent class analyses showed that respondents had heterogeneous preferences. For processrelated attributes, we identified 3 respondent groups: "Patient autonomy and support" (46% of respondents), "Education and care transitions" (18%), and "Shared decision-making" (36%). For outcome-related attributes, we identified 2 respondent groups: "Preserving function and appearance" (59% of respondents) and "Patient health and satisfaction" (41%). CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes such as patient satisfaction and health were the most important outcome attributes, and good communication and education from the care team were the most important process attributes. Respondents expressed heterogeneous preferences for selected DSD care attributes that providers should consider to improve satisfaction with and quality of DSD care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity conservation on farmland is the result of the interplay of many different stakeholders. Most stakeholders have developed unique communication narratives that support their own worldviews and serve their interests. Societal dissemination of scientific results inevitably lands in the playing field of the narratives from other stakeholders. Presenting evidence without communicating the implications risks inappropriate use of scientific results. Farmland biodiversity conservation scientists need clear, evidence-based communication narratives to improve societal impact. Integrating biodiversity conservation into agriculture is a pressing challenge promoted by conservationists. Although biodiversity can also provide important benefits to farmers, the adoption of biodiversity-enhancing measures is lagging behind the scientific evidence. This may partially be related to the way scientists position themselves. If scientists do not convincingly communicate about the implications of their evidence, other interested stakeholders will drive the conversations. To increase societal impact, scientists must understand the complex communication environment and take an informed and strategic position. We describe the prevailing conservation and farming narratives, highlighting how the term 'biodiversity' can be used to start dialogues between parties with conflicting demands and exemplifying how scientists can build effective narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It should be the ultimate goal of any theory of evolution to delineate the contours of an integrative system to answer the question: How does life (in all its complexity) evolve (which can be called mega‐evolution)? But how to plausibly define 'life'? My answer (1994–2023) is: 'life' sounds like a noun, but denotes an activity, and thus is a verb. Life (L) denotes nothing else than the total sum (∑) of all acts of communication (transfer of information) (C) executed by any type of senders–receivers at all their levels (up to at least 15) of compartmental organization: L = ∑C. The 'communicating compartment' is better suited to serve as the universal unit of structure, function and evolution than the cell, the smallest such unit. By paying as much importance to communication activity as to the Central Dogma of molecular biology, a wealth of new insights unfold. The major ones are as follows. (1) Living compartments have not only a genetic memory (DNA), but also a still enigmatic cognitive and an electrical memory system (and thus a triple memory system). (2) Complex compartments can have up to three types of progeny: genetic descendants/children, pupils/learners and electricians. (3) Of particular importance to adaptation, any act of communication is a problem‐solving act because all messages need to be decoded. Hence through problem‐solving that precedes selection, life itself is the driving force of its own evolution (a very clever but counterintuitive and unexpected logical deduction). Perhaps, this is the 'vital force' philosopher and Nobel laureate (in 1927) Henri Bergson searched for but did not find. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why you should read this article: • To appreciate that the gradual and uncertain trajectory in frailty can be a barrier to advance care planning • To recognise the importance of the early recognition of frailty in prompting conversations on end of life care • To acknowledge the need for all healthcare professionals to receive better education on frailty and its effects. Background: Older people with frailty are susceptible to sudden and rapid deterioration, so discussing their wishes and preferences for care at the end of life should be a priority. However, frailty is often not considered or recognised, which impedes patient-centred decision-making. Aim: To explore the views and perceptions of senior healthcare professionals regarding the usefulness of the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) in identifying frailty; whether a CFS score of severe frailty leads senior healthcare professionals to recognise that the person is likely to be approaching the end of life; and whether a CFS score of severe frailty prompts senior healthcare professionals to have conversations about advance care planning and end of life care with patients. Method: Semi-structured individual interviews were undertaken with seven senior healthcare professionals at one hospital in England. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings: Frailty appeared to be complex, multifaceted and at times difficult to identify. A diagnosis of severe frailty did not necessarily prompt advance care planning and end of life care conversations. Such conversations were more likely to happen if the person had comorbidities, for example cancer. Prognostication appeared to be challenging, partly due to the gradual and uncertain trajectory in frailty and a lack of understanding, on the part of healthcare professionals, of the condition and its effects. Conclusion: People with severe frailty may be disadvantaged in terms of receiving appropriate end of life care. Better education on frailty for all healthcare professionals would facilitate conversations about advance care planning and end of life care with patients diagnosed with severe frailty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a survey, this article analyses the satisfaction with communication between citizens and public servants in the Municipality of Ljubljana (MOL). It highlights the potential of a citizen relations management tool to emphasise the importance of effective communication between the municipality and citizens, the role of civic engagement in the development of the municipality and the importance of understanding and managing differences in satisfaction between citizens and public servants. A notable satisfaction gap exists, with citizens generally more satisfied than public servants, except for accessibility to initiatives and problem-solving. The study recommends adopting successful tools, such as those used in Ljubljana, to improve communication, citizen participation and the quality of services. It emphasises the importance of understanding communication dynamics to tailor municipal improvements and promote civic engagement and calls for further research in Central and Eastern European municipalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to understand what is known about the high performing or exceptional learner in medical education. There is a rich literature about learners in difficulty, yet little is known about those performing at the high end, also known as exceptional learners. A qualitative study was undertaken whereby 15 faculty members at the University of Toronto were interviewed to explore their experiences with these learners. Based on the findings, we developed a framework to categorize characteristics of exceptional learners by differentiating them as either 'Being' (a pre-existing attribute or set of values that the learner possesses from the start of training) or 'Doing' (demonstrable characteristics that can be observed or measured). Using this framework, we identified five characteristics in the category of 'Being', five in the category of 'Doing', and two that could be situated in either or both. Utilizing this framework to describe exceptional learners will aid teachers in identifying them early in their training so that their training experience can be enhanced. This novel approach contributes to our knowledge of the exceptional medical learner. The optimization of the training experience will maximize the opportunity to ensure that these learners reach their full potential to contribute to the healthcare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In team-based learning (TBL), an instructional strategy that encourages in-depth team discussion and deep learning, interactions in terms of sharing, co-construction, constructive conflict and procedural interactions are important. Since TBL has also been applied online in recent years, the question is whether these interactions are sufficiently present in an online setting. Gain insight into the nature and extent of these types of interactions in online TBL application sessions and to what extent these vary between teams and sessions. We made audiovisual recordings of 12 TBL teams in two online application sessions during assignments. Transcripts were coded and analyzed using a framework derived. Teams spent more than 85% of their time on all four types of interactions in both sessions. The largest proportion of time was spent on sharing and co-construction. Constructive conflict occurred to a limited extent. We observed variation in proportion of time spent on and the distribution of the four types of interactions between teams and sessions. All interactions important for achieving deep learning occurred in online TBL application sessions. However, the effective use of these types of interaction should not be left to chance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Best-practice in audiological rehabilitation takes a holistic client- and family-centred approach and considers hearing care in the context of personal well-being. Hearing loss not only impairs the ability to hear, but can also compromise the ability to communicate, thus negatively impacting both social and emotional well-being. Hearing care professionals play a key role in fostering their client's well-being. This paper aims to provide evidence-based recommendations to ensure inclusion of social-emotional well-being in audiologic rehabilitation clinical practice. Methods: A review of current research and expert opinion. Results: This guide proposes a 5-step plan which includes: identifying the client's social-emotional well-being; including family members in audiological rehabilitation; incorporating social-emotional needs and goals in an individualized management plan; relating identified hearing needs and goals to rehabilitation recommendations; and using counselling skills and techniques to explore and monitor social-emotional well-being. Each component of the 5-step plan is discussed and clinical considerations are presented. Conclusion: These comprehensive recommendations provide guidance to hearing care professionals looking to ensure clients' social-emotional well-being are considered throughout the rehabilitation journey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the critiques based on trade-offs and normativity presented in response to our target article proposing the Public Health Emergency Risk and Crisis Communication (PHERCC) framework. These critiques highlight the ethical dilemmas in crisis communication, particularly the balance between promoting public autonomy through transparent information and the potential stigmatization of specific population groups, as illustrated by the discussion of the mpox outbreak among men who have sex with men. This critique underscores the inherent tension between communication effectiveness and autonomy versus fairness and equity. In response, our paper reiterates the adaptability of the PHERCC framework, emphasizing its capacity to tailor messages to diverse audiences, thereby reducing potential stigmatization and misinformation. Through community engagement and feedback integration, the PHERCC framework aims to optimize the effectiveness of communication strategies while addressing ethical concerns. Furthermore, by involving affected communities in the communication strategy from the onset, the framework seeks to minimize ethical trade-offs and enhance the acceptance and effectiveness of public health messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Talking about, Unnsteinsson defends an intentionalist theory of reference by arguing that confused referential intentions degrade reference. Central to this project is a "belief model" of both identity confusion and unconfused thought. By appealing to a well‐known argument from Campbell, I argue that this belief model falls short, because it fails to explain the inferential behavior it promises to explain. Campbell's argument has been central in the contemporary literature on Frege's puzzle, but Unnsteinsson's account of confusion provides an opportunity for more clarity about how the argument is best interpreted, and what it shows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explores the impact of nonviolent communication (NVC) intervention on advantaged group members' actual participation in collective action on behalf of disadvantaged outgroups, also known as solidarity‐based collective action (SBCA). It also examines the mediating role of hope and empathy in this process. Using an experimental longitudinal field study in the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Jewish Israelis (N = 220) were randomly assigned either to an NVC or to a control condition. Results indicated that, relative to the control, participants in the NVC condition showed an increased tendency to engage in activities that are considered part of SBCA 6 weeks after the intervention. Furthermore, the NVC intervention affected both hope and empathy by maintaining higher levels of hope 6 weeks after intervention and by increasing empathy immediately after intervention. Yet hope, but not empathy, mediated the effect of the NVC intervention on participation in SBCA. Theoretical and applicable implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Patients with cancer are at high risk for infection-related morbidity and mortality; vaccinations reduce this burden. In 2021, vaccination documentation rates were low at an academic medical center breast clinic. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this pilot quality improvement project was to evaluate an education intervention to increase vaccination documentation among patients with breast cancer. METHODS: During a 16-week period, the 4 Pillars™ Practice Transformation Program was implemented. The oncology nurse navigator assessed and documented vaccination history, discussed recommendations with the provider, and recommended concurrent vaccinations. Within a two-week period, the oncology nurse navigator completed and documented vaccination follow-up via telephone. FINDINGS: Vaccination follow-up and documentation for influenza, shingles, and pneumococcal vaccines increased substantially. Findings indicate that an education and outreach program can increase vaccination documentation rates among patients with breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scholarly project implemented the 3 Wishes Project (3WP), which aims to fulfill the final wishes of dying critically ill patients, in a 16-bed tertiary intensive care unit (ICU). The project assessed outcomes through surveys, mortality, and intervention records. The initial implementation involved 11 patients and 49 fulfilled wishes. A comparison of pre- and postintervention data showed statistically significant increases in perceptions of end-of-life care, services, and interprofessional communication. All found the 3WP valuable for patients and families, and 61% reported boosted morale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The awareness that museums must be inclusive and participatory led to practices adapted to visitors' requirements and co-creative experiences, encouraging interaction with exhibitions, and thus fostering memorable experiences. Yet, constraints remain for people with disabilities, reducing their satisfaction and desire to return. Despite the high number of people with visual impairments worldwide, there is a lack of research on factors that may impact their co-creation in museums. This paper aims to identify factors influencing the co-creation of people with visual impairments experiences in museums, either facilitating or constraining it. Based on focus groups discussion, the results of the study conducted suggest that the co-creation of people with visual impairments in museums is influenced both by aspects related to visitors, as well as by disabling features of the museums' physical, communicational, and attitudinal environments. Conclusions and implications drawn are critical to improve the experience of people with visual impairments in museums. This article highlights that despite the high number of people with visual impairments worldwide, many still face constraints when visiting museums. The article reveals that several museums offer opportunities for interacting with the whole museum environment and co-creating value, to trigger memorable experiences. This paper fills a research gap by analysing how a set of factors influence people with visual impairments to get involved in co-creation in museums, either facilitating or constraining it. The research found that the factors that influence co-creation of experiences of people with visual impairments in museums can be related to the visitors or to the museums, including physical, communicational and attitudinal aspects. The article provides guidelines to improve the co-creation in museums of people with visual impairments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper introduces the Special Issue on Language Contact and Speaker Accommodation, which originates from the conference Phonetics and Phonology in Europe (PaPE) held at the University of Lecce, Italy, in 2019. It discusses the topics of language contact and speaker accommodation, summarizing the contributions included in the Special Issue, and arguing explicitly in favour of a unitary view of how both temporary and stable changes happen in (part of) the linguistic systems. Accommodation is seen as the same gradual and non-homogeneous process at play in different contact settings. In the introductory sections, a discussion is offered on various situations in which linguistic systems are in contact and on the main factors that may be at play; the following sections offer an overview of the papers included in the Special Issue, which focus on accommodation in L2 and heritage speakers as well as on the time dimension of dialect or language societal contact. Finally, accommodation is discussed as the same process that is at work in any interaction, that may modify temporarily or long-term the system of L2 learners and bilinguals (e.g., immigrants), that usually affects in the long-term the heritage speakers' system, and that only in the long term can lead to language changes involving entire communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in unprecedented health care challenges and transformation of nursing practice. A significant challenge faced by health care systems was the rapid identification and training of nurses in various specialties, including critical care, to care for a large influx of critically ill patients. Objective: To identify common themes and modalities that support best practices for the rapid training of registered nurses in team-based critical care nursing. Methods: With the Whittemore and Knafl integrative review methodology as a framework, a literature review was conducted using a priori search terms. Results: The integrative review included 11 articles and revealed 3 common themes: communication challenges, team dynamics, and the methodological approach to implementing training. Discussion: This integrative review highlighted 3 main implications for future practice and policy in the event of another pandemic. Clear and frequent communication, multidisciplinary huddles, and open communication are paramount for mitigating role confusion and enhancing team dynamics. A multimodal approach to training appears to be feasible and effective for rapidly training support registered nurses to care for critically ill patients. However, the optimal training duration remains unidentified. Conclusions: Rapidly training registered nurses to care for critically ill patients in a team-based dynamic is a safe and effective course of action to mitigate staff shortages if another pandemic occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interviews with individuals experiencing homelessness can be challenging for various reasons, including mental and physical health issues, substance use, and negative experiences with authority figures. Researchers have used photos to facilitate communication and empower participants during data collection. We analyzed data from a previous study to explore the use of researcher-generated photos during interviews about health with 13 women experiencing homelessness. Conversation analysis revealed clear patterns regarding the use of the photos during the interviews. The photos were referred to 118 times over the total interview length, 6 hours and 23 minutes, with the interviewer making 62% of the referrals and the women accounting for 38%. Fifty-nine percent of the referrals occurred within the first 5 minutes of the interviews. The women used the photos to trigger associations and emotions, to describe photo content, or in a minor role during the interview. Interpretations from an advisory board of six women with lived experiences of homelessness suggested that the photos did not engage participants as intended, highlighting the importance of considering participants' perspectives when designing photo-elicitation methods. The feedback also provided valuable insights into interview locations and incentives in research that may have influenced the women's willingness to use the photos. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding the complexity of choosing researcher-generated photos in interviews with underserved, hard-to-reach populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many more cancers are treated with intent to cure now than in previous decades, but for most, this involves significant effects from which people need to recover psychologically and socially, as well as physically. This longitudinal photo-elicitation interview study uses grounded theory to explain how people discharged from specialist care made use of everyday social and material resources to manage this process at home. Recovery is presented as a curve in life's pathway requiring gradual reorientation, drawing on social worlds and domestic resources to calibrate this process. Findings are described in three stages: (1) responding to diagnosis and treatment, (2) using social resources for meaning-making, and (3) developing assets for recovery. During treatment, participants drew on past identities to reinforce their sense of self, and personalized health care communication supported this process. In the weeks after treatment, new frameworks of understanding were constructed from perspectives on cancer encountered in the family, workplace, and outpatient clinics. Recovery processes included the negotiation of personal change, the renegotiation of close relationships, and the use of everyday resources to regain three sensations: control, comfort, and continuity. Supportive care would benefit from an individualized exploration of the assets that can help people to negotiate this challenging phase as treatment comes to a close. Possibilities for self-care (the maintenance of health and well-being in the context of everyday life) can be explored and assessed through personalized discussion around the identities, social worlds, and everyday resources available to each individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Respectful maternity care (RMC) is a rights‐based approach to childbirth that centers the dignity, autonomy, and well‐being of birthing women. This study aimed to examine factors associated with RMC among women giving birth in Tanzania and to examine whether HIV status was associated with self‐reported RMC. Methods: We enrolled 229 postpartum women in six clinics in the Kilimanjaro Region; of them, 103 were living with HIV. Participants completed a survey within 48 h after birth before being discharged. RMC was measured using a 30‐item scale with three subscales (dignity and respect; supportive care; communication and autonomy), each standardized from 0 to 100. Univariable and multivariable regression models examined factors associated with RMC. Results: The median score of the full RMC score was 74, differing slightly by subscale: 83 for dignity and respect, 76 for supportive care, and 67 for communication and autonomy. RMC did not differ by HIV status (median 67.0 vs. 67.0, p = 0.89). In multivariable linear regression, women who would not recommend the birth facility to their friends and who did not receive breastfeeding education had significantly lower RMC scores on the full RMC scale. In the dignity and respect subscale, variables associated with significantly lower RMC scores were not being able to read and write, delivering in a public facility, and delivering vaginally. Conclusions: Although self‐reported RMC was generally high, we identified areas for improvement. Practitioners need ongoing training on RMC principles and the delivery of equitable care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: High‐quality health systems rely on care that centers on patient preferences. Realization of patient preferences can improve the birth experience. However, in the dynamic setting of birth, birth preferences can diverge from what is medically indicated. Through studying women and birthing peoples' experiences of unplanned labor procedures, we aimed to identify ways in which practitioners can support women and birthing people through unexpected or unwanted aspects of their delivery. Specifically, we focused on labor induction. Methods: In one large US academic center, women and birthing people participated in prenatal and postpartum surveys regarding their desires, expectations, and experiences of labor induction. From April to November 2021, participants were eligible if they showed discordance between having labor induction and whether it was initially wanted or expected. Interviews focused on attitudes toward birth preferences and outcomes, with attention to discordances. We analyzed interviews through a modified grounded theory approach. Results: Of 22 participants, our sample was predominantly white (91%). Participants in this sample reported discordance between wanting and experiencing (73%) and/or expecting and experiencing (54%) an induction. We identified two themes: "Discordance without mitigation is perceived as a negative experience" and "Practitioner interaction can buffer against negative experience" which includes three ways in which participants prefer support in instances of discordance: preparation, communication, and care and comfort. These methods of support foster patient autonomy and can lead to positive patient experiences. Conclusions: While medical systems should work to support patient preferences, our results suggest that patients can still have positive birth experiences, even when preferences are not fulfilled. Early practitioner preparation, positive communication, and responsive care and comfort may help to improve patient birth experience when challenges arise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the growing evidence that the modern world is more diverse and so is the nature of relationships that present in therapy, there remains paucity of empirical evidence on how cultural differences impact those in intercultural romantic ties. We conducted this comprehensive scoping review with the aim to outline the size and scope of existing research in the field of intercultural love and romantic relationships. We utilised a five-stage scoping review protocol provided by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) manual for synthesis of evidence for a scoping review to ensure the rigour, transparency, and replicability of our findings. We reviewed peer-reviewed articles across nine electronic databases as well as "snowballing" the literature from the reference lists. A total of 46 studies were included in this review. We found that the majority of studies approached intercultural relationships from the deficit perspective, focusing on the domains of cultural difference that bring challenges to the relationship. These included culture-rooted differences in parenting standards and gender role expectations, among others. Often, cultural differences were found to bring power impedance into the relationship. Open communication and flexibility were found as important coping strategies. Differences in native language posed challenges to emotional communication between partners. These findings demonstrate that intercultural relationships face an additional layer of challenges and complexities that have to be recognised in therapy. We propose four domains of transmodality relational competencies on the basis of our findings to inform culturally sensitive therapeutic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tested whether communication neglect (CN) mediated the relationship between caregivers' reports of care receivers' cognitive status and/or problem behavior and thoughts about potential harmful behaviors (PHB) toward their care receiver. It also examined if caregivers' expressed anger and a positive pre-morbid relational history moderated the prediction of CN on PHB. Family caregivers (N = 339) in the U.S. completed the survey via Qualtrics. Results suggested that CN is a meaningful mediator explaining how PHB might occur. Caregiver expressed anger moderated the prediction of CN on PHB/physical abuse. Lastly, caregivers' perceptions of a positive pre-morbid relational history were a potential protective factor against PHB. When caregiver expressed anger was moderate or high, the prediction of CN on PHB/physical abuse was positive, but its strength was reduced as pre-morbid relational history became stronger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the United States, 1 in 4 women and 1 in 10 men experience intimate partner violence (IPV): psychological aggression, sexual violence, physical violence, and/or stalking from an intimate partner. Although some studies highlight the complexity of post-IPV recovery, the role of communication in post-IPV recovery remains underexplored. This study employs Communication Theory of Identity (CTI) to analyze in-depth interviews with post-IPV adults. Analysis reveals how individuals negotiate post-IPV identity gaps between the personal-personal and personal-relational layers of identity. The forwarded concept of identity veiling explicates how IPV tactics cause the relational layer of identity to eclipse the personal layer in IPV relationships. Therefore, post-IPV recovery involves unveiling the personal layer of identity—communicatively (re)constructing self-image beyond the IPV relationship and the identity gaps it engendered. This study conceptualizes the role of violent communication in the construction of identity gaps and identity gap negotiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic literature review presents an interdisciplinary overview of theories tested in experiments on the effects of communicating uncertainty. Using a machine learning-aided pipeline, we selected and manually coded 413 experimental studies. We discuss core assumptions and predictions of the main theories of uncertainty communication. Most normative theorizing (e.g., Bayesianism, Expected Utility Theory) is rooted in Probability Theory, which is only suitable for addressing shallow and medium uncertainty. This explains the underrepresentation of experimental research into deep uncertainty communication. To foster a more comprehensive understanding of uncertainty communication effects, we identify research questions and theories deserving greater attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to examine the long-term influence of having a child at risk of different developmental delays (communication, mobility, self-care, relating, learning, coping, or behaving) on parental labor force participation as the child grows. Method: A retrospective cohort was conducted using data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children survey, Waves 1–8 covering birth to 15 years of age of children. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to explore the odds ratio of mothers being out of the labor force at different children's ages. Cox proportional hazards models were utilized to identify the 'risk' of mothers returning to the workforce after leaving. All models were adjusted for the mother's age, education attainment, and employment status at time of birth, as well as marital status at the current wave. Results: There were 5,107 records of children, and 266 of them were at risk of any developmental delays at age 4–5 years. This sample represents 243, 026 children born in Australia in 2003/04. After adjusting for potential confounders, mothers of children at risk of each type of developmental delay (except mobility and self-care) had greater odds of being out of, and not returning to the labor force from children aged 2–3 to 14–15 years, when compared to mothers of children who are not at risk of developmental delays. Similar differences were found for fathers but were distinctly small and with narrower fluctuations, compared to mothers. Conclusion: Policies and programs funded by the government are greatly needed to support the mothers of children at risk of developmental delays. Significance: What is already known: Maternal labour force participation has been negatively affected by having a child with chronic health conditions, whereas paternal labour force participation is not significantly influenced. What this paper adds: Having a child at risk of developmental delays negatively influenced maternal and paternal labour force participation, where the influence on fathers was distinctly small and with narrower fluctuations during the 14 to 15 years of follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the social media engagement of human service nonprofits during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed 2,726 tweets from 15 food banks in Texas to understand their communication and audience engagement on social media. During the early outbreak, food banks were more active on social media, and these organizations primarily shared community-building and informational content. Before the pandemic, community-building content led to the highest engagement level. However, action and informational content saw greater engagement during the crisis. Our findings reveal that online audiences perceive the importance of each content type differently in varying circumstances. By understanding preferences and needs of online audiences, human service nonprofits can harness the power of social media to amplify their impact while operating during times of crisis. The behavior of online audiences varies between normal circumstances and times of crisis. Thus, it is important for food banks and human service nonprofits to understand the preferences and behaviors of their online audiences to utilize social media more strategically. When evaluating social media engagement, it is crucial to incorporate the perspective of online audiences because they perceive the significance of the three content types – informational, community-building, and action – differently in various situations. Nonprofit leaders and practitioners should recognize that factors including subsector characteristics and timing can impact the organization's social media engagement. Future research should consider these factors to obtain a deeper understanding of how the nonprofit subsector utilizes social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investing in the preparation of middle-aged individuals for healthy old age can empower them to surmount the challenges aging. This study was conducted to create and assess the reliability and validity of a scale designed to measure the readiness of middle-aged individuals for healthy aging, referred to as the Middle-Age Preparation Scale for Healthy Aging (MPHA). The research employed a mixed sequential exploratory design. During the qualitative phase, items for the questionnaire were generated by reviewing existing literature and conducting interviews with participants. Subsequently, in the quantitative phase, the psychometric properties of the questionnaire were evaluated by analyzing its face validity, content validity, construct validity, internal consistency, and stability. The reliability and validity of the MPHA were tested with a sample of 440 middle-aged individuals in Tehran, Iran, in 2020. The statistical analyses performed included exploratory factor analysis, measures of internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. Initially, the item pool contained 80 items, which was narrowed down to 44 items during the face and content validation phase. The structural validity assessment resulted in a final 33-item scale, encompassing five factors associated with preparation for healthy aging: financial preparation, maintenance and promotion of physical and mental health, psychological preparation, sustaining communication, and planning productive leisure time. These factors explained 60.37% of the total variance. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the overall MPHA was 0.90, and ranged from 0.79 to 0.91 for the five subscales. The MPHA exhibited satisfactory validity and reliability for assessing preparation for healthy aging in the Iranian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When unpaid female carers consider whether to pursue higher education (HE), they frequently experience decision-making uncertainties which stem from the structural and cultural challenges associated with their roles as carers. Reflexivity is a critical part of decision-making, as it empowers individuals to mediate between the present and future within the structural and cultural conditions which impact and guide their actions. To investigate the reflexive deliberation processes unpaid female carers engage in as part of their HE decision-making processes, this study analysed data from an in-depth, qualitative Australian study with 15 unpaid female carers who were considering higher education. Dialogic processes including narrative interviews and a card sort activity made visible the array of mental activities involved in reflexive decision-making by carers. Considering the more and less productive types of reflexive inner conversations which had been identified enabled participants to reflexively adjust the efficacy of some of their decision-making processes. This study contributes to the reflective and career counselling literature by theorising the cognitively and emotionally complex personal and structural demands of HE decision-making. By conceptualising reflexive decision-making anew, unpaid female carers and HE institutions can better identify and address the structural and cultural conditions which may be influencing their HE decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young children are biased to treat new information communicated to them as conventional, shareable, and known by others in their community. However, some information is privileged in the sense that is not intended to be shared with or known by all. The current study compared judgements regarding sharing conventional versus privileged information. Seventy‐four 3‐ to 5‐year‐olds and adults responded to vignettes in which a protagonist had to decide whether to share conventional (an object name) or privileged information (surprise). Consistent with our hypothesis, there was no developmental change in sharing judgements for conventional information but a clear decrease with age for sharing privileged information. Nonetheless, even 3‐year‐olds were more likely to judge that conventional information should be shared more than privileged information, though this difference increased with age. While children overall treat information as shareable, there is an emerging ability to distinguish how conventional versus privileged information should be shared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bibliotherapy is a unique therapeutic method which relies on different reading and writing processes. A crucial part of this therapeutic method is the focus on the process of identification-echoing-insight that occurs while reading or listening to a story; the readers identify with a character in the story, relate the events in the story to their personal lives, and finally, examine the story from a broader perspective to gain a new insight. While there are diverse and creative techniques for bibliotherapeutic work, there are no assessment procedures to examine this process, especially in younger ages. Accordingly, the current article presents a novel assessment procedure that aims to evaluate this process in young children: Mindful and Alert Story Processing (MASP). The article presents and describes MASP and explores different directions for therapeutic work with this procedure based on three case examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Communication between caregivers and clinical team members is critical for transitional care, but its quality and potential impact on outcomes are not well understood. This study reports on caregiver‐reported quality of communication with clinical team members in the postpancreatectomy period and examines associations of these reports with patient and caregiver outcomes. Methods: Caregivers of patients with pancreatic and periampullary malignancies who had undergone pancreatectomy were surveyed. Instrument measures assessed care experiences using the Caregiver Perceptions About Communication with Clinical Team Members (CAPACITY) instrument. The instrument has two main subscales: communication, assessing the extent to which providers helped caregivers comprehend details of clinical visits, and capacity, defined as the extent to which providers assessed whether caregivers were able to care for patients. Results: Of 265 caregivers who were approached, 240 (90.6%) enrolled in the study. The mean communication and capacity subscale scores were 2.7 ± 0.6 and 1.5 ± 0.6, respectively (range, 0–4 [higher = better]). Communication subscale scores were lower among caregivers of patients who experienced (vs. those who did not experience) a 30‐day readmission (2.6 ± 0.5 vs. 2.8 ± 0.6, respectively; p =.047). Capacity subscale scores were inversely associated with restriction in patient daily activities (a 0.04 decrement in the capacity score for every 1 point in daily activity restriction; p =.008). Conclusions: After pancreatectomy, patients with pancreatic and periampullary cancer whose caregivers reported worse communication with care providers were more likely to experience readmission. Caregivers of patients with greater daily activity restrictions were less likely to report being asked about the caregiver's skill and capacity by clinicians. Plain Language Summary: This prospective study used a validated survey instrument and reports on the quality of communication between health care providers and caregivers as reported by caregivers of patients with pancreatic and periampullary cancer after pancreatectomy.In an analysis of 240 caregivers enrolled in the study, lower communication scores (the extent to which providers helped caregivers understand clinical details) were associated with higher odds of 30‐day patient readmission to the hospital.In addition, lower capacity scores (the extent to which providers assessed caregivers' ability to care for patients) were associated with greater impairment in caregivers.The strikingly low communication quality and capacity assessment scores suggest substantial room for improvement, with the potential to improve both caregiver and patient outcomes. After pancreatectomy, patients with pancreatic and periampullary cancer whose caregivers reported worse communication with care providers were more likely to experience readmission. Caregivers of patients with greater daily activity restrictions were less likely to report being asked about the caregiver's skill and capacity by clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Based on protection motivation theory, we investigate how indicators of threat perception (perceived severity, perceived vulnerability, and fear arousal) and coping appraisal (hope) are associated with older people's motivation to engage in protective behavior after the outbreak of COVID-19. Methods: We use multivariate regression analyses with a sample of 40,282 individuals from 26 countries participating in the SHARE Corona Survey. Results: We find that 15% of all respondents stayed home completely—mainly the oldest and vulnerable people with prior health risk conditions. On average, older Europeans responded strongly to the recommended protective behavior measures (6 out of 7 measures adopted). Among the threat perception indicators, fear arousal is the main motivator for protective behavior, whereas the coping appraisal indicator hope shows an equally strong association. Discussion: Given the negative health effects of fear, our findings may help evaluate and revise governmental policy responses and communication strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]