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Only a small percentage of adults engage in regular physical activity, even though it is widely recommended as beneficial for well-being. Thus, it is essential to identify factors that can promote increased physical activity among adults of all ages. The current study examined the relationship of social media use to physical activity and emotional well-being. The sample is from the Midlife in the United States Refresher daily diary study, which includes 782 adults ages 25–75 years. Results showed that those who used social media less often engaged in more frequent physical activity, which, in turn, led to more positive affect. This relationship was found for midlife and older adults but not younger adults. The findings show the benefits of physical activity for well-being and suggest that social media use may dampen efforts to increase physical activity, especially among middle-aged and older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of importance to perform hydrological forecast using a finite hydrological time series. Most time series analysis approaches presume a data series to be ergodic without justifying this assumption. To our knowledge, there are no methods available for test of ergodicity to date. This paper presents a practical approach to analyze the mean ergodic property of hydrological processes by means of augmented Dickey Fuller test, Mann-Kendall trend test, a radial basis function neural network, and the assessment methods derived from the definition of ergodicity. The mean ergodicity of precipitation processes at Newberry, MI, USA, is analyzed using the proposed approach. The results indicate that the precipitations of January, May, and July in Newberry are highly likely to have ergodic property, the precipitations of February, and October through December have tendency toward mean ergodicity, and the precipitations of all the other months are non-ergodic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The role of mathematics vocabulary in mathematics has received increasing attention in recent years. Most prior relevant research focused on students in preschool and early elementary grades in the United States and often considered mathematics vocabulary as a single construct in relation to one mathematics outcome. In the current study, we explored how different types of mathematics vocabulary emphasized in curriculum are related to different mathematics outcomes among students in 4th grade in China. Data were collected on mathematics vocabulary, general vocabulary, cognitive skills (IQ, working memory, and processing speed), and mathematics (calculation and word problems) among 237 students. Findings showed that after controlling for general vocabulary, IQ, working memory, and processing speed, mathematics vocabulary still made a unique contribution to mathematics performance, but the effects of mathematics vocabulary varied by different types of mathematics outcomes and mathematics vocabulary. That is, mathematics vocabulary made a unique contribution to word problems but not to calculation. Vocabulary related to measurement and geometry was more important to word problems than vocabulary related to numerical operations. Moreover, measurement and geometry vocabulary partially explained the relation between word problems and general vocabulary and IQ and fully explained the relation between word problems and working memory. These findings, taken together, suggest that mathematics vocabulary may not be a unitary construct, but consists of subtypes that relate to different mathematics outcomes among intermediate graders. Highlights • Mathematics vocabulary was more important to word problems than to calculation. • The effects of mathematics vocabulary differ by mathematics vocabulary subtypes. • Mathematics vocabulary mediated the relation between cognitions and mathematics performance. • Mathematics vocabulary may not be a unitary but a multi-component construct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-resolution surface rainfall product is used to estimate rain characteristics over the continental United States as a function of rain intensity. By defining data at 4-km horizontal resolutions and 1-h temporal resolutions as an individual precipitating or nonprecipitating sample, statistics of rain occurrence and rain volume including their geographical and seasonal variations are documented. Quantitative estimations are also conducted to evaluate the impact of missing light rain events due to satellite sensors' detection capabilities. It is found that statistics of rain characteristics have large seasonal and geographical variations across the continental United States. Although heavy rain events (>10 mm h−1) only occupy 2.6%% of total rain occurrence, they may contribute to 27%% of total rain volume. Light rain events (<1.0 mm h−1), occurring much more frequently (65%%) than heavy rain events, can also make important contributions (15%%) to the total rain volume. For minimum detectable rain rates setting at 0.5 and 0.2 mm h−1, which are close to sensitivities of the current and future spaceborne precipitation radars, there are about 43%% and 11%% of total rain occurrence below these thresholds, and they respectively represent 7%% and 0.8%% of total rain volume. For passive microwave sensors with their rain pixel sizes ranging from 14 to 16 km and the minimum detectable rain rates around 1 mm h−1, the missed light rain events may account for 70%% of rain occurrence and 16%% of rain volume. Statistics of rain characteristics are also examined on domains with different temporal and spatial resolutions. Current issues in estimates of rain characteristics from satellite measurements and model outputs are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been mixed findings on whether social media use is positively or negatively related to well-being. Using the Midlife in the United States Refresher study ( N = 782, age 25-75), multilevel structural equation modeling examined social support quantity (time giving and receiving) and quality of as mediators at both the within- (intraindividual) and between-person (interindividual) levels. Giving support significantly mediated at within- and between-person levels: more social media use was associated with more time giving support and worse well-being. Receiving support significantly mediated at the between-person level: more social media use was associated with more time receiving support and worse well-being. When examining social support quality as a mediator, findings showed that more social media use to contact family/friends was related to better social support quality and better well-being. Results added to our understanding of the relationship between social media use and well-being by considering the role of social support quantity/quality., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

This study aimed to assess the relationship between dietary sodium/potassium intake and cognition in elderly individuals with hypertension. We designed a cross-sectional study based on the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. A multivariable-logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between sodium/potassium intake and cognitive impairment. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) based on regression analysis to assess the nonlinear dose-response relationship between dietary sodium intake and cognitive performance. Out of the 2276 participants included in this study, 1670 patients had hypertension. Compared with the lowest quartile of dietary sodium intake, the lowest weighted odds ratio of cognitive impairment in DSST was observed in Q4 (OR = 0.45, 0.29-0.70), and a similar trend was observed in AFT (OR = 0.34, 0.18-0.65). After adjusting the covariates, the lowest weighted multivariable-adjusted OR of cognitive impairment in DSST were also observed in Q4 (OR = 0.47, 0.26-0.84) compared with the lowest quartile of dietary sodium intake. The RCS results showed that dietary sodium intake was U-shaped and associated with the risk of cognitive impairment in the DSST (P non-linearity  = 0.0067). In addition, no significant association was observed between dietary potassium intake and different dimensions of cognitive performance. In conclusion, excessively high and low low dietary sodium were associated with impairment of specific processing speed, sustained attention, and working memory for elderly patients with hypertension in the United States. However, no association was observed between dietary potassium intake and cognition., (© 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Only a small percentage of adults engage in regular physical activity, even though it is widely recommended as beneficial for well-being. Thus, it is essential to identify factors that can promote increased physical activity among adults of all ages. The current study examined the relationship of social media use to physical activity and emotional well-being. The sample is from the Midlife in the United States Refresher daily diary study, which includes 782 adults ages 25-75 years. Results showed that those who used social media less often engaged in more frequent physical activity, which, in turn, led to more positive affect. This relationship was found for midlife and older adults but not younger adults. The findings show the benefits of physical activity for well-being and suggest that social media use may dampen efforts to increase physical activity, especially among middle-aged and older adults.

Invasive disease owing to group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a major cause of illness and death among newborns. Maternal GBS colonization of gastrointestinal tract and/or vagina is the primary risk factor for neonatal GBS early-onset disease (EOD). In Europe and America, there are marked declines in neonatal GBS-EOD through widespread implementation of guidelines for maternal GBS screening and subsequent intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP). The key measures necessary for prevention of GBS-EOD include correct specimen collection and processing, nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for GBS identification, regimens for mothers with premature rupture of membranes (PROM), preterm labor or penicillin allergy, and coordination between obstetrics and pediatrics. Antibiotic prophylaxis has some disadvantages, so researchers should develop other preventive measures. Maternal vaccines to prevent perinatal GBS infection are currently under development. However, as large, population-based sampling studies are rarely conducted, the colonization rate and the disease burden of GBS in perinatal period are poorly understood in developing countries. The harm of GBS to newborns has been recognized in recent years in mainland China, but authorized prevention measures are still lacking. In order to enhance the understanding of GBS-EOD prevention, the most recent guidelines updates by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in 2019-2020 are summarized in this article., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to this article., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Objectives: We aim to assess the impact of temperature and relative humidity on the transmission of COVID-19 across communities after accounting for community-level factors such as demographics, socioeconomic status and human mobility status., Design: A retrospective cross-sectional regression analysis via the Fama-MacBeth procedure is adopted., Setting: We use the data for COVID-19 daily symptom-onset cases for 100 Chinese cities and COVID-19 daily confirmed cases for 1005 US counties., Participants: A total of 69 498 cases in China and 740 843 cases in the USA are used for calculating the effective reproductive numbers., Primary Outcome Measures: Regression analysis of the impact of temperature and relative humidity on the effective reproductive number ( R value)., Results: Statistically significant negative correlations are found between temperature/relative humidity and the effective reproductive number ( R value) in both China and the USA., Conclusions: Higher temperature and higher relative humidity potentially suppress the transmission of COVID-19. Specifically, an increase in temperature by 1°C is associated with a reduction in the R value of COVID-19 by 0.026 (95% CI (-0.0395 to -0.0125)) in China and by 0.020 (95% CI (-0.0311 to -0.0096)) in the USA; an increase in relative humidity by 1% is associated with a reduction in the R value by 0.0076 (95% CI (-0.0108 to -0.0045)) in China and by 0.0080 (95% CI (-0.0150 to -0.0010)) in the USA. Therefore, the potential impact of temperature/relative humidity on the effective reproductive number alone is not strong enough to stop the pandemic., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)