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The article focuses on two major restructuring exercises, described in a public relations document as "adjustments designed to achieve a more integrated and coherent defense organization" that have been carried out in the Ministry of Defense in Great Britain. As specialized knowledge and greater managerial expertise became available to the departments of state towards the close of the nineteenth century more centralized and more effective direction of government business developed. The Boer War revealed alarming deficiencies in the planning and conduct of operations and a commission afterwards highlighted absence of effective professional defense service advice for the Government.

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