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Objective: To estimate the prevalence and distribution of tooth wear among groups of adolescents and adults in Shanghai, China through an epidemiological survey, and explore the associated factors. Methods: Multistage, stratified, constant volume and cluster sampling methods were used in an epidemiological survey conducted in Shanghai in 2014. The basic erosive wear examination (BEWE) index was used to screen for tooth wear in different age groups: 12 years, 15 years, 18 to 35 years, 36 to 49 years and 50 to 74 years. A previously published questionnaire collected information including dietary habits, oral hygiene habits and general conditions. Results: This survey reports the results for 1806 participants in Shanghai. The prevalence of tooth wear was 59.7% in adolescents (BEWE ≥ 1) and 93.1% in adults (BEWE ≥ 2). The prevalence and severity of disease increased with age (P < 0.01). The teeth most susceptible to wear were the central incisors and first molars. Multivariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) results showed that soft drinks, alcoholic drinks, pickled vegetables and hard food, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), xerostomia and poor tooth brushing habits were statistically correlated with tooth wear in different age groups. Conclusion: The prevalence of tooth wear appears to be high in adolescents and adults in Shanghai. Frequent consumption of soft or alcoholic drinks, GERD, xerostomia and poor tooth brushing habits were positively associated with tooth wear in different age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background We aimed to evaluate the antiviral activity and safety of darunavir/cobicistat (DRV/c) in treating COVID-19 patients. Methods In this single-center, randomized, and open-label trial, mild patients with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–confirmed COVID-19 were enrolled in Shanghai, China. Participants were randomized to receive DRV/c for 5 days on the top of interferon alpha 2b inhaling or interferon alpha 2b inhaling alone. The primary end point was the virological clearance rate of oropharyngeal swabs at day 7 after randomization in the intention-to-treat population (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04252274). Results From January 30, 2020, to February 6, 2020, a total of 30 patients were enrolled, of whom 18 (60%) were male, aged 47.2 ± 2.8 years; 63.3% (19/30) of the participants had fever, and 46.7% (14/30) had cough at enrollment. The participants were randomized (range) at 4 (2–5) days after onset of symptoms. The proportion of negative PCR results at day 7 was 46.7% (7/15) and 60.0% (9/15) in the DRV/c and control groups (P  = .72), respectively. The viral clearance rate at day 3 was 20% (3/15) in both study groups, while the number increased to 26.7% (4/15) in the DRV/c group and remained 20% (3/15) in the control group at day 5. Fourteen days after randomization, 1 participant in the DRV/c group progressed to critical illness and discontinued DRV/c, while all the patients in the control group were stable (P  = 1.0). The frequencies of adverse events in the 2 groups were comparable. Conclusions Five days of DRV/c did not increase the proportion of negative conversion vs standard of care alone, although it was well tolerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/purpose: Because of the dramatic changes in socioeconomic background and expansion of the oral healthcare system in Shanghai, China, it is of great importance to update the dental caries status of adults and to investigate the relationships among socioeconomic status, utilization of dental services, and dental caries experience. The objective of this study was to investigate the dental caries status and its associated factors among middle-aged adults in Shanghai, China. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adults aged between 35 and 44 years. An equal-sized stratified multistage random sampling method was used to select the participants. Dental caries status was assessed using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) and decayed or filled (DF) root indices. Information on oral health behaviors and attitude was collected using self-administered questionnaires. Negative binomial regression was performed to investigate the risk indicators that may be associated with the dental caries experience among middle-aged adults. Results: The mean DMFT and DF-root scores of the surveyed adults were 5.3 and 0.7, respectively. Missing teeth and untreated decayed teeth contributed to approximately 60% and 25% of the DMFT score, respectively. The prevalence rate of dental caries experience and the prevalence of DF roots was 91.4% and 30.3%, respectively. The negative binomial regression model showed that adult females (P = 0.001), and those who had visited the dentist (P < 0.001) had significantly higher DMFT scores. Conclusion: Dental caries status among middle-aged adults in Shanghai shows an increasing trend. Sex and dental visiting pattern were significant risk indicators for dental caries status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. Bovine mastitis is a prevalent infectious disease in dairy herds worldwide, resulting in substantial economic losses. Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of mastitis in animals, and its antibiotic resistance poses challenges for treatment. Recently, renewed interest has focused on the development of alternative methods to antibiotic therapy, including bacteriophages (phages), for controlling bacterial infections. In this study, 2 lytic phages, vB_SauM_JDYN (JDYN) and vB_SauM_JDF86 (JDF86), were isolated from the cattle sewage effluent samples collected from dairy farms in Shanghai. The 2 phages have a broad bactericidal spectrum against Staphylococcus of various origins. Genomic and morphological analyses revealed that the 2 phages belonged to the Myoviridae family. Moreover, JDYN and JDF86 remained stable under a wide temperature and pH range and were almost unaffected in chloroform. In this study, we prepared a phage cocktail (PHC-1) which consisted of a 1:1:1 ratio of JDYN, JDF86, and SLPW (a previously characterized phage). We found that PHC-1 showed the strongest bacteriolytic effect and the lowest frequency of emergence of bacteriophage insensitive mutants compared with monophages. Bovine mammary epithelial cells and lactating mice mastitis models were used to evaluate the effectiveness of PHC-1 in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The results demonstrated that PHC-1 treatment significantly reduced bacterial load, alleviated inflammatory response, and improved mastitis pathology. Altogether, these results suggest that PHC-1 has the potential to treat S. aureus -induced bovine mastitis and that phage cocktails can combat antibiotic-resistant S. aureus infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]