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The last fifteen years of the twentieth century have witnessed fundamental changes in approaches to the issue of youth prostitution in Canada. During this period there has been a growing recognition that young prostitutes should be treated as victims in need of protection, not deviants requiring punishment. The most recent and controversial policy response to this victimization framework has been the introduction of secure care legislation in the province of Alberta. Discussions around the possibility of introducing similar legislation has taken place in British Columbia and Ontario. This paper argues the secure care movement in the provinces of Alberta and British Columbia represent neo-liberal responses to the (re) conceptualization of youth prostitution as a form of sexual abuse and exploitation. Of particular interest is how secure care advances neo-liberal forms of governance by supporting what Garland refers to as ‘responsibilization’ strategies. In the process, the youth prostitution ‘problem’ is governed at a distance, the onus for combatting the youth sex trade is placed upon the individual prostitute, community and family, and the meaning of ‘success’ in addressing the youth prostitution phenomenon is redefined. At the same time, relations of power that give rise to the youth sex trade remain unchallenged. The paper concludes by suggesting ways of challenging neo-liberal strategies of controlling the youth sex trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim The spatial extent of western Canada’s current epidemic of mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), is increasing. The roles of the various dispersal processes acting as drivers of range expansion are poorly understood for most species. The aim of this paper is to characterize the movement patterns of the mountain pine beetle in areas where range expansion is occurring, in order to describe the fine-scale spatial dynamics of processes associated with mountain pine beetle range expansion. Location Three regions of Canada’s Rocky Mountains: Kicking Horse Pass, Yellowhead Pass and Pine Pass. Methods Data on locations of mountain pine beetle-attacked trees of predominantly lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta var. latifolia) were obtained from annual fixed-wing aircraft surveys of forest health and helicopter-based GPS surveys of mountain pine beetle-damaged areas in British Columbia and Alberta. The annual (1999–2005) spatial extents of outbreak ranges were delineated from these data. Spatial analysis was conducted using the spatial–temporal analysis of moving polygons (STAMP), a recently developed pattern-based approach. Results We found that distant dispersal patterns (spot infestations) were most often associated with marginal increases in the areal size of mountain pine beetle range polygons. When the mountain pine beetle range size increased rapidly relative to the years examined, local dispersal patterns (adjacent infestation) were more common. In Pine Pass, long-range dispersal (> 2 km) markedly extended the north-east border of the mountain pine beetle range. In Yellowhead Pass and Kicking Horse Pass, the extension of the range occurred incrementally via ground-based spread. Main conclusions Dispersal of mountain pine beetle varies with geography as well as with host and beetle population dynamics. Although colonization is mediated by habitat connectivity, during periods of low overall habitat expansion, dispersal to new distant locations is common, whereas during periods of rapid invasion, locally connected spread is the dominant mode of dispersal. The propensity for long-range transport to establish new beetle populations, and thus to be considered a driver of range expansion, is likely to be determined by regional weather patterns, and influenced by local topography. We conclude that STAMP appears to be a useful approach for examining changes in biogeograpical ranges, with the potential to reveal both fine- and large-scale patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]