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This research paper attempts to investigate the organization and effectiveness of vocabulary notebooks by distinguishing several benefits the implementation of this technique brings in the acquisition of technical terminology through an "English for Specific Purposes course". When tackling with language learning, it is needless to emphasize the noteworthiness and the importance of vocabulary in this process. Appertaining to technical terminology, this plays entirely pertinent. Various studies have concluded that vocabulary notebooks (henceforth VN) efficiently expose different learners' strategies within this single strategy, which led us to research VN. These research data were obtained mainly by applying the observational research technique, a vocabulary oral and written exam, and a comprehensive questionnaire on the effectiveness of the Vocabulary Notebook. Mechanical Engineering, Textile Engineering, and Hydrotechnical Engineering students at the Polytechnic University of Tirana were selected to obtain the data. The observation is partly overt and partly covert. Students of Mechanical Engineering and Textile Engineering (75 students) are the treatment group wherein the Mechanical Engineering students are an overt group and the Textile Engineering students serve as the covert observational group while on the other hand, the Hydrotechnical Engineering (45 students) students are the control group. The data were obtained during and at the end of the semester. Throughout the observation all along the 1st semester, it was perceived that most of the students organized their VN by utilizing mainly Microsoft Word downloaded on their Smart Phones, while the rest used the traditional paper notebook to organize their technical VN. The organization of the VN reflected the strategies each of the students implemented to learn technical terminology. At the end, students were tested on their acquired terminology through an oral and a short-written exam and then a questionnaire was handed to them. The students of the overt group making use of a digitalized form of a Notebook resulted to have acquired most of the technical vocabulary. In the main, the overt group outperformed the covert group on the acquisition of technical vocabulary, while the control group's score on the oral exam was significantly below, compared to the all-inclusive treatment group. Students' questionnaire revealed that overall students had a positive approach to this strategy and they embraced the autonomy acquired throughout the semester by implementing this strategy. With the exception of the effectiveness on vocabulary acquisition, which was on higher levels, this strategy proved itself once again to be an enhancer and promoter of learner autonomy. [Note: The page range (315-334) shown is incorrect. The correct page range is 315-333.]

Rotaviruses are non-enveloped viruses that each consist of 11 double-stranded RNA molecules. These viruses are able to persist in the environment, and therefore play a fundamental role in the epidemiology of gastroenteritis and severe diarrhoea in children worldwide. While mussels have been primarily used as indicators of chemical pollution, they can also be used to monitor viral contamination. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that the Mytilus galloprovincialis mussel can also be used to detect microbial contamination, owing to its tendency to naturally concentrate viruses and other pathogens. A total of 102 Mytilus galloprovincialis mussel samples from Albania were collected over a three-year period: 37 samples off the Cape of Stillo in 2015, 39 samples from Butrinti Lake in 2019 and 26 samples from Butrinti Lake in 2021. The presence of rotavirus in the Cape of Stillo samples in 2015 was noted in 47% of samples from site 1, 33% from site 2, and 52% from site 3. In Butrinti Lake the percentage of infected individuals in 2019 was 33% from site 1, 41% from site 2, and 33% from site 3, whereas in 2021, it was 50% from site 1, 19% from site 2, and 0% from site 3. In total the percentage of infected individuals off the Cape of Stillo in 2015 was 44%, in Butrinti Lake in 2019 it was 36%, and in Butrinti Lake in 2021 it was 23 %. These results indicate the presence of rotavirus in the shellfish specimens tested, and further analysis is needed to assess the potential health risks associated with consuming these shellfish. This study also indicates that mussels can be used in marine virological surveillance programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Administration of corporate activity is the daily preoccupation of corporate directors. Delegation of decision-making to the director, who is an independent player within the company, can clearly create the risk of conflicting his interests with the interests of the shareholders. This potential conflict of interests is a consequence of the division of ownership of the company and the control powers of the company's commercial activity. The delegation of decision-making authority to the directors of the company may cause the risk of the temptation of the director to the assets of the company. In addition, directors may also be tempted by opportunities for profit that arise during the exercise of their function, instead of using these opportunities for the company. For this reason, it is necessary to foresee clear disciplinary parameters, to avoid and eliminate the conflict of interest, as well as the prohibition of competition. In the present paper, through a legal assessment, special attention has been paid to the main categories of standards: elimination of conflict of interest and prohibition of competition. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the US doctrine, legal provisions, which regulate the two standards of disciplinary conduct for the corporate directors, as well as the court practice in this regard. Also, an important objective of this paper is that it may serve as an important basis for further comparative studies in this field with other jurisdictions. Such analysis is based on the qualitative method, which contains also the research, analytical, descriptive, interpretive methods. The result of this paper will stimulate debate in the academic level and contribute to further improvements of our company legislation, as well to the legal doctrine in Albania that lacks such. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Albanian school, in its direction, inherits an authoritarian and centralized culture. The history of the school during the monarchy and the period of socialism strongly influenced its typology. Indoctrination, powerful control and fierce class struggle gave absolute authority to monist leaders and dicasteries. In the last two decades, the Albanian school has been involved in continuous reforms of its decentralization and democratization according to contemporary models and European integration standards. In this framework, the reform of school leadership, and the professional and institutional development of the role of the school director are included. This paper presents qualitative research on the model and style of the school principal today. The paper analyzes the factors that affect the achievement of school management standards and the reasons for presenting the school principal's preferred style. The paper is based on the meta-analysis of similar studies and the perceptions of 26 interviewed directors. The paper concludes that the most applicable style in school is the mixed style. This model is influenced by the community, the teachers, the culture of the school and the very nature and training of the school principal. According to results of this paper, it appears that; school principals do not have much faith in democratic models and leadership, even though they positively evaluate them. They are careful not to compromise their authoritarianism, as rules, discipline and avoiding problems are their priority. The paper gives some recommendations for school leaders, education specialists and school coaches of principals for strengthening the leadership capacities of schools in change processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Political Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), based on ideas about deliberative democracy, have been criticised for increasing corporate power and democratic deficits. Yet, deliberative ideals are flourishing in the corporate world in the form of dialogues with a broad set of stakeholders and engagement in wider societal issues. Extractive industry areas, with extensive corporate interventions in weak regulatory environments, are particularly vulnerable to asymmetrical power relations when businesses engage with society. This paper aims to illustrate in what way deliberative CSR practices in such contexts risk enhancing corporate power at the expense of community interests. Design/methodology/approach: This paper is based on a retrospective qualitative study of a Canadian oil company, operating in an Albanian oilfield between 2009 and 2016. Through a study of three different deliberative CSR practices – market-based land acquisition, a grievance redress mechanism and dialogue groups – it highlights how these practices in various ways enforced corporate interests and prevented further community mobilisation. Findings: By applying Laclau and Mouffe's theory of hegemony, the analysis highlights how deliberative CSR activities isolated and silenced community demands, moved some community members into the corporate alliance and prevented alternative visions of the area to be articulated. In particular, the close connection between deliberative practices and monetary compensation flows is underlined in this dynamic. Originality/value: The paper contributes to critical scholarship on political CSR by highlighting in what way deliberative practices, linked to monetary compensation schemes, enforce corporate hegemony by moving community members over to the corporate alliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the Europeanization of Albanian public administration in light of opening negotiations. The main research question is whether and to what extent Albanian public administration can approximate domestic legislation and ensure effective implementation. The core methodology in this paper is the traditional legal doctrine, which is based on analyses and interpretations of the EU acquis and Albanian legislation with a specific focus on reforming public administration. A reference to secondary sources in the Europeanization of public administration enriches the study. The paper argues that Albania has improved the legal framework for public administration in compliance with the EU acquis. However, it fails to ensure the proper implementation due to the following challenges: i) politicized bureaucracy, ii) the lack of capacity, iii) lack of public consultation with stakeholders, and iv) the inability to put in sound planning mechanisms and to carry out a realistic assessment. The paper concludes that Albania must establish a professional public administration with sufficient knowledge of EU acquis and adequately qualified staff to harmonize the domestic legal system and ensure proper implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the critical media freedom situation in Albania. Acknowledged now as the fourth pillar of democracy, media not only is crucial in informing the citizens but also acts as a watchdog by holding the authorities in power accountable and protecting democratic principles. Despite the several obstacles that media has faced in Albania dating back to the Ottoman era and exacerbated by the communist regime that lasted for almost half a century, the Albanian media started to flourish during the transition era, nevertheless facing persistent challenges when it came to media freedom. Through qualitative and quantitative data, this paper examines the contemporary state of media in Albania by emphasizing its effect on the country's democracy. While a robust legal and institutional framework for media freedom exists, its implementation in the case of Albania remains deficient, and that has resulted in numerous violations throughout the years. The widespread cases of self-censorship among journalists coupled with the political and economic interest of media owners, have further exacerbated the issue. The attempts made by the Albanian government to control media outlets with new laws and institutions have been scrutinized by international bodies as well. Overall, the aim of this research is not only to merely analyze the state of media freedom in Albania but also to bring more attention to this urgent situation which is threatening democratic principles in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the legal loopholes and regulatory measures taken in response to pyramid and Ponzi schemes, specifically analyzing the lessons learned from Albania's financial crisis in the 1990s and what insights Indonesia can learn. The collapse of these schemes in Albania, which had a catastrophic effect on the economy and triggered an entire social and political crisis, exposed significant measures in governance negligence, financial supervision, legal frameworks, and understanding of investments. Through an in-depth examination of the Albanian catastrophe experience, this paper examines the legal framework in terms of inadequate regulations, government negligence due to lack of experience handling Ponzi and pyramid scheme issues, and lack of investment literacy. The paper explores how Indonesia can enhance its legal and regulatory environment by drawing lessons from Albania's mistakes in the past. Suggestions involve strengthening financial authority roles, establishing specific regulations to regulate pyramid and Ponzi schemes, and providing comprehensive investment literacy education for investors. This study highlights the significance of legislative reform and efficient governance to prevent financial schemes that take advantage of legal loopholes and uneducated investors, ultimately leading to a more resilient and stable financial system. By examining Albania's experience, Indonesia may establish a proactive strategy to protect its citizens and economy from the dangers of pyramid and Ponzi schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the impact assessment of subsidy schemes on farm performance indicators show contradictory results. Some studies indicate improvements in farm efficiency, while others highlight distortions and negative externalities. This paper analyses the impact of budgetary support provided to dairy farms in Albania based on a structured farm survey. The impact is assessed using causal forest, an adaptation of Breiman's random forest algorithm for treatment effect estimation. Results suggest that subsidies positively impact the number of milking cows, output (quantity of milk sold), and revenues but have no impact on employment, yields, investment, or future investment plans. The study suggests that public support to dairy farmers should be conditioned on technology improvement measures and CAP-like cross-compliance obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of electoral competition on corruption, rent-seeking and informality remains poorly understood, especially in the context of post-communist economies. In a context where there is little moral value attached to law abidance, businesses or households that engage in informal activities might perceive a tolerant government as "magnanimous" and might be persuaded to support it in upcoming elections. In this paper, we investigate the case of Albania, a post-communist transition economy, characterized by high levels of corruption. The objective of this paper is to obtain insight into fiscal enforcement during elections, hence to further our understanding of the relationship between corruption, clientelism, informality and elections in the context of a transition/post-communist country. To this end, we report complementary quantitative and qualitative analysis suggesting that the incumbent deliberately lowers monitoring of enforcement vigilance before elections (e.g., through lower/fewer fines) and yielding insights into how such behaviour effects come about. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing access to cyberspace and its resources is having a significant impact on our societies and our daily lives, profoundly transforming the way we live, work and interact. The importance of cyber security converts into the need to keep information, data and devices private and secure. Cyber-security is an essential element for the flat functioning of all critical information infrastructures. In this context, the treatment of cyber-security in this paper is concrete, taking into account the cyberattack that our country went through, which was aimed at destroying critical structures and testing the capacities of Albania. It is worth noting that a secure cyber environment cannot function without giving it the opportunity to have the relevant mechanisms. Specifically, increasing cyber resilience in critical information infrastructures are flexible cyber security measures, which focus on the flat functioning of online public services keeping in focus the real threats and the risk management plan. Furthermore, within the framework of commitments as a candidate country of the European Union, Albania is meticulously implementing all European acts and international standards for the drafting of a consolidated and stable legal framework. In the present paper, through a legal assessment, special attention has been paid to the National Strategy for the period 2021-2023 and legal rules on cyber-security in the Albanian legislation, aiming to analyze the legal provisions, which regulate it in this regard. Also, an important objective of this paper is also the fact that it may serve as an important basis for further studies in this field. The analysis of the cyber-security legal regulation in Albania is based on the qualitative method, which contains also the research, analytical, descriptive, interpretive methods. The results of this paper, which treats an innovative topic, will stimulates debate in the academic level and contribute to the legal doctrine in Albania that lacks such. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the efforts to enhance regional cooperation in the Western Balkans and how this has increased engagement between the EU and the Western Balkans.1 The regional initiatives are more present when the European Union (EU) shows little interest in the Western Balkans region. However, these efforts have yet to address all the concerns adequately and have not brought to life tangible results despite many political declarations. One of the most commented initiatives, like the Open Balkans, has caused concern in the region and caused tension between Kosovo and Albania over the past few years. The paper enlightens the challenges of regional cooperation during the last years, the contribution of this process in the integration process, and the role played by Albania. Also, the paper tries to analyze the success and failures of the "Open Balkan" initiative and the Regional Common Market. Furthermore, the paper framework examined the progress of regional cooperation initiatives and the region's attention to the European integration process. Additionally, the paper seeks to determine whether regional cooperation is a viable alternative for the region or merely an external-driven initiative and the role of the EU in promoting regional cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union (EU) enlargement policy has been considered the most effective tool of the EU as an "EU external governance" in exporting democracy, the rule of law, fundamental freedoms, and other values on which the EU is founded in third countries. Considering the lessons learned from previous accession cases-- especially Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia, the EU approach to addressing the rule of law reforms early in the accession process shifted toward a bold strategy. This paper analyses the role of the EU as a promoter of judiciary reform in candidate countries, focusing on the vetting process in Albanian. The paper argues that a dilemma exists between legal compliance with EU standards and implementing reforms. While the EU, through judiciary reform, aims to transform the Albanian judiciary system in compliance with the Justice and Home Affairs acquis, political polarisation in Albania has hampered institutional set-up, effectiveness, independence, and the fight against corruption. Moreover, the vetting process has paralysed the judiciary system by increasing the backlog and delaying the length of proceedings. By adopting a dogmatic legal methodology, the paper provides a detailed theoretical discussion of the EU's external dimension as a (legal) normative power and analyses the Europeanization of the judiciary system in Albania. Moreover, the paper assesses the impact of judiciary reform and discusses the extent to which judiciary reform in Albania is considered successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate and propose strategies for the effective involvement and support of civil society organisations (CSOs) in the European integration process. The primary focus is to understand the challenges faced by CSOs, explore collaborative approaches, and present recommendations for policymakers to foster a more inclusive and transparent integration process. The main approach involves undertaking a comprehensive review of existing literature, case studies, and interviews with key stakeholders, including representatives from CSOs, government officials, and experts in European integration. The study seeks to provide a nuanced understanding of the dynamics between CSOs and the broader institutional framework through this multi-faceted approach. In conclusion, this paper provides a holistic overview of the challenges and opportunities in enhancing CSO participation in European integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Albanian customary law represents an unwritten set of rules, which were established ad hoc by courts of elders or assemblies and aimed to regulate social relations in various fields of life. The implementation of these norms, was provided by the force of tradition, social consciousness and the patriarchal authority of the people’s self-government bodies. It is created by people over the centuries, not from a particular person, or a special legislative body. It was a reflecion of the material conditions of life in human consciousness and therefore has a double character. The purpose of the research paper is to analyze that on one hand it preserves the characteristic rates of the old tribal order (common ownership), while on the other hand it regulates the category of private ownership with all its features (eg. property rights do not expire). The methodology I used for the research paper is the analytical method. The result of the research paper is that rates of Albanian customary law are summarized in canons, such as: the Canon of Leke Dukagjini (The Canon of the highlands), the Canon of Laberia, the Canon of Skanderbeg (Canon of Arberia), the Canon of Luma. These canons acted in different times and space: so the Canon of Laberia acted during 11th century in southwestern Albania, the Canon of Leke Dukagjini and the Canon of Skanderbeg acted during 15th century in the northern highlands, as well as central Albania, nonetheless they have many similarities. Women, according to these ancient rules, are considered to be of a lower social status: they do not share either the rights and privileges or the responsibilities of men. In conclusion, as severe and discriminating to women as it may seem, customary law has to be seen in a historical context. The preservation of customary law was one of the most important elements in helping the Albanian people to maintain their individuality over the centuries and under different invasions. Although customary law is inversely proportional to the rise and development of the modern state, it shows distinguished lawmaking capacities and laid the foundations of today’s positive law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public procurement is a process performed by the Contracting Authorities which select the Economic Operators through a public competition, to enter into public contracts for the provision of goods, services, or works, against payment from public funds. The area of public procurement is very important in the management and spending of public money because public procurement is the environment where public money is filtered to have the least possible misuse, and financial stability of state institutions so that they are more consistent in the functioning and development of professional activities. Therefore, in this context, the present paper will analyze the Albanian perspective on public procurement to comprehend its alignment with EU legislation. This paper is coherent with the integration process requirements imposed on Albania and will demonstrate the positive achievements reached and the long path ahead to become a member of the European Union family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gender pay gap or gender gap is a relative disparity between women and men which is reflected in a variety of sectors in many societies. This difference exists in many countries and industries and is often related to factors such as occupational segregation, and differences in education and experience. The gender gap must also be considered in the context of gender inequality. The focus of this paper is to analyse the gender pay gap and gender inequality in participation in the labour market in Albanian society. Albanian society is committed to and has made significant progress towards gender equality policies. However, the gender gap is still present. The paper aims to analyse and interpret indicators of the Albanian gender pay gap in the context of culture of gender roles. Cultural values and socio-cultural conditions of one's society significantly impact the gender gap. The paper will highlight the sources of the gender gap in Albania as cultural and socio-economic. Understanding the gender inequality in Albanian society requires a complex analysis that examines the impact of socialisation, cultural norms and values, the division of gender roles, access to public life and the social privileges that gendering creates asymmetrically for men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Competition is important for proper functioning of all economic sectors, because it pressures the companies to be more innovative, efficient and effective. With the proper competition, the results show better performance and achievement of the desired outcome. Consequently, wellfunctioning companies are drivers for economic growth. However, competition in the financial sector is not as easy applicable as in the other economic sectors. High regulations can affect the flexibility and the innovative performance of the financial institutions. Nevertheless, the results of the effect of competition in the financial sector, with an emphasis on the banks, are mixed. Some theories show that competition has positive impact, contrary to some other findings that showed limited effects. In order to have economic success and progress, economic freedom is needed. Hence, in this paper the Business Freedom Index is presented for Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, N. Macedonia and Serbia for 2019-2021. The competitive pressure in the market pressurizes the countries to perform better in the areas that can help them achieve progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem addressed in this study is the profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism economies of Kosovo (KOS) and Albania (AL), which led to economic–financial stagnation and price increases. The aim was to analyze the financial frontier challenges facing the tourism industry during COVID-19 and beyond and propose effective strategies for shaping a sustainable future for countries within Europe with great potential for tourism development in the current decade. The survey was conducted in 102 locations, including cities, municipalities, regions, villages, and neighborhoods in both countries over the years 2020–2023, while data analysis was performed using a cluster analysis (K-means and hierarchical) and the multidimensional scaling method (Alscal). The results highlighted (a) the severe impact of COVID-19 on both the population and businesses in the tourism sector, which will persist beyond the pandemic, (b) the indispensable role of government intervention in alleviating the financial crisis, (c) the need for innovative approaches and accurate financial management by both the country and businesses to attract tourists, and (d) the importance of control and management for financial sustainability. This paper is of significant importance to tourism destinations as it provides insights into the severe impact of COVID-19 on both the population and businesses in the tourism economies. By highlighting the indispensable role of government intervention, the need for innovative approaches and accurate financial management, and the importance of control and management for financial sustainability, the study offers valuable guidance for tourism destinations in navigating the current crisis and attracting tourists. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the need for future studies to explore opportunities for long-term financial resilience and growth, contributing to the development of sustainable tourism destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to establish a unified typology for the culturally significant kulla stone houses built in the cross-border region of Kosovo, Albania, and Montenegro during the 18th and 19th centuries. Despite some attempts at typological categorisation on the national level, a joint typology for this region currently needs to be improved. Based on existing literature and field research, the paper identifies the specificities of different geographical locations while validating the core attributes common to all typological variations. The findings suggest that the joint typological classification of kulla in the Balkans should primarily be based on architectural elements and, to some extent, setting, building materials and techniques, while functional composition is consistent across all types. The paper argues that defining a common typology for the Albanian kulla stone houses in the Balkans is crucial for evaluating, preserving, and developing kulla as serial properties and for their future regional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a meta-analysis of 29 studies run using the Mind Genomics approach to quantify how respondents react to messaging and how their reaction impacts decision-making in social psychology experimental research areas. The Mind Genomics studies used were performed during the 2020-2022 period in the USA, Italy, Spain, Albania, and other countries of the Mediterranean basin. The paper focuses on identifying gender differences in response time and evaluations of messages on different topics calculated by the Mind Genomics-Artificial Intelligence system. Further, the meta-analysis results are based on Kahneman's (2011) study results. The study's general result demonstrates that male and female participants' thinking is intuitive, automatic, and emotionally oriented. The study also confirms that the gender's response time does not affect the results of the experiment. In addition, is argued that genderbased perceptions differ according to the topic and are considered relevant in decision-making on some topics. These study results can be used to predict the experiment's results for new participants without having them repeat the entire experimental procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiscal policies are one of the most important instruments of government to guide the progress of the country's economic development. They find significant use in cases where the economy is experiencing a period of recession, such as the current one caused by COVID-19. This study aims to assess the multiplier effects that budget revision has on the economy for the case of Albania, and more specifically by referring to the initial and revised budget scenario for the year 2020 which is characterized by significant changes caused by the presence of COVID-19. Referring to the multipliers from the input–output tables (IOT) the total effect that the state budget brings to the economy for a certain year is derived. From this paper, it appears that the budget restructuring that takes place during the year does not take into account the multiplier effect in the economy, but is mostly done for specific purposes related to certain government functions. In this context, it is very important that various options during budget revision are evaluated, concluding with the option that has the highest returns for the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between economic growth and foreign trade was put in focus by many economists when foreign trade developed. The case of Free Trade is always associated with significant positive effects on foreign trade and economic growth. This paper explains the relationship between trade liberalization, foreign trade, and economic growth in Albania using annual economic development data for 1994-2019. This study is based on hypotheses for Causality Testing concerning the cointegration between GDP and foreign trade, trade liberalization and GDP, and GDP and exports in Albania. The ordinary least squares (OLS) model has been used. Empirical results for the Albanian case show that trade liberalization has a positive relationship with economic growth, exports, and imports. However, the multiple regression proved that GDP, Openness Index, FDI, and remittances positively impacted trade volume growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National and local governments around the world are trying to implement gender responsive budgeting (GRB). Rarely the focus is on local levels and consequently, no sensitive tool is available to measure GRB implementation at the local level. The paper tried to conceptualise some characteristics for the assessment of GRB process at local government units, using Albania as a case study. Based on a literature review (i.e., content analysis) and case studies of seven local government units (municipalities) in Albania, the proposed maturity model for GRB (GRB MM) at the local level is determined. Main characteristic attributes to develop a GRB MM were identified setting the layout for the development of a maturity model to classify stages/levels of GRB implementation as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ICT industry in the Western Balkans presents a highly advanced and favorable sector with substantial potential to positively influence economic development. This sector has demonstrated great potential in creating new employment opportunities for young entrepreneurs, thereby positively impacting the region's export levels. Economic growth models emphasize the role of technology in maintaining productivity and economic development. This paper presents a literature review highlighting the impact of ICT on productivity within the Western Balkans (WB) and the structural convergence of the region. Utilizing secondary data and analyses from various scholars, this review explores different indicators for each country in the Western Balkans: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia. The initial conclusion indicates that while the Western Balkans exhibit a tendency towards productivity convergence among themselves and towards the EU, this progress lags behind the pace of GDP per capita convergence. The impact of ICT development in the region is significant both at the firm level and in terms of overall economic growth, yet it remains behind other regions. Promoting incentives for ICT businesses and fostering innovation is crucial to enhancing the region's economic competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to explore the international image of Albania, particularly how it is portrayed through new media platforms. Using qualitative methodology, the study analyzes visual and textual representations of Albania from various traditional news outlets like The Guardian, BBC, CNN, and Reuters, as well as user-generated content on social media platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, and TikTok. The findings suggest a significant evolution in Albania's international image, transitioning from predominantly negative political narratives to a more balanced portrayal that emphasizes the country's cultural heritage, natural beauty, and tourism potential. This paper focuses on how new media platforms, through user-generated content, reshape and contribute to a more diverse global image of Albania. Key recurring themes include the political landscape, tourism development, and cultural identity, which are analyzed in depth to reveal the underlying media dynamics. This research contributes to the understanding of how new media has democratized the construction of national images and the key role of visual content in shaping these narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the effects of regional competition in the Albanian economy during the period 2005-2020. The Albanian economy is faced with numerous problems mainly related to unemployment, lack of competition in the market, the low level of foreign direct investments (FDI), the increase in consumer prices, the immoderate level of productivity and other elements with impact on the country's economy. The purpose of this paper is to identify the comparative advantages of different regions in terms of the efficient use of production resources available to them, facing the pressure of domestic production competition from imported products. To test or even measure the effects of influencing factors on regional competitiveness, econometric modelling was used in this study. The regression model in this analysis has the following form: Yt = β0 + ΣβiXit, where: with Yt the real GDP rate (used as a proxy for regional competitiveness) is identified as appropriate, and with Xt the set of variables that explain regional competitiveness. The data used were provided by: INSTAT, statistical yearbooks in years; publications of the Bank of Albania in years, for period 2005-2021. From the final results, we note that all macroeconomic variables taken into consideration have been statistically significant in their impact on GDP and automatically on Regional Competitiveness. Also, their impact seems to have followed the same sign as the raised expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to examine the relationship between the bargaining power of farmers in trade and their plans for future economic activity. While there is existing evidence shedding light on the factors influencing trading power and its consequences, there remains a compelling exigency for scientific substantiation clarifying the aforementioned nexus. A questionnaire was designed and utilized to collect primary data from farmers in Albania (with a sample size of 640). Factor analysis, reliability test and non-parametric statistical methods were used. Evidence was found in support of the aforesaid relationships. Hence, farmers who have plans for investments reflect a higher bargaining power in trading, as opposed to those without such plans. Moreover, interest in increasing farm activity is significantly associated with improved bargaining power in trade. This study enriches the literature, especially in the agribusiness field, by offering additional insights from a transition and developing country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects an effort to consider the history of Albanian education within the context of the country's history. In it, the origin and evolution of Albanian education are described in connection with the country's social and political standing. It is divided into sections, each corresponding to a major historical period in the formation of the Albanian state and intertwined with major reforms in education: education during the Albanian National Renaissance (1830s–1912); education after the Declaration of Independence (1912–1928); education under King Zog (1930s); the 1946 education reform; the 1960s reform, which involved reorganising the system of education for long-term success; and education after the decline of communism in the 1990s and beyond. The paper chronicles how the dawn of the educational system, its organisation and its curriculum were designed to prepare "period-specific" citizens. It is concluded that the roots of the Albanian national education system took hold during the Albanian Renaissance as a necessity of national survival and that the system's development through time is intertwined with the country's constitutional standing, echoing the secret workings of national life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study provides the challenges enforcing EU legislation on tourism in Albania, focusing on tourist protection in the travel package contract. The primary objective is to evaluate the role of the European Union in improving the legislation in the tourism sector in member states or aspiring ones, and the legal instruments used to govern tourism in the EU and Albania. The main aim is to highlight the alignment of domestic tourism legislation with community law and assess whether it has improved the standards for tourist services. This paper supports the hypothesis that the slow implementation of legal reforms in tourism enterprises is not contributing to the expected success of this sector. To prove this hypothesis this study relies on the analytic research method, theoretical consultation with important legal documents in tourism, and the historical interpretation of the legal reforms carried out during this period. The study also uses the comparative method to examine the impact of the criteria set out in European Union legislation in tourism and their transposition into domestic law in the context of Albania's EU integration. Strengthening consumer rights is a challenge for countries in a perpetual transition like Albania. Undoubtedly, the protection of the tourist consumer, even though at first sight it represents protection 'for luxury services', is one of these objectives of general consumer protection. Therefore, it is necessary, not only that the Albanian legal framework regarding travel package contracts complies with Community law, but also that the tourist consumers be sensitized about their rights, as well as that the enforcement of the law by the responsible institutions should be strengthened. The main findings are that even though there is a legal basis aligned with community law that regulates and protects the interests of the tourist consumers in the travel package contract, it has not provided the appropriate effects due to the lack of tourist entrepreneurs' willingness in the field of tourist travel to enforce legal requirements, negligence of the customers to protect their rights and mainly of the state authorities in enforcing the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following evolving electricity markets, Transmission System Operators face challenges in processes of Net Transfer Capacity calculations. Increasing uncertainties stemming from growing electricity trade exchanges, make traditional monthly calculations obsolete. To enhance system stability, the paper proposes an implementation of a fast capacity calculation method aligned with day-ahead market principles. The study discusses capacity calculation regions aligning with European Legislation, particularly examining the Albanian Power System as a case study and introduces an improved approach to net transfer capacity calculations. The paper proposes and implements a Python algorithm to automate the net transfer capacity calculation process, obtaining improved efficiency in the calculation process. The paper emphasizes the importance of ensuring power system security, promoting cross-border trade, and easing market developments, offering a practical solution to the problem of net transfer capacity calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During 45 years of dictatorship in Albania, many people were accused, convicted, imprisoned, exiled, or persecuted for “offences” of a political nature (under the communist law), thereby violating basic human rights. A series of legal measures have been enacted during the 30 years of democratic developments to deal with the bitter past and, especially, the crimes of the communist period. Methods: This study contributes to making a normative evaluation of the status of the right to the truth in international law. The paper focuses on the most important state obligations for giving effect to this right, such as the prosecution of serious violations of fundamental rights and the issue of missing persons. The study uses a qualitative interpretation of the Albanian legislation model built to unveil the truth regarding the violations that occurred during the communist regime, including criminal prosecution and trials and the issue of missing persons. The study is conducted based on a methodology that analyses four variables in each of these policies, specifically: the policies contributing to revelation, the legal and empirical challenges encountered, the constitutional and legal basis of these measures, and the results achieved in practice. Results: The measures set up along the democratic developments in Albania to investigate serious violations of fundamental rights committed by ex-communist officials did not contribute to achieving transitional justice goals. Conclusions: The crimes committed by ex-communist officials during the communist regime in Albania were never punished, and the truth about past atrocities while using the criminal law in Albania was never revealed. In Albania’s recent years, regardless of the change of trajectory in dealing with the issue of 6000 missing persons’ remains from the communist period, no tangible results are found, leaving the truth about their fate buried, turning it into a serious concern in the framework of guaranteeing human rights. Failure to account for the whereabouts and fate of the missing persons in Albania gives rise to a continuing situation in breach of the right to life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the pricing behavior of Albanian exporting firms, analyzing their response to market conditions and exchange rate fluctuations. Drawing inspiration from Krugman's seminal work in 1986, on pricing to market dynamics, the study investigates whether Albanian firms employ similar adaptive pricing strategies observed in larger economies. Recent empirical research suggests that such practices are prevalent in small, open economies like Albania, contrary to earlier assumptions. Utilizing a linear econometric model and quarterly data spanning from 2005 to 2023, the analysis aims to ascertain the extent to which Albanian exporting firms act as price setters in response to market dynamics. Through rigorous empirical analysis, including descriptive statistics, unit root tests, ARDL cointegration analysis, model estimation, hypothesis testing, and robustness checks, the study provides insights into the relationship between pricing behavior and exchange rate movements. The findings highlight the significance of adaptive pricing strategies in global markets and offer implications for policymakers, businesses, and academic researchers. Policymakers can use these insights to formulate effective economic policies, while businesses can make informed decisions regarding pricing strategies and currency risk management in the global marketplace. Moreover, this study contributes to the econometrics and macroeconomics literature, paving the way for future research into pricing behavior and exchange rate dynamics. Overall, it serves as a foundational resource for informed decision-making and further academic inquiry into pricing behavior and exchange rate dynamics in emerging economies like Albania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study the relationship, that Albania has with Europian Union. The task of this paper is to shed light on the history of beginning of the relationship and its continuation until today, when Albania has made a long journey, has become a candidate country and awaits EU membership.While Albania is in such a situation, studing history helps us to understand the mechanisms used by the countries in transition and the changes they have made during this journey. It is important to know the past and the difficulties that countries of the Western Balkans and Albania has gone through to enter the path of integration, to discover the role of Albania and how far it has progressed in this report. Therefore, in this paper I had the aim: to summarise the history of the integration process of Albania from the beginning and the most important dates in this relationship,to analyze the challenges facing the Albanian people to intergrate, how the future of Albania towards a greater Europe is presented. The result showed that Albania had a difficult path towards integration, which has started from the most difficult period for it, and has progressed step by step until today. We can say that every year in the history of Albania is market by a new agreement, advancing today with the opening of talks. From this it is believed that the near future of Albania is in the European family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the phenomenon of gender equality in Albania. It examines the importance of gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls in reducing poverty. This research is based and is conducted on the basis of 100 randomly selected respondents with the most reliable answers regarding gender equality. The interviews were done face-to-face with the individuals and the data were then processed through the SPSS statistical program. We hope that this research will serve in the future for young researchers as an effective and positive study for today's society in the world. Going beyond the literature documenting the impact of women's education on fertility, this document presents facts on the role of women in labor markets, wages, and pensions. This paper also summarizes the function of supportive policies from the government in the framework of gender equality and the World Bank's support for its expansion. The paper ends by analyzing the current situation of equality through a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet and digital technology are transforming our lives, every day with the paces in a dimension of a real revolution. These fast and deep transformations are now being considered worldwide, as the second most important revolution behind the industrial one. Regardless of these technological developments, the digital transformation of companies has had a slow but steady progress over the years. Business expectations and perception towards the need for digital transformation of services and the use of ecommerce are valued at high levels, receiving the main impetus during the two years of the COVID-19 pandemic, where online markets had an important role enabling the continuation of economic life despite social distancing restrictions. Referring the above, Albania has adhered to the European Union Directives related to electronic commerce, Directive 2000/31/EC on Electronic Commerce3 and Directive 1999/93/EC4, as well as other related directives, making possible the approximation of a high level of our legislation, in the light of these directives. In the present paper, through a legal assessment, special attention has been paid to the National Digital Agenda for the period 2022-2026 and legal rules on e-commerce in the Albanian legislation, aiming to analyze the legal provisions, which regulate it in this regard. Also, an important objective of this paper is also the fact that it may serve as an important basis for further studies in this field. The analysis of the e-commerce legal regulation in Albania is based on the qualitative method, which contains also the research, analytical, descriptive, interpretive methods. The results of this paper, which treats an innovative topic, will stimulates debate in the academic level and contribute to the legal doctrine in Albania that lacks such. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper is based on data collected within the framework of the Inter-Connect PLUS project, with a focus on incorporating new norms before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. A questionnaire was conducted in four countries of the Adriatic-Ionian (ADRION) Region: Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, and Albania. The collected data from the survey was analyzed to draw conclusions about the travel modes citizens used before, during, and are willing to use after the pandemic. The paper closes with recommendations, in the form of a Roadmap, highlighting the potential positive impact of the pandemic on the future of sustainable mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]