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Carbon abatement efforts in China are penetrating to sub-national level. Zhejiang province, as the 4th wealthy region in China and important player in global market (e.g., textiles, cloth, petroleum, and chemical products), lacks in-depth study of its climate change mitigation efforts, especially after China's accession to the WTO in 2001. This paper analyzed carbon emissions and intensity in Zhejiang province using most comprehensive and time-series dataset available to date since 2002. Its carbon emissions were growing at a declining speed, and carbon intensity was almost halved. The leading emitters largely agglomerate around Hangzhou Bay, close to Zhoushan Port and Shanghai Port. The growth in absolute emissions primarily arose from higher investment (323.1 Mt) and exports (280.6 Mt), while the slower growth was mainly due to efficiency improvements (− 245.7 Mt) stemming from energy and carbon abatement policies and inflows of emission-intensive products from the rest of China. Similarly, declined carbon intensity was mainly attributed to efficiency improvement. Major contributors were sector S13-Non-metallic minerals, S12-Chemicals, S26-Transport, storage and post, S07-Textiles, and S10-Paper. Economic restructuring played different roles on emissions and intensity during various development stages. Policy implications of the findings are discussed for future developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All provinces of China respond to the central government, predict future carbon dioxide emissions, and formulate action plans detailing how the province intends to fulfill its target of carbon emission peaking before 2030. Based on the bottom‐up energy consumption prediction and top‐down goal verification, this paper constructs a set of regional carbon dioxide emission prediction methods. Compared to the traditional bottom‐up prediction method, this method could simplify the parameters while improving the prediction accuracy. This model is used to predict and analyze the process of carbon dioxide emission peaking in Zhejiang. The results show that the mean absolute percentage error of the retrospective prediction value is only 1.56%. Zhejiang will reach carbon dioxide emission peaking around 2029–2030, and the peak value will be 569.7 million tons. Different factors have different effects on the process of carbon dioxide emission peaking. There is a strong correlation between the peak time of carbon dioxide emission and the production time of major energy‐consuming projects in Zhejiang. Meanwhile, if the 16 nuclear reactors are not put into operation, Zhejiang will not be able to achieve the goal of carbon dioxide emission peaking. Besides, the basic data used in this model is mainly from the local statistical departments of the region. Thus, it can be applied to other provinces and regions conveniently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Paper investigates patenting development of enterprises in Zhejiang Province, China. The paper indicates that technological capabilities of enterprises and legal regime development are two key factors that affect patenting of enterprises. Both factors explain the status of enterprises in Zhejiang that seems to become active in recent years in the generation of invention, patent application and patenting management. The analysis shows that the majority of the enterprises are still in imitation stage of latecomer's learning. They are faced with the challenge to become more innovative in the context of China's accession to WTO. The paper ends with policy recommendations as how to provide, among other things, better legal system, incentives, consultation and information services, so as to improve the environment for enterprises' innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Paper investigates patenting development of enterprises in Zhejiang Province, China. The paper indicates that technological capabilities of enterprises and legal regime development are two key factors that affect patenting of enterprises. Both factors explain the status of enterprises in Zhejiang that seems to become active in recent years in the generation of invention, patent application and patenting management. The analysis shows that the majority of the enterprises are still in imitation stage of latecomer's learning. They are faced with the challenge to become more innovative in the context of China's accession to WTO. The paper ends with policy recommendations as how to provide, among other things, better legal system, incentives, consultation and information services, so as to improve the environment for enterprises' innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two genera, Areopraon Mackauer, 1959 and Pseudopraon Starý, 1975, are newly recorded from China in this paper. Two new species, namely A. chui Tian & Chen, sp. n. and P. hei Tian & Chen, sp. n., are described and illustrated. Keys to the known species of these two genera are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to analyse the influencing factors on farmers’ willingness of withdrawal from rural homesteads (WRH). Methods that included field surveys, factor analyses and case studies were used for this paper. The results show that farmers have a strong willingness to own the property on which their homesteads sit. There are deviations between homestead systems and execution. It is common that the area of a homestead exceeds the lawful standard, and one peasant family owns two or more homesteads. Peasant families have many concerns about WRH, which include: reduction of employment, lack of supporting social security, high expenditure of new houses, low compensation criteria for homesteads, decline in standard of living and inconvenience in agricultural production. Among all means of compensation, peasants prefer allocated residences, and they pay more attention to public service facilities and fundamental facilities. The authors argue that implementing employment and social security policies and setting up linkage mechanisms of WRH could help to smoothly push forward WRH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five new species of the genus Tetra Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae: Phyllocoptinae) from China are described and illustrated. They are Tetra qingyuanensis sp. nov. on Lespedeza sp. (Fabaceae), Tetra phragmitesus sp. nov. on Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (Poaceae), Tetra prunusis sp. nov. on Prunus sp. (Rosaceae), Tetra sojae sp. nov. on Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc. (Leguminosae) and Tetra vitexus sp. nov. on Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia (Sieb. et Zucc.) Hand.-Mazz . (Verbenaceae). All the new species described in this paper are vagrants on the lower surface of host plant leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 4.2 ka event was a period of global drought and climate cooling linked to the widespread disruption of Neolithic culture. However, the detailed climatic changes during this period are not completely understood. In this paper, we report a high-resolution pollen record for the Dayanghu wetland in the Zhejiang region of southeastern China, which we use to infer mean annual precipitation (MAP) fluctuations during the period spanning 4600–4000 calendar years before present (cal. yr BP). There was a long-term trend of decreasing MAP during this interval, consistent with weakening of the East Asian Summer Monsoon since the mid-Holocene. This trend was punctuated by episodes of relatively high MAP at 4350–4320, ca. 4260, and 4220–4200 cal. yr BP, and extreme droughts at 4200 and 4150 cal. yr BP. We propose that solar activity promoted El Niño events and contributed to dramatic MAP fluctuations in the Dayanghu wetland. La Niña events and negative-phase intervals of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation may have been responsible for the extreme drought at 4200–4150 cal. yr BP. In summary, we propose a close relationship between MAP and solar forcing, with short-term enhanced solar activity increasing the intensity of the East Asian Summer Monsoon and contributing to increasing decadal variability in the inner tropical Pacific, which ultimately leads to increased precipitation variability in southeast China. The results improve our understanding of the detailed climatic features of the 4.2 ka event. • High-resolution pollen record for ca. 4.2 ka for the Zhejiang region, China. • Pollen-based mean annual precipitation was quantitatively reconstructed. • Long-term droughts tended to occur during 4600–4000 cal. yr BP. • La Niña-dominated ENSO contributed to a catastrophic drought at 4200–4150 cal. yr BP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The suburbanization process worldwide continues to generate significant urban contradictions. Yet the same process also calls forth planning innovations that seek to redress these development challenges. One such in China is the 'Featured Town' policy which has been plucked from its origins in Zhejiang province to national policy prominence. Drawing on a combination of secondary data and original interviews, this paper considers the origins and peculiarities of this planning model, its elevation within national policy and its likely prospects across China. Preliminary findings indicate that the Featured Town policy has fallen foul of many of the complications associated with wider dissemination of locally embedded models. The interlock of local government capitalism and intrapreneurial state is the fundamental driver behind this Featured Town 'fever'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While China has recently taken an amazing economic leap, completely transforming and liberalising its economic system, the absolute domination of the Communist party, operating in an extremely organised and centralised system and without free general elections, is the opposite of the models advocated by Western nations and remains a stumbling block for a number of Westerners. This governance from the top seems to exclude forms of expression and practices at the grassroots, but can this first reading explain the practical reality of Chinese politics? This paper looks into the links between the economic regeneration and the political transformations of two cities in Zhejiang. Studying the incredible advances of these two cities over 30 years reveals that their development was based not only on economic factors but also on a broad continuous movement of political and local reorganisation from the bottom up, promoting a new social and political dynamism, first locally then provincewide: a huge and profound change developed in a very specific way. Is this a premonitory model or announcement of the specifically Chinese methods of incorporating economic and political changes coming from the grassroots, which still affect certain sectors of the social and political spheres of Chinese society? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: There has been a growing interest in transfer of development rights (TDR) in urban planning and economics literatures. Most studies report new practices and evaluate their policy effectiveness in developed countries, such as the United States and Europe. This paper aims to fill in an empirical gap in TDR studies by analyzing a case from a developing country. It studies the evolution of land rights trading in one Chinese province, Zhejiang. Unlike industrialized societies, the initial driving force for this institutional innovation was not local preservation movements; rather it was a strategic response to the central government''s tight farmland regulation. In the late 1990s, to secure food resources, the central leaders introduced the “toughest” land regulatory regime in China and controlled farmland conversion through a number of quotas. To balance development and preservation in a fast growing regional economy, Zhejiang allowed local governments to earn land-use quotas and, more importantly, established a market for trading. More developed areas traded in land-use quotas to growing their businesses and cities, while poor areas traded out development rights for financial compensations. Drawing on extensive interviews and internal publications, this paper supports the claim that land rights trading has achieved both objectives of farmland preservation and development. The study broadens the scope of existing studies on TDRs by highlighting different dynamics in a developing country. TDR should be an attractive option for developing countries that are under high pressure for growth. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The recent rapid transformation of rural collective enterprises into shareholding cooperative enterprises (SCEs) in China has received increasing academic attention. However, there is little analysis on the exact impact of the shareholding reform upon managerial behavior in the newly created SCEs, and upon the capacity of local governments to coordinate an increasingly privatized local economy. This paper aims to address these issues through a case study of a shareholding cooperative enterprise in rural Zhejiang. The paper demonstrates that the introduction of the shareholding system has effectively improved managerial incentives for economic profitability with the emergence of a capital-owning entrepreneurial stratum. Improved economic performance in the case study enterprise and other SCEs has not been accompanied by significant expansion of these enterprises, however, due to the more cautious behavior of shareholder-managers in an increasingly competitive market. Hence, a new dilemma faced by local governments is how to maintain an administratively set high rate of economic growth in the face of the gradual privatization of the local economy. Due to the lack of attention paid by local governments to the proper operation of the governance structures of the shareholding system, moreover, problems of government intervention and opportunistic behavior of managers are still rampant in the SCEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species, Samarangopus testudineus sp. nov. from Hunan, South China and S. rotundifolius sp. nov. from Zhejiang, East China, are described and illustrated. Samarangopus testudineus sp. nov. is characterized by unusual testudinal patterns on the dorsal side of the body and well-differentiated marginal protuberances on tergites. Samarangopus rotundifolius sp. nov. features large, round, leaf-shaped marginal protuberances and small, candle-like dorsal protuberances on tergites. Both of these species are compared to similar species in detail. In addition, Eurypauropus japonicus Hagino & Scheller, 1985 is newly recorded from China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physomerinus jiulongensis sp. nov. is described from a series of overwintering individuals collected in decomposing wood at Jiulong National Wetland Park, East China. The new species is characterized and separated from related congeners by the unique form of the sexually dimorphic maxillary palpi, greatly swollen male metafemora, as well as by the shape of the genitalia of both sexes. A key to, and a distributional map of, Physomerinus species occurring in China and on the Ryukyu Islands, Japan is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Characteristic Town (CT) program is one of the most notable strategies in China's urbanization process in recent years, responding to the drawbacks of the past decades of crude urbanization development model and maintaining and promoting capital accumulation and economic growth with innovative approach to space production. However, no studies have been conducted to examine whether residents actually benefit from it. Therefore, we combined desk research, participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires to evaluate its influence on residents in two representative cases in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, where the program originated. The results show limited improvement in public benefits: a general but insignificant improvement in the living standard of the residents; residents' public participation is generally lacking; residents' cognition of self-identity has begun to appear deviation, and barriers between them and foreign workers have begun to emerge; residents' assessment of the new development strategy varies from case to case. Compared to other urban and rural redevelopment, renewal, and construction practices around the world, the CT program does not seem to appear to be overly special or advanced in terms of securing and enhancing public benefits. To this end, this study concluded that it is necessary to consider the need to adopt an official evaluation system that attaches equal importance to economic, environmental, and social factors, further strengthen the supervision of local financial expenditure, effectively strengthen the role of the public, improve infrastructure and public service facilities, and enhance the comprehensive training of indigenous people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Although China still holds land in collective and state ownership, land use rights have been largely privatized. While transactions for forestland use rights have taken place for more than two decades, few detailed investigations of the transactions have been conducted. This study investigates 222 households in eight villages of Linan and Anji counties located within Zhejiang Province, and reports details of the transactions, their scope and motivation, and the characteristics of households participating in the market for forestland use rights. The results indicate that farmers have become more active in land transactions. The factors influencing transactions are examined in a logit model. Income and sources of income are identified as important factors. Households with higher incomes are likely to buy more land, but households with a higher proportion of income from non-agricultural sources would be more likely to sell land and less likely to buy land. Whether a buyer or seller is satisfied with the price is another important factor for their engagement in a transaction. Some policy implications are discussed in this paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents a multilayered ecosystem modelling approach that combines the simulation of the biogeochemistry of a coastal ecosystem with the simulation of the main forcing functions, such as catchment loading and aquaculture activities. This approach was developed as a tool for sustainable management of coastal ecosystems. A key feature is to simulate management scenarios that account for changes in multiple uses and enable assessment of cumulative impacts of coastal activities. The model was applied to a coastal zone in China with large aquaculture production and multiple catchment uses, and where management efforts to improve water quality are under way. Development scenarios designed in conjunction with local managers and aquaculture producers include the reduction of fish cages and treatment of wastewater. Despite the reduction in nutrient loading simulated in three different scenarios, inorganic nutrient concentrations in the bay were predicted to exceed the thresholds for poor quality defined by Chinese seawater quality legislation. For all scenarios there is still a Moderate High to High nutrient loading from the catchment, so further reductions might be enacted, together with additional decreases in fish cage culture. The model predicts that overall, shellfish production decreases by 10%–28% using any of these development scenarios, principally because shellfish growth is being sustained by the substances to be reduced for improvement of water quality. The model outcomes indicate that this may be counteracted by zoning of shellfish aquaculture at the ecosystem level in order to optimize trade-offs between productivity and environmental effects. The present case study exemplifies the value of multilayered ecosystem modelling as a tool for Integrated Coastal Zone Management and for the adoption of ecosystem approaches for marine resource management. This modelling approach can be applied worldwide, and may be particularly useful for the application of coastal management regulation, for instance in the implementation of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A new crinoid species of the Order Cladida, Mooreocrinus liaoi Mao and Li sp. nov., is described from the Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous) Outangdi Formation in Jiangshan, Zhejiang Province, representing the first record of Mooreocrinus Wright and Strimple, 1945 in China. The presence of Mooreocrinus in the South China Block extends the palaeogeographical record of this genus and indicates it to be a cosmopolitan taxon. Three other ancient tectonically separated areas that are now combined into the modern China mass (Sibumasu, Junggar, North China) do not contain any record of Mooreocrinus. Overall, there is low biodiversity of the Late Palaeozoic crinoid faunas in the South China Block. Our new materials provide further evidence for diversity assessment of crinoid faunas in peri‐Gondwana blocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panorpa Linnaeus, 1758 is the largest genus in the scorpionfly family Panorpidae. Herein we describe two new species from eastern China, Panorpa jinhuaensis sp. nov. from Jinhua, Zhejiang Province and Panorpa menqiuleii sp. nov. from Yuexi and Huoshan, Anhui Province. Panorpa wrightae Cheng, 1957 from Mount Mogan, Zhejiang Province is considered to be a junior subjective synonym of Panorpa mokansana Cheng, 1957 from the same locality. Panorpa mokansana Cheng, 1957 is redescribed and illustrated in detail. A key to species of Panorpa from eastern China is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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On 13 November 2015, a disastrous rockslide-debris avalanche occurred in the Lidong village of Liandou District, Lishui City (south-western Zhejiang, China), which overwhelmed 27 houses and killed 38 people in the village. The geological survey on the slope revealed that prior to this incident, a rupture zone existed between the highly weathered volcanic rock and the underlying weathered volcanic rock in this slope. The rupture zone has dip direction coinciding with the slope aspect and some of the existing cracks in the surface are likely extended from the surface to the rupture zone. This study summarizes the past history and main characteristics of the landslide, simulates the correlation between the safety factor of the slope and the rainfall level using a physically based triggering model, and analyses the distribution of the effective antecedent rainfall that influences landslide occurrence, showing that the landslide on 13 November 2015 was triggered by the very low intraday rainfall and the 15-day antecedent rainfall. The results demonstrate that for a potential unstable slope with increasingly wet antecedent conditions, very low daily rainfall may be able to trigger landslides on a given day, which is important for improving landslide warning systems based on the rainfall-landslide relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new Stenus species of the cirrus group collected from Zhejiang Province, East China, are described, S. wuyanlingus Liu, Tang & Luo, sp. n., S. yuyimingi Liu, Tang & Luo, sp. n. and a new distributional locality for S. ovalis Tang, Li & Zhao, 2005 was discovered. The diagnostic characters of the new species are illustrated, and a key to species of the group from Zhejiang Province is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carex tenuirostrata, a new species of C. sect. Confertiflorae, is described from Pingyang and Putuo counties of Zhejiang province, China. It is morphologically similar to C. pseudodispalata, but differs in its androgynous lateral spikes; distended perigynia attenuately contracted into a short beak at the apex; ellipsoid-obovoid achenes contracted into a slender beak at the apex; and long-sheathed lower bracts. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs of the achenes of the new species and C. pseudodispalata are provided for comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between agricultural taxation and production efficiency has been thoroughly explored for many countries. Recently, China has taken various measures including the rural taxation reform (RTR) to promote grain production and to increase farmer incomes. In this study, we investigate whether the Chinese policy of abolishing rural taxation has improved farm households' incomes and affected their production decisions. Using household survey data obtained from three regions in China, we estimate the effect of the RTR on farmers' income. Results show that the RTR has significantly improved farmers' post-tax net income by 9.2% in Shandong, 16.9% in Shanxi and 16.8% in Zhejiang. These increments, mostly from farm income rather than from off-farm income, are much higher than the direct income increase from the tax savings. In addition, we examine the dynamic impact of farmers' net income, and find that the RTR has a sustained positive income effect in Shandong and Shanxi, whereas its positive effect in Zhejiang appears temporary. We also examine farmers' production responses to the RTR. Results show that farmers in the three regions respond in different ways: farmers in Shandong significantly increase their labour input, farmers in Zhejiang increase intermediate inputs, whereas Shanxi farmers augment their intermediate inputs and enlarge their crop acreage. It appears that the farmers' responses to the taxation reform vary due to the agronomic and economic factors in these three regions, suggesting that diverse post-RTR supplemental policies should be implemented in different regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two Chinese species, Crossodonthina hainana Xiong et al., 2005 and C. tiantongshana Xiong et al., 2005, are redescribed in detail on the basis of reexamining the types and other specimens collected from the type locality during the present study. More characters are described and figured, such as the labrum, labium, antenna, leg and ventral chaetotaxy of abdominal segments I-VI. Corrections are made to the original description and figures on mandible, maxilla, macrosetal structure, body dorsal tubercles and chaetotaxy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides information on a study on a vertical zoning model of fluorite ore-bodies in Zhejiang Province, China. Genetic characteristics of fluorite deposits; Forming mechanism of vertical zoning of ore-bodies; Conclusion.