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To ascertain the saying "Everything is everywhere, but the environment selects", it was imperative to find out the main factor influencing bacterioplankton composition at genus level of Kongsfjorden where was influenced both by glacier melting water and Atlantic water. Thus, bacterioplankton diversity was investigated using pyrosequencing. In addition, nutrients, chlorophyll a, in situ temperature and salinity were measured. There were seventeen of 33 identified genera with relative abundance > 0.1%. Redundancy analysis showed that 73.02% of bacterioplankton community variance could be explained by environmental parameters. Furthermore, most of the abundant genera demonstrated significant correlation with environment parameters revealed by correlation analysis. Moreover, phosphate, nitrate and Chl a concentration, and the abundance of top nine identified genera varied with water mass significantly as shown by analysis of variance. Our results supported the notion that environmental factors, especially water mass had significant effect on bacterioplankton distribution at genus level. Considering the high sensitivity to environmental change and low error rate in identification, bacterioplankton at genus level could be potential bio-markers for monitoring environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Picophytoplankton are important primary producers in oligotrophic waters and sensitive to environmental changes. However, little is known about their ecophysiology in the northern Bering Sea with complex water masses. The distribution of picophytoplankton with their optical physiological features and physicochemical characteristics as well as water masses were investigated on the northern Bering Sea Shelf during the summer of 2008. Flow cytometry and statistical analysis including Pearson correlation analysis and cluster analysis were the main methods used. Synechococcus and picoeukaryotes were the primary existing picophytoplankton assemblages, with their respective abundances ranging from 0 to 2.69 × 10 and 0.47 × 10 to 13.20 × 10 cells l and peaking at water depths of 10-30 m with surface light levels of 30-50 %. Larger Synechococcus cells contained larger amounts of chlorophyll a (Chl a) and phycoerythrin. Low temperature, high nutrient concentrations and a high N/P value (>7) might limit cell abundance of picoeukaryotes, as shown by their close relationships. With an increase of temperature and oligotrophic freshwater input, smaller picophytoplankton would thrive and the cellular Chl a (Chl a/cell) increase with higher contribution to total Chl a. Seven water types with different physicochemical and biological characteristics were differentiated using the mini-ecosystem (a descriptor of a composite of parameters defining a composite water type community, including temperature, salinity, macronutrients and community abundance of picophytoplankton) as an indicator. They are Alaska Coastal Water, Bering Shelf Surface Water, 20-40 m of Bering Shelf Water, Bering Shelf Cold Water, Anadyr Water, Anadyr-Bering Shelf Water (Bering Sea Water) and Cold Pool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kongsfjorden is a small Arctic fjord but with great hydrographic complexity and has changed greatly due to the climate change. Arctic warming has increased melts of sea ice and glaciers that results in higher freshwater content. Microbial community variability and increasing terrestrial input were detected continuously in recent years ITag eukaryotic 18S rRNA V4 metabarcoding, photosynthetic pigments analysis and epifluorescence microscopy were used to reveal the dominant species of small eukaryotic community (<20 μm). Both Spearman correlation and redundant analysis were used to study the correlation between the small eukaryotes and the environmental conditions. In the present study, the surface water with salinity lower than 34 was thicker than in summers of previous years. The freshwater mixotrophic chrysophyte Poterioochromonas malhamensis was found for the first time as the dominant species. No general trends were found for the contributions of P. malhamensis to the total reads of small eukaryotes in water depths; and no obvious differences were found at different stations and water masses. Phagotrophy, which is more common than phototrophy at all times in P. malhamensis, is thought to be the main reason for the prevalence of P. malhamensis in Kongsfjorden. The occurrence of P. malhamensis induced a disorder in the small eukaryotic community, which biodiversity and composition showed weak correlation with the water masses. The dominance of the freshwater-originating phytoplankton may indicate an ecosystem change in the Kongsjforden, which probably might become more remarkable in the future as the climate continues to change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The two pathways of Pacific water on the eastern Chukchi shelf are investigated. • In the mean, mass is balanced for both pathways outside of upwelling periods. • The seasonal signal diminishes to the north, where an ice-melt signature is dominant. • Mesoscale variability of the two pathways is diagnosed in the southern Chukchi Sea. The flow of Pacific-origin water across the Chukchi Sea shelf impacts the regional ecosystem in profound ways, yet the two current branches on the eastern shelf that carry the water from Bering Strait to Barrow Canyon – the Alaskan Coastal Current (ACC) and Central Channel (CC) Branch – have not been clearly distinguished or quantified. In this study we use an extensive collection of repeat hydrographic sections occupied at three locations on the Chukchi shelf, together with data from a climatology of shipboard velocity data, to accomplish this. The data were collected predominantly between 2010 and 2020 during the warm months of the year as part of the Distributed Biological Observatory and Arctic Observing Network. The mean sections show that mass is balanced for both currents at the three locations: Bering Strait, Point Hope, and Barrow Canyon. The overall mean ACC transport is 0.34 ± 0.04 Sv, and that of the CC Branch is 0.86 ± 0.11 Sv. The dominant hydrographic variability at Bering Strait is seasonal, but this becomes less evident to the north. At Barrow Canyon, the dominant hydrographic signal is associated with year-to-year variations in sea-ice melt. Farther south there is pronounced mesoscale variability: an empirical orthogonal function analysis at Bering Strait and Point Hope reveals a distinct ACC mode and CC Branch mode in hydrography and baroclinic transport, where the former is wind-driven. Finally, the northward evolution in properties of the two currents is investigated. The poleward increase in salinity of the ACC can be explained by lateral mixing alone, but solar heating together with wind mixing play a large role in the temperature evolution. This same atmospheric forcing also impacts the northward evolution of the CC Branch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-four repeat hydrographic transects occupied across Barrow Canyon from 2010 to 2013 are used to study the seasonal evolution of water masses in the canyon from July–October as well as the occurrence of upwelling. The mean sections revealed that the Alaskan coastal water is mainly confined to the eastern flank of the canyon, corresponding to a region of sloped isopycnals indicative of the surface-intensified Alaskan Coastal Current which advects the water. The Pacific-origin winter water is found at depth, banked against the western flank of the canyon. Its isopycnal structure is consistent with a bottom-intensified flow of this dense water mass out of the canyon. For the months that were sampled, the Alaskan coastal water is most prevalent in August and September, while the coldest winter water is observed in the month of August. It is argued that this newly ventilated winter water is delivered to the canyon via pathways on the central Chukchi Shelf, as opposed to the coastal pathway. Roughly a third of the hydrographic sections were preceded by significant up-canyon winds and hence were deemed to be under the influence of upwelling. During these periods, anomalously salty water is found throughout the eastern flank of the canyon, and, on occasion, Atlantic water fills the deepest part of the section. Using atmospheric reanalysis data, it is shown that upwelling occurs when the Beaufort High is strengthened and the Aleutian Low is deepened. Two modes of storm tracks were identified: northward progressing storms (mode 1) and eastward progressing storms (mode 2), both of which can drive upwelling. Mode 1 is prevalent in July–August, while mode 2 is more common in September–October. These seasonal patterns appear to be dictated by regional variations in blocking highs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the planktonic ciliate importance in the microzooplankton compartment, their full-depth vertical distribution in the Arctic Ocean was poorly documented as well as the related variations in different water masses. The full-depth community structure of planktonic ciliates was investigated in the Arctic Ocean during summer 2021. The ciliate abundance and biomass decreased rapidly from 200 m to bottom. Five water masses were identified throughout the water column and each one exhibited a unique ciliate community structure. Aloricate ciliates were singled out as the dominant group with average abundance proportion to total ciliates at each depth >95%. Large (>30 μm) and small (10–20 μm) size-fractions of aloricate ciliates were abundant in shallow and deep waters, respectively, which revealed an anti-phase relationship in vertical distribution. Three new record tintinnid species were found during this survey. Pacific-origin species Salpingella sp.1 and Arctic endemic species Ptychocylis urnula occupied the top abundance proportion in the Pacific Summer Water (44.7%) and three water masses (≥38.7%, Mixed Layer Water, Remnant Winter Water, Atlantic-origin Water), respectively. The habitat suitability of tintinnid abundant species was characterised by the Bio-index revealing a distinct death-zone for each species. Variations in survival habitat of abundant tintinnids can be regarded as indicators for the future Arctic climate change. These results provide fundamental data on the microzooplankton response to the intrusion of Pacific waters into the Arctic Ocean upon its rapid warming. [Display omitted] • Full-depth vertical distribution of ciliates was analysed in the Arctic Ocean. • Aloricate ciliates were more abundant than tintinnids. • Each water mass had unique ciliate community structure. • A novel bio-index for tintinnid survival habitat can be regarded as indicator for Arctic Warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Flow cytometry (FCM) is efficient in detecting both abundance and optical physiological parameters including cell size and cellular carbon content—side scatter (SSC), carotenoids—green and orange fluorescence (FL1 and FL2), and red fluorescence—chlorophylls (FL3) can be obtained by FCM. The utilization of these physiological parameters in indicating water masses in Prydz Bay was investigated for the first time. Picophytoplankton were very sensitive to hydrophysical changes and present distinct characteristics of water masses: Picophytoplankton in water closer to the Amery Ice Shelf were more affected by salinity than by temperature, while temperature became more important than salinity the nearer the picophytoplankton were to the deep sea. The picophytoplankton dealt with declines in light by increasing the size of cells, which increase the fixation of carbon. This can also be increased by high temperature and salinity. Pure water masses can increase the content of chlorophylls and cellular carbon. Generally, the distributions of all the five parameters at upper water depths were less affected by temperature and salinity than by water masses; and these parameters can be as indicators to Summer Surface Water (SSW), Winter Water (WW) and Continental Shelf Water (CSW). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]