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This study examines the influence of the reduction in value-added tax (VAT) rates in China during 2018 and 2019 on corporate financialization. By employing a difference-in-differences model and utilizing data from Chinese A-share listed companies between 2017 and 2020, we assess the effects of tax reduction policies. Moreover, it achieves this outcome through three main pathways: alleviating financing constraints, boosting fixed asset investment, and weakening corporate financial arbitrage motives. Further analysis demonstrates that the inhibitory effect of VAT rate reduction on corporate financialization is more pronounced for non-manufacturing companies, businesses reliant on the basic tax rate as their primary revenue source, companies with low intermediate input rates, and those with a strong ability to shift the tax burden. Additionally, debt financing costs play a crucial role in moderating the relationship between tax reduction policies and corporate financialization. The conclusions drawn from this study provide valuable empirical evidence that can contribute to the refinement of VAT reduction policies and the prevention and resolution of financialization at the micro-level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent changes in the national events have generated the need to increase tax collection, this in order to subsidize public policies that allow us to face the social, sanitary and economic crisis that currently affects our country. The purpose of this investigation is to analyze what is the effect that the elimination and/or modification of exemptions such as the DFL.2 and the Value Added Tax would produce in the services at the level of tax collection, considering the age of these benefits and the amount of taxpayers who choose to use it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine the importance of government incentives and supports for technology development zones (TDZ) for businesses operating in these regions and the effect of businesses on their preferences to operate in these regions. For this purpose, a questionnaire was applied to 47 of the 57 companies operating in Cumhuriyet Teknokent. Within the scope of the research, with the questionnaire form which includes questions in three different categories: "Descriptive information", "Elements affecting the operation in Technology Development Zones" and "Thoughts on incentives and supports provided to Technology Development Zones"; The opinions of the participants, whether they are academics or not, male or female, and those who operate outside the Technology Development Zones or not, were compared and significant differences were determined. In addition, the most important support factor that reduces the costs of most of the participants is Value Added Tax (VAT) exemption, the most important advantage of incentive policies is that they reveal new investment ideas, the most important factor affecting opening a company in Technology Development Zones is the support and incentives provided, incentives and supports reduce the tax burden. It has been determined that they facilitates investment and reduces the need for capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article conducts an empirical study of the processes of formation and fiscal redistribution of value added in the chain of the Ukrainian market of grain and bread products. Structural and financial imbalances in the chain, the share of each link in the formation of market value added and tax revenues are identified. On the basis of interlink balance the comparative analysis of the main indicators of efficiency of links is carried out. It is established that the highest level of tax burden falls on the link of bread production, which has the lowest level of profitability of products in the chain and the highest complexity of value added. On the basis of European practices, measures of optimization of value added taxation in the grain chain, aimed at reducing structural and price imbalances in the market chain, are substantiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - This research was aimed at verifying the influence of the tax burden on the value added produced by publicly traded companies listed in Brazil Bolsa Balcão (B3). Design/methodology/approach - The study had a quantitative approach and the sample period was from 2010 to 2016. Given the complexity of the Brazilian tax burden - characterized by high tax rates and confusing legislation - and the importance of value added as an accounting metric with economic impact, this research relied on the public choice theory and the elasticity of taxable income to analyze the relationship between the level of tax burden and the process of wealth generation in Brazilian companies. Findings - The empirical evidence found in this study corroborates the theoretical understanding that the tax burden in Brazil exerts a negative influence on the value added produced by companies. Practical and Social implications - This conclusion is a relevant assessment for society as a whole, as it is necessary to protect and maximize companies' wealth-adding process, since it is the resources produced by companies that will be shared in the economy with society, whose development depends on the wealth creation process. Originality - The use of the added value produced as a metric of efficiency or saturation of the tax burden borne by companies in the Brazilian market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines whether government control of companies is a factor influencing tax aggressiveness, through a comparative analysis of these firms versus privately controlled companies listed on the BM&FBovespa. The analysis covers the period from 2009 through 2013 and aggressiveness is measured by three metrics: effective tax rate (ETR), book-tax difference (BTD) and tax burden disclosed in the statement of value added, which we call the tax rate on added value (TRAV). The results of the regressions confirm the main hypothesis regarding taxation of profit and also of gross revenue, because government-controlled corporations had significantly higher ETR and TRAV, indicating less tax aggressiveness. Although the result for BTD was not conclusive to indicate the aggressiveness profile, based on the other two variables, it can be stated that shareholding control by the government is a factor determining lower tax aggressiveness in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxes on unhealthy foods and sweetened beverages, as well as subsidies to healthy foods, have become increasingly popular strategies to curb obesity and related non-communicable diseases. The existing evidence on the welfare effects of such fiscal policies is mixed and almost uniquely focused on tax schemes. Using the 2016-2017 Chilean Household Budget Survey, we estimate a censored Exact Affine Stone Index (EASI) incomplete demand system and simulate changes in purchases, tax incidence, and consumer welfare of three different policy scenarios: (1) a 5 percentage point additional tax on sweetened beverages (currently taxed at 18%) and a new 18% tax on sweets and snacks, (2) a healthy subsidy by zero-rating fruits and vegetables from the current 19% value-added tax, and (3) a combined (tax plus subsidy) policy. Under full pass-through of these policies, the combined scheme captures the incentives to switch purchases from both single-policy alternatives, resulting in a net welfare gain and subsidy transfer for the average Chilean household. In terms of welfare, low-income households strictly benefit from a combined policy, while high-income households experience a small consumer welfare loss, resulting in re-distributional effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restaurant services are one of the most demanded tourism products with high competition in terms of price and quality. However, the high incidence of labor taxes and value added tax directly impacts the final price of goods, forcing restaurants to operate in a shadow economy to keep their prices lower. The aim of the research is to assess how value added tax incidence is related to labor costs, specifically the impact of value added tax on restaurants, as one of the examples of a labor-intensive industry. The research concludes, that value added tax has a more negative impact on labor-intensive companies, because in-put value added tax (from purchased goods and services) is deducted proportionately less, as it is not charged and, therefore, deductible from labor costs. As a result, restaurants have a higher value added tax incidence than other less labor-intensive industries. The high value added tax incidence stimulates tax non-compliance and overall loss to the national economy. The research suggests that, in order to minimize the negative impact of value added tax incidence, a reduced value added tax rate may be applied to the final services provided by restaurants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fierce competition among county-level governments has substantially increased disparities in public service provision and housing markets across urban China. The role of the changing intracity administrative structure deserves scholarly, attention in this process. Building on an interdisciplinary literature of public choice and cadre promotion theory, we propose that interjurisdictional competition enlarges the intracity fiscal disparity under China's transitional administrative and fiscal systems. Results from fixed-effect panel data modeling confirm that cities with higher level of interjurisdictional competition are associated with higher intracity fiscal disparity. This study demonstrates how transition and decentralization of the centralized fiscal system have long-term, intended and unintended, impacts on fiscal inequality and urban stratification. With continuous urban sprawl, jurisdictional annexation, and large-scale urban-to-rural migration, our study suggests that policies attempting to equalize public service distribution within cities need to consider the administrative structure at the local and regional levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing concern about environmental protection have an impact on the fact that in some countries the differentiation of tax rates of value added tax make a positive effect on the implementation of environmental goals. Value added tax is a tax on consumption and is not considered as environmental tax. However the use of reduced rates of value added tax for those products which are less polluting and higher rates for their substitutes that have a greater pollution potential, a positive environmental impact can be made. This positive effect can be achieved by higher consumption of products which less pollute the environment, due to their lower prices because of lower tax burden. In this paper after the theoretical considerations of value added tax as an environmental instrument, will be analyzed the use of VAT as an instrument of environmental policy in the United Kingdom and Portugal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We estimate an AIDS for fresh meat in Germany. • We derive price and expenditure elasticities for households overall and by age and. income. • We assess ad valorem and excise tax scenarios to curb climate gas emissions. • Older households are more effected by meat taxes than young households. • Excise taxes are more efficient to reach carbon emission reductions This paper assesses the effect of different meat tax designs in Germany including increasing the value-added tax as well as two climate-gas-emission-sensitive excise tax scenarios. For the simulation study, we first estimate price and expenditure elasticities for fresh meat for different household types using data from the GfK ConsumerScan FreshFood panel over the period 2012–14. The estimated elasticities are used to derive budget and welfare effects for the tax scenarios. A general rise in the value-added tax from 7% to 19% leads to a welfare loss of 0.83 euros per household per month. Disentangling the effect by household group according to income and age shows that low-income and older households experience a higher welfare loss and bear a larger tax burden relative to their income compared to low-income and younger households, respectively. Comparing the different taxation scenarios highlights the comparative efficiency of excise taxes and the importance to consider effects on older households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article determines the transfer rate of tax burden to the buyers of agricultural products and food consumer in the most recent major change in the reduced rates of value added tax in the Czech Republic in late 2007 and 2008. At the same time, it identifies the size of the portion of the increased tax burden which agricultural producers and sellers of food carry, after the increase in the reduced rate of VAT in the Czech Republic. The possible future changes in this field are considered on the basis of determining the values of the distribution of the increased tax burden. It also includes the determination of the indicator of change in the selling prices of agricultural products and food in the increase of the reduced rate of VAT in the Czech Republic. In 2008, the buyers of agricultural products carried a considerable part of the increased tax burden and food buyers were burdened by significantly more than just b an increased tax burden of the reduced rate of the value added tax. The growth in prices of agricultural products in the given period corresponded to the growth of the tax burden. Food prices doubled compared to the increase in the tax burden. These results should be considered when planning future changes in the field of the rates of VAT in the Czech Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A decade ago, several Canadian provinces replaced the retail sales taxes with value-added taxes. This paper estimates the effects of this tax substitution on consumer prices in the reforming provinces. Consistent with theory, we find that the resulting effective tax-rate changes were shifted forward to consumers in most sectors of the economy. The overall effect on tax-inclusive consumer prices was small, albeit perhaps somewhat regressive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the way in which the Colombian Tax Code determines the taxable base of the value added tax (VAT). Our analysis shows that the Colombian legislation fails to exploit some of the theoretical advantages of the tax, as it induces cascading and distortions of input prices in production. We carry out a numerical simulation to illustrate the magnitude of these inefficiencies and show that while the Colombian VAT is clearly superior to a general sales tax, it is inferior to the theoretical implementation of the VAT. Additionally, we show that under a VAT applied across the board the Colombian and the theoretical implementation yield equal real tax revenues but different price level adjustments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]