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Background: Although high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and non-HDL cholesterol have opposite associations with coronary heart disease, multi-country reports of lipid trends only use total cholesterol (TC). Our aim was to compare trends in total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio in Asian and Western countries.Methods: We pooled 458 population-based studies with 82.1 million participants in 23 Asian and Western countries. We estimated changes in mean total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio by country, sex and age group.Results: Since ∼1980, mean TC increased in Asian countries. In Japan and South Korea, the TC rise was due to rising HDL cholesterol, which increased by up to 0.17 mmol/L per decade in Japanese women; in China, it was due to rising non-HDL cholesterol. TC declined in Western countries, except in Polish men. The decline was largest in Finland and Norway, at ∼0.4 mmol/L per decade. The decline in TC in most Western countries was the net effect of an increase in HDL cholesterol and a decline in non-HDL cholesterol, with the HDL cholesterol increase largest in New Zealand and Switzerland. Mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio declined in Japan, South Korea and most Western countries, by as much as ∼0.7 per decade in Swiss men (equivalent to ∼26% decline in coronary heart disease risk per decade). The ratio increased in China.Conclusions: HDL cholesterol has risen and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio has declined in many Western countries, Japan and South Korea, with only a weak correlation with changes in TC or non-HDL cholesterol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the current meta-analysis, we aimed to systematically review and summarize the eligible studies evaluating the association between dietary acid load in terms of potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net-endogenous acid production (NEAP) with anthropometric parameters and serum lipids in adult population. Methods: In a systematic search from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences and Cochrane electronic databases up to December 2018, relevant studies were included. Cross-sectional, case control or cohort studies evaluating the association between PRAL and NEAP with the mean values of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL, HDL), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and the prevalence of obesity were included. Results: According to our results, having higher dietary acid load content in terms of high PRAL scores was associated with higher triglyceride concentrations (weighted mean difference (WMD): 3.468; confidence interval (CI): -0.231, 7.166, P = 0.04) and higher obesity prevalence (30% and 27% in highest versus lowest categories). Accordingly, being in the highest category of NEAP was associated with higher prevalence of obesity (25% and 22% in highest versus lowest category). In subgroup analysis, higher PRAL scores was associated with higher BMI in women (WMD: 0.122; CI: -0.001, 0.245; P = 0.049) and higher NEAP in men (WMD: 0.890; CI: 0.430, 1.350; P < 0.001). There was no association between dietary acid load and other studied parameters. Conclusions: In the current meta-analysis, high dietary acid load content was associated with higher serum triglyceride concentrations and higher obesity prevalence. Reducing dietary acid load content might be a useful preventive strategy against obesity and metabolic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background There is limited information on differences in plasma lipid levels among the major ethnic groups in Europe. Objective We investigated ethnic differences in plasma lipid levels in a large multiethnic cohort and explored the contribution of obesity and other determinants to ethnic differences in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) levels. Methods We compared lipid profiles among 21,617 participants (aged 18 to 70 years) of Moroccan, Ghanaian, South Asian Surinamese, African Surinamese, Turkish and Dutch ethnic origin, living in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Fasting total cholesterol, HDL-C, and TG were measured while fasting. LDL-C was calculated using the Friedewald formula and corrected for lipid-lowering therapy. Results Mean LDL-C ranged from 2.84 ± 0.22 mmol/L in Moroccans to 3.13 ± 0.06 mmol/L in South Asian Surinamese participants. Mean HDL-C ranged from 1.30 ± 0.15 mmol/L in Turkish to 1.62 ± 0.10 mmol/L in Ghanaian participants. Mean TG ranged from 0.64 ± 1.18 mmol/L in Ghanaian to 1.00 ± 1.18 mmol/L in South Asian Surinamese and 1.00 ± 1.27 mmol/L in Turkish origin participants. The differences in LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG levels remained present after adjustment for age and sex. Differences between ethnic groups were significantly attenuated after adjustment for other determinants, including body mass index, diabetes and use of lipid-lowering drugs but remained significant. Conclusion Large ethnic differences exist in lipid components, especially HDL-C and TG levels with a higher HDL-C and lower TG levels among African (Ghanaian and Surinamese) origin participants and the most unfavorable lipid profiles among individuals of South Asian Surinamese and Turkish origin. Highlights • We investigated ethnic differences in lipid levels in a large multiethnic cohort • Ethnic differences in plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are relatively small • Plasma triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly differ between ethnic groups • We found higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lower triglyceride levels among African origin participants • South Asian Surinamese and Turkish had the most unfavorable lipid profiles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]