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Internet of Things (IoT) -based systems need to be up to date on cybersecurity threats. The security of IoT networks is challenged by software piracy and malware attacks, and much important information can be stolen and used for cybercrimes. This paper attempts to improve IoT cybersecurity by proposing a combined model based on deep learning to detect malware and software piracy across the IoT network. The malware’s model is based on Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs). Apart from this, TensorFlow Deep Neural Networks (TFDNNs) are introduced to detect software piracy threats according to source code plagiarism. The investigation is conducted on the Google Code Jam (GCJ) dataset. The conducted experiments prove that the classification performance achieves high accuracy of about 98%.

We study how the strength of public intellectual property rights (IPR) protection against software piracy (copyright protection) affects private IPR protection (that software developers may themselves undertake to protect their IPR). There are two software developers that offer a product variety of differing (exogenously given) quality and compete in prices for heterogeneous users, who make a choice whether to buy a legal version, use an illegal copy (if they can), or not use a product at all. Using an illegal version violates IPR and is thus punishable when disclosed. If a developer considers the level of piracy as high, he can introduce a form of physical protection for his software or digital product. The main aim of our analysis is to study how the level and the change of public IPR protection affect the pricing and IPR protection strategies of software developers. In particular, we are interested in establishing when the two forms of IPR protection (public and private) are complements to each other, when are they substitutes and when a change in public IPR has no impact on private IPR protection.

The negative effects of the usage of illegal software, especially in educational settings, concerns not only software developers but also educational institutions. This research papers investigated the factors contributing to the behavioral intention of Generation Z students' to comply with educational software anti-piracy laws. Using a framework that analyzes fear appeals, this research found that self-efficacy and response efficacy has a significant relationship with the behavioral intention of Generation Z's intention to comply with educational software anti-piracy laws. Several insights from practical and managerial perspectives are dis-cussed. Supporting the anti-piracy behavior will help the education field to be better in the future.

Innovation is often described as key factors of competitiveness, as the driving force of the economy or as the basis of growth. This may be somewhat exaggerated, but it must be admitted that there cannot be any scientific advances without innovations, both are somewhat synonymous and correlated by a causal link. However, a paradox lies behind this reasoning: property rights, measures to protect innovation and creativity and aims to encourage more innovations and creativity. However, do these protective become a shovel that serves to deepen the know-how gap between the South and the North? It is widely known that, only, those who pay have the right to educate themselves, while the less fortunate remain held hostage and forced and obliged to follow in order to survive. Indeed, some of the arguments put forward above are pure sophistry, but are often used either by the adepts of the Robin’s hood ideal or by the defenders of the sacrosanct right of property. This work aims to ascertain what, why and how not to respect the right to property, and notably software piracy, not to justify the practice, but to confront this phenomenon with the arguments of property rights and to demonstrate the selfishness and deception that lie behind the curtain of each camp, and subjecting them to the socio-cultural and economic realities of the developing countries, and demonstrate with concrete cases, that a consensus is possible

The IoT (Internet of Things) connect systems, applications, data storage, and services that may be a new gateway for cyber-attacks as they continuously offer services in the organization. Currently, software piracy and malware attacks are high risks to compromise the security of IoT. These threats may steal important information that causes economic and reputational damages. In this paper, we have proposed a combined deep learning approach to detect the pirated software and malware-infected files across the IoT network. The TensorFlow deep neural network is proposed to identify pirated software using source code plagiarism. The tokenization and weighting feature methods are used to filter the noisy data and further, to zoom the importance of each token in terms of source code plagiarism. Then, the deep learning approach is used to detect source code plagiarism. The dataset is collected from Google Code Jam (GCJ) to investigate software piracy. Apart from this, the deep convolutional neural network is used to detect malicious infections in IoT network through color image visualization. The malware samples are obtained from Maling dataset for experimentation. The experimental results indicate that the classification performance of the proposed solution to measure the cybersecurity threats in IoT are better than the state of the art methods.

This paper studies the determinants of software piracy losses along five major macro­economic dimensions: Technological, Educational, Institutional, Access to Information and Labor force. The study was conducted based on a large dataset available from 1995 to 2010 and comprising 81 countries. As for the Technological dimension, more patents by residents increases piracy losses while the effect of R&D is the opposite (decreases piracy losses). In terms of the Educational dimension, the results show that more spending on education increase the piracy losses but, at the same time, more schooling years have the contrary effect. Concerning the Institutional dimension, nations with less corruption have lower piracy levels. Regarding the Access to Information, it seems that access to Internet diminishes the losses while the share of Internet broadband subscriptions has no effect. The results also show that, regarding the Labor dimension, employment in services has a deterrent effect while labor force with higher education and youth unemployment increases piracy losses. First published online 20October 2015&nbsp

Software piracy Abstract This diploma thesis is focused on the topic of "Software piracy", especially with regard to the legal regulation of the Czech legal order, primarily to the regulation of the Act No. 121/200 Coll., on Copyright and Rights Related to Copyright and on Amendment to Certain Acts (the Copyright Act), as amended. The main goal of this diploma thesis is to describe in complexity the software piracy, its types and present the individual kinds of malware, with regard to the two possible approaches to the topic. Formally, the thesis is divided into eight chapters which are further divided into individual subchapters. The first chapter is devoted to a brief outline of the history and current trends in software piracy. The second chapter deals with the definition of the term software and describes the basic properties of computer programme. In the third chapter, individual areas of the legal protection of computer programmes are described, i.e. areas of international law, European law, and copyright, administrative and criminal law of the Czech Republic. There are also briefly presented some other forms of legal protection of software, such as contract-based protection or patent protection of software. The fourth chapter discusses the categorization of software with regard to the individual...

We develop a model to investigate the manner in which the pricing, profitability, and protection strategies of a seller of a proprietary digital good respond to changing market conditions. Specifically, we investigate how product piracy and the presence of open source software alternatives (such as Open Office) impact the optimal strategy of a seller of proprietary software (such as Microsoft Office). In contrast to previous literature, we show that firms may make more (rather than less) effort to control piracy when network externalities are strong. In addition, we show that the level of network externalities amplifies losses incurred by an incumbent due to high-quality pirated goods. Therefore, for products characterized by high network externalities (such as software), sellers need to try to maintain a large perceived quality gap between their product and illegal copies. Further, we demonstrate that the appearance of an OSS alternative leads the incumbent to reduce both price and the level of piracy control. Although high-quality pirated goods are detrimental to profits in the absence of OSS, they may actually limit the incumbent’s losses and the need to adjust price and protection strategies due to the introduction of an OSS alternative. Thus, an incumbent may find it easier to compete with OSS in the presence of product piracy. Finally, highly correlated intrinsic valuation between an incumbent and OSS products require smaller adjustments to price and piracy controls and leads to muted impact on incumbent profit.

Policy makers around the world recognize the potentially harmful consequences of trademark counterfeiting and copyright piracy. Indeed, many countries have recently initiated policy reforms to strengthen the enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPR). Further, minimum standards of enforcement have been incorporated in many international treaties, especially trade agreements. This emphasis on enforcement raises basic questions about the actual impacts of IP rights infringement, which differ across the types of IPR and economic sectors. The authors review the academic literature and other studies in the public domain to evaluate what has been learned about these socioeconomic effects, with an emphasis on developing countries where possible. They also identify important gaps in our understanding of the consequences of counterfeiting and piracy and develop recommendations on how governments might collect data and conduct studies to better inform IPR enforcement policy.

This study examines the efficiency of tools for fighting software piracy in the conditional distributions of software piracy. Our paper examines software piracy in 99 countries over the period 1994–2010, using contemporary and non-contemporary quantile regressions. The intuition for modelling distributions contingent on existing levels of software piracy is that the effectiveness of tools against piracy may consistently decrease or increase simultaneously with the increasing levels of software piracy. Hence, blanket policies against software piracy are unlikely to succeed unless they are contingent on initial levels of software piracy and tailored differently across countries with low, medium and high levels of software piracy. Our findings indicate that GDP per capita, research and development expenditure, main intellectual property laws, multilateral treaties, bilateral treaties, World Intellectual Property Organisation treaties, money supply and respect for the rule of law have negative effects on software piracy. Equitably distributed wealth reduces software piracy, and the tendency not to indulge in software piracy because of equitably distributed wealth increases with the increasing software piracy levels. Hence, the negative degree of responsiveness of software piracy to changes in income levels is an increasing function of software piracy. Moreover, the relationships between policy instruments and software piracy display various patterns: U-shape, Kuznets-shape, S-shape and negative thresholds. A negative threshold represents negative estimates with the increasing negative magnitude throughout the conditional distributions of software piracy. We also discuss the policy implications of our study.

The title of this diploma thesis: Copyright protection of computer programs The general purpose of this thesis is to describe the most important aspects of the legal protection of computer programs, particularly the aspects of copyright protection. In this thesis I describe the form in which a computer program is protected, the activities that are permitted by law in relation to a computer program and what activities constitute an unauthorised intereference with author's rights. In addition to the copyright regime I also briefly described patent protection of computer programs, since it recently was subject to heated discussions in Europe and we can anticipate further development in this matter in the future, especially with regard to the decision-making practice of the European Patent Office and possible legislative establishment of patent protection of software at EU level. I have analyzed the above mentioned aspects under the Czech law (in close relation to the law of EU) but also under the law of the USA. Therefore, another aim of this thesis was to compare the legal protection of software in the USA and in the Czech Republic (EU respectively). Finally, this thesis also describes the issue called "software piracy", i.e. illegal distribution and use of computer programs. More specifically, I...

We examine the effect of software piracy on medium term growth using cross-country data over 2000–2007. While the empirical literature has focused on identifying the causes of software piracy, our contribution is to examine its effects . Our findings suggest that software piracy reduces economic growth over the medium term but the relationship is non-linear – the rate of decrease in economic growth diminishes with piracy increase. This growth-reducing effect is especially pronounced in low income countries. Policy implications are discussed.

In the current efforts toward harmonizing intellectual property rights (IPRs) regimes in the African continent, this paper provides answers to four key questions relevant in the policy decision-making processes. After empirically examining the questions, the following findings are established. (1) In comparison to common law countries, civil law countries inherently have a significant autonomous rate of software piracy; consistent with the “law and property rights” theory. (2) But for IPRs laws, the other intellectual property (IP) protection channels (World Intellectual Property Organization treaties, main IP law, and multilateral treaties) reduce the incidence of software piracy. (3) In both short-run and long-term, IPRs protection channels in civil law countries appear to mitigate software piracy more than in common law countries. (4) Formal institutions are instrumental in the fight against software piracy through IPRs protection channels.

This article examines the influence of corruption on software piracy across countries. Drawing on a simple theoretical model and a large sample of countries for a recent time period, it addresses three key questions: (i) What are the key determinants of software piracy? ; (ii) How do nations with different piracy levels respond differently to factors that affect piracy, especially corruption? ; and (iii) Is there a two‐way causality between software piracy and corruption? It is demonstrated that corruption levels help explain variations in software piracy across countries, with higher levels of corruption correlating with higher levels of software piracy. However, the influences of different factors (including democracy, economic prosperity, market size and legal factors as well as corruption) are sensitive to prevailing levels of piracy, varying across countries with different piracy rates. Policy implications are discussed ; these findings suggest that anti‐piracy initiatives would need to be fine‐tuned to country context, such as existing piracy levels.

The design, manufacture, distribution, and sale of software constitutes a rapidly growing and remarkably lucrative global industry. Leaders of most software companies understand that intellectual property rights (IPR) typically are vital to competitive advantage and company success. Theft of intellectual property (IP) in the form of software piracy is brazen, extremely costly, lowers incentives to innovate, and threatens the very existence of some companies. IP theft, therefore, is a daunting challenge for managers of software firms. In this article, we make several contributions that should prove helpful to software designers, managers, responsible users, and broad stakeholders of software innovation and use—that is, almost all of us. In doing so, we provide an overview of international legal, ethical, economic, and systemic considerations, and we share an analysis of the drivers of consumer software piracy. We then discuss strategic considerations and introduce a decision-making typology, which may help legitimate companies to devise strategies and tactics to manage their software IP in the face of widespread piracy.