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Models for relationship between sampling effort and estimates of species number and other characteristics of species diversity are considered and evaluated. In the analysis, different randomization algorithms and other statistical methods of monitoring data processing are used including jackknife and bootstrap procedures, algorithms ICE and Chao2, Colwell-Mao interpolation model, Mikhaelis-Menten curves, and others. A comparative analysis of overall species richness in macrozoobenthic communities using streams of the Lower Volga basin as a case study is performed with the aid of different extrapolation models, and the resulting estimates are discussed. The relationships are analyzed between sampling effort (number of hydrobiological samples) and cumulative estimates of species richness and basic indices of species diversity. The means towards improvement of conclusions substantiation when ranking riverine communities by species diversity are considered.

This paper presents results of comprehensive studies of saline rivers in the arid Elton Lake region based on hydrobiological surveys of planktonic and bottom communities. Two tables representing the species structure of communities and produced on the basis of survey data collected on 13 river sites in 2013 and 2018, including data on the abundance of hydrobionts belonging to 94 different taxonomic groups of macrozoobenthos, meiobenthos, and zooplankton, have been compared. The co-inertia analysis has identified a high statistical consistency of the data matrices determined by objective spatial distribution patterns of aquatic organisms. A randomization test was applied to the Procrustean correlation coefficient, and it showed that the conjugacy of the two species structures in the space of latent variables is statistically significant (p = 0.00026). Concurrently, a change trend was noted for the taxonomic composition of some surveyed communities affected by dynamic abiotic factors. The relationship between the taxonomic structure of hydrobionts and the combination of 30 abiotic environmental factors measured in the course of the hydrobiological and hydrochemical monitoring of the studied river sites was analyzed. Using canonical correlation analysis and the technique of projection to latent structures, a complex of ordination diagrams has been produced permitting the identification of specific "environmental niches" for each species group, including certain sets of biotope characteristics. A significant mutual correlation between the planktonic and bottom communities has been established. This correlation indicates close interrelations between these communities determined both by biotic interactions and by mutually consistent reactions to changes in aquatic environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—Data on the status of summer phytoplankton of the Usa River and its tributaries are given. In total 184 taxa of algae with a rank lower than the genus from eight divisions were recorded in algal flora, with Bacillariophyta (43–57% of the composition) and Chlorophyta (23–47%) predominating in the rivers. The abundance range in algocenoses was 0.02–5.2 million cells/L; of biomass, 0.01–1.8 mg/L; the content of chlorophyll-a, was 0.01–3.1 μg/L. The ecological heterogeneity along the watercourse causes significant dynamics in the taxonomic composition, which is characterized by mosaic distribution in different areas, and changes in the quantitative structure of plankton communities. An increase in the species diversity, abundance, biomass, and chlorophyll-a concentration from the source to the mouth of rivers is noted. The ecotone effect in the zone of mixing and transformation of the waters of the lower reaches of the watercourses and Usinskii Bay of the Kuibyshev Reservoir is expressed in an increase in the diversity and amount of algae, an increase in the coenotic role of Cyanoprokaryota and planktonic green algae of the Chlorococcales order, which are dominant in Usinskii Bay. The influence of hydrological conditions, the content of nutrients, and the anthropogenic impact on the formation of algocenoses is discussed. The taxonomic composition, distribution, structural characteristics of algocenoses in the absence of nutrient limiting depend on hydrological factors, and biotopic heterogeneity of natural and anthropogenic origin have been studied, whereas their relation to the content of nutrients in eutrophic conditions has not been revealed. The Shannon species diversity index varied from 0.5 to 2.7 bits/specimen in the river algocenoses. The minimum values were noted on the upstream sections of the rivers; the complexity of the structure is typical for the algocenoses of the mixing zones of the waters of the upper part of Usinskii Bay and the mouths of the Muranka and Tisherek rivers, as well as for the communities of the sections of rivers with anthropogenic impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—A comparative analysis of the variability of the species structure of macrozoobenthos communities in small and medium rivers of the Middle and Lower Volga river basin has been carried out. The statistically significant influence of the natural climatic zone, where the watercourse is located, and manifestation of the latitudinal gradient of biodiversity are shown. A list of indicator species has been made for each geographical zone identified using different criteria of biotopical distribution. Based on the analysis, the indicator value (IndVal) index, which takes into account the zonal distribution of both the occurrence frequencies of a species and its abundance ratios, was recognized as the most adequate. Association rules that contain combinations of species that most frequently occur together in hydrobiological tests have been formulated using the Apriory algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematical aspects of predicting water quality class based on data of hydrobiological analysis with the use of pattern recognition are considered. A series of calculations of indicator valences of zoobenthos was performed using saprobic analysis by the M. Zelinka–P. Marvan method based on the occurrence of aquatic animals in different types of water bodies. Models using nonlinear optimization methods for the recognition of water quality classes by zoobenthos are proposed. Detailed comparative analysis is made for the results obtained from the observational data on small rivers in the Samara region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]