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Without fundamentally altering how humans generate and utilise energy, there is no effective strategy to safeguard the environment. The motivation behind this study was to analyse the effectiveness of renewable energy in addressing climate change, as it is one of the most pressing global issues. This study involved the analysis of panel data covering 138 nations over a 27 year period, from 1995 to 2021, making it the latest addition to the existing literature. We examined the extent of the impact of renewable energy on carbon dioxide over time using panel, linear, and non-linear regression approaches. The results of our analysis, revealed that the majority of countries with the exception of Canada, exhibited a downward trend, underscoring the potential of increasing renewable energy consumption as an effective method to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and combat climate change. Furthermore, to reduce emissions and combat climate change, it is advisable for nations with the highest carbon dioxide emissions to adopt and successfully transition to renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A variable-exponent taper equation was developed for jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) (Mill.)) trees grown in eastern Canada. The equation was derived from the dimensionally compatible taper equation. Stem analysis data from several of Forintek’s research projects on these tree species grown across eastern Canada were used to fit the taper equation, and the equation was then evaluated with independent data collected by Forintek and other organizations in eastern Canada.The taper equation presented in this paper was superior to the segmented polynomial, variable-exponent, and variable-form taper equations developed for different tree species in estimating diameters along the bole. Moreover, stand density or thinning effect on the taper of these tree species was examined, and the taper equation was modified in order to incorporate this effect. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A multi-scale hydroclimatic study of runoff generation in the Athabasca River watershed located in western Canada is presented. Mann-Kendall trend detection tests performed on hydrometric data for the lower Athabasca River (LAR) revealed predominantly significant ( p < 0.05) declines in annual and open-water season median/mean runoff indices over 1958-2009, with the ice-influenced season experiencing significant declines in the median and not the mean. The presence or absence of significant declines in the 25th and 75th runoff percentiles helped explain these results. The only noteworthy result from the mid-point of the watershed was a probable ( p < 0.10) decline in median open-water runoff, which was not seen over the 1913-2009 period. Divergent seasonal runoff trends from the headwater zone were seen since 1958 and back to 1913, increasing ice-influenced and declining open-water season runoff trends. Although precipitation was observed to decline over 1958-2009, only the LAR watershed scale annual index emerged as a probable decline. Multiple non-linear regression analysis indicated that variation in precipitation explained >67% of the annual median/mean LAR runoff variability since 1958. A first-order precipitation driven hindcasting model suggested that LAR watershed scale runoff may have increased since 1913, warranting further study. A correlation analysis of climatic teleconnections with median/mean runoff indices revealed that the winter North Pacific American index showed a strong, positive association with open-water runoff. The results from our study demonstrated that potentially inconsistent and/or divergent trend results can be obtained when using different time periods and/or regions of the watershed, emphasizing that extreme caution should be exercised when extrapolating sub-watershed results to the watershed scale, or to adjacent watersheds. Our multi-scale study approach also identified the drainage area between Athabasca and Fort McMurray as a zone that influenced runoff declines observed at the LAR watershed scale since 1958, which warrants further investigation with competent hydrological models. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Reproduced with the permission of the Ministry of the Environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]