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The paper purpose was to assess the impact of climate change on wheat, maize and sunflower yield in the period 2017-2021, using statistical data from National Institute of Statistics (NIS) and National Administration of Meteorology (NAM) and other sources. Comparison method was used to evaluate the deviations between the registered air temperatures and precipitations and the 1981-2010 climatological norm. Graphic method reflected the dynamics of monthly air temperatures and rainfalls in each year. Descriptive statistics for mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation reflected an more comprehensive image upon air temperature, precipitations and yield. Correlations and regression equations were used to establish the intensity of the kinks between climate factors and yield. The highest average air temperature In Romania was 12.130C in 2019. In the period 2017-2020, the average annual temperatures exceeded the climatological norm 1981-2010 accounting for 9.10C. The lowest rainfalls, 614.2 mm, were recorded in 2019, being below of 633.1 mm the norm for the period 1981-2010. The high temperatures associated with drought and low precipitations have deeply affected yield of many agricultural crops, including maize, wheat and sunflower. The highest wheat yield 4,888 kg/ha was achieved in 2017, and the lowest one, 2,966 kg/ha in 2020. Maize registered the highest performance of 7,644 kg/ha in 2018, and the lowest one, 3,977 kg/ha in 2020. Sunflower carried out the high performance 3,041 kg/ha in 2018, and the lowest one, 1,858 kg/ha in 2020. The worst agricultural years for these three crops was 2020, but 2017 favored wheat, while 2018 favored maize and sunflower. The correlation coefficient had in general small values between average temperature and yield, but a higher link with precipitations level. The multiple correlation between yield, air temperatures and precipitations was: r= 0.817 for wheat, r = 0.116 for maize and r = 0.504 for sunflower. In the South Eastern Dobrogea, the driest area in Romania, the rainfalls declined by 65% in the period 2018-2020 having a deep negative impact on sunflower seeds yield, which decreased from 4,282 kg/ha in 2018, to 1,503 kg/ha in 2020. The correlation between precipitations and sunflower yield positive and very strong (r = 0.737). As a conclusion, the climate conditions should be analyzed in each farm and farmers have to take measure to adapt the technologies for sustaining production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cereals are the most produced commodity worldwide, according to statistical data. Among the top ten countries in the list of the most important producers of corn and wheat respectively, as well as among the largest exporters of these categories of cereals, there are two countries located in the Black Sea basin, Ukraine and the Russian Federation. Other important competitors in the region were Romania and Turkey, who took 3rd or 4th place in corn or wheat production. At the same time, Romania occupied the 6th place in the ranking of corn exporters worldwide and 9th in that of wheat exporters in 2021. In addition to the four states mentioned before, in the paper, in the area related to the maritime basin, Armenia, Bulgaria, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Republic of Moldova and Greece were also included. The paper aimed to provide a coherent picture of competitiveness on the grain market, at the Black Sea basin level, and, at the same time, to highlight the position that Romania occupies in the economy of the area and in the world grain trade. For this purpose, the areas cultivated with corn and wheat were presented, as well as the productions obtained in the period 2015-2021 in the countries of the area related to the Black Sea basin, then the value imports and exports of corn and wheat that these countries recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For wheat and maize the yields and quality are affected by management practices, soil and climate conditions and genetic characteristics. The research was conducted between 2019 and 2021, in the experimental field of NARDI Fundulea and the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of agrotechnical measures and climatic conditions on the yield and quality of wheat and corn. The experiment involved four different soil works, using three maize hybrids (Iezer, Mostistea and F423) and three wheat varieties (Glosa, Izvor and Pitar) and three fertilized options. The hight productions and good quality of wheat and maize were maximized by applying the factors in associated variants. The results showed that the crops were very significantly affected by the conditions of the year as well as most of the interactions between the factors. The conservative tillages of the soil associated with the fertilization with manure have potentiated the genetic characteristics of the crop plant, raising the final quality of the production by 5-10%, depending on the variant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researches carried out in the long-term experimental fields of the agricultural research stations from Valu lui Traian, Turda and Lovrin (experiments started in 1967) and Teleorman and Secuieni (started in 1976 and 1975) highlighted that phosphorus fertilization in doses of 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg/ha led to statistically assured increases for wheat and maize production and to an increase in the level of soil supply with available phosphorus. Currently, in Romania 65.41% of the country's agricultural area are characterised by small, very small and extremely low values of soil available phosphorus content. The trend is worsening due to the low level of using phosphorus fertilizers (on average, between 2012-2019, 13 kg P/ha were applied, the deficit being 26.46 kg/ha). Therefore, it is required a minimum dose of phosphorus of 80 kg/ha, while over 120 kg P/ha are needed to ensure a better level of soil phosphorus content. Higher doses ensure not only higher yields but also better use of nitrogen-based fertilizers or nitrogen and potassiumbased fertilizers. In all long-term experiments (39-51 years) high doses of phosphorus (over 120 kg P/ha) led to an increase in soil phosphorus stock at a very high level of supply in all experimental stations. Every 100 kg P/ha increases annually the soil phosphorus content with 0.59-1.90 mg/kg. Long-term (39-51 years) fertilization with phosphorus, regardless of dose (up to 200 kg P/ha) did not lead to statistically assured increases of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn) content in soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In conditions of the modernization of agriculture, knowledge and management of the factors that can influence the production and quality are required. An important role belongs to the environmental factors and agrotechnical measures, which together with the genetic characteristics of the varieties or hybrids contribute to the variation of production and quality. The researches were performed during the 2015-2018, in the experimental field of NARDI Fundulea and aimed to study the influence of agrotechnical practices on the yields and quality of wheat and maize. The paper presents the results obtained in long term experiences with fertilizers and rotations, under non-irrigation condition. Yields and the quality is directly influenced by the fertilizers quantity and crop rotation. The results show that 4-year rotations and fertilization contribute with 20-50% to the increase of production and protein content increases with the nitrogen rate applied and less with phosphorus rate, but together (NP) have a significant effect for both wheat and maize. This percentage varied between 9.0-15.5% for wheat and 5.5-9.5% for maize depending on crop year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

70 maize samples and 42 wheat samples from Alba, Cluj and Timis counties were randomly collected in farms. The maize samples were analyzed for mycotic load and for zearalenone and ergosterol as fungal mass indicator. Following the mycological examination, there has been found a moderate mycotic charge with a number of 14 samples and intense mycotic load with 11 samples. The highest mycetes occurrence have belonged Fusarium, Rhisopus, Alternaria, Aspergillus genera. Ergosterol was detected with all samples with a maximum value of 72 mg/kg, zearalenone was found in 54% of the total of analyzed maize samples reaching values of up to 2250μg/kg, indicating a high degree of fungal contamination as well as a severe zearalenone contamination. The wheat samples were analyzed for 13 trichothecene toxins of the B-type as well as of the A-type. Deoxynivalenol was detected in the range of 21-3395 μg/kg, with a mean content of 576 μg/kg and a median content of 326 μg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]