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2. Speaking Trade, Aiming Beyond: Israel's Economic Relations with France and Britain before 1956.
- Author
-
Zouplna, Jan
- Subjects
MILITARY supplies ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,ECONOMIC development ,DIPLOMATIC history ,PRUDENCE - Abstract
Israel's relationship with the West during the first half of the 1950s was not a walk in the park. Economic relations fitted into this general picture. Both Britain and France were sceptical as far as Israel's potential was concerned. Their early prognoses tended to be quite gloomy. Simultaneously, economic relations provided a convenient communication channel at a time when overt association with the Jewish state was not desirable. The progress in Franco-Israeli economic ties during the years 1953-1955 illustrates this ambivalence in full. While prudence remained, the increase in bilateral trade managed to warrant the military supplies. Britain, constituting a traditional market, surpassed France as a trading partner. Given British political aloofness, the instrument of trade served primarily its immediate economic purpose. Based on archival sources gathered in all of the three countries, the paper traces the interplay of trade and diplomacy in the early years of Israel's foreign relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. DIMENSIONS OF NATIONALISM AND RELIGION IN FRANCE, POLAND AND THE UNITED KINGDOM: TOWARDS A RENEWED SYNCRETISM?
- Author
-
SAYEGH, PASCAL-YAN
- Subjects
NATIONALISM & religion ,SYNCRETISM (Religion) ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,PATRIOTISM - Abstract
In the past decades, we have witnessed the global re-emergence of the political meaning of both nationalism and religion. This paper explores contemporary fragments of this trend across three European countries: France, Poland and the United Kingdom. The discursive occurrences brought into the analysis are taken from state-centered political arenas as well as from more diffused or marginal sociological elements. While the approach is primarily set in the perspective of nationalism studies, the final aim of the paper is to nourish the reflection on the negotiations of political and social significations between religion and nationalism. To what extent are religious discourses inherent to the resurgence of nationalist discourses and social practices? Reversely, are nationalistic phenomena inherently religious in nature, hence favorable to combinations between religious and nationalist discursive elements? Are the contemporary dimensions of the relationship between religion and nationalism, such as those presented in this paper, tokens of a new (or renewed) syncretism of a reactionary grid of social significations? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
4. France, the North Atlantic Triangle and negotiation of the North Atlantic Treaty, 1948–1949: a Canadian perspective.
- Author
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Mackenzie, Hector
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,NATIONAL security ,COLD War, 1945-1991 ,DIPLOMACY ,TREATIES - Abstract
On the basis of a study of American, British and Canadian records, this article examines the relationship of France to the negotiation of the North Atlantic Treaty from the perspective of the ‘ABC’ countries, particularly Canada. How did the perceived vulnerability of France influence the approach of the members of the ‘North Atlantic Triangle’ to the justification, timing and contents of the proposed pact? How did France's inclusion in Western Union and its exclusion from the preliminary talks in the Pentagon affect American, British and Canadian attitudes to the development of the draft alternatively known as the ‘Pentagon Paper’ or the ‘State Department Draft’? These questions are addressed, as well as the impact on the later ambassadorial talks of France's priority to immediate rearmament and its determination to include the departments of Algeria within the defensive perimeter of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. Finally, the article assesses the extent to which France and its requirements influenced the policies and actions of the Canadian government throughout the negotiation of the North Atlantic Treaty. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Vattel, Britain and Peace in Europe.
- Author
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Whatmore, Richard
- Subjects
POLITICAL community ,POLITICAL doctrines ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,MONARCHY ,SOVEREIGNTY - Abstract
This paper underlines Vattel's commitment to maintaining the sovereignty of Europe's small states by enunciating the duties he deemed incumbent upon all political communities. Vattel took seriously the threat to Europe from a renascent France, willing to foster an equally aggressive Catholic imperialism justified by the need for religious unity. Preventing a French version of universal monarchy, Vattel recognised, entailed more than speculating about a Europe imagined as a single republic. Rather, Vattel believed that Britain had to be relied upon to prevent excessive French ambition, and to underwrite the independence of the continent's smaller sovereignties. Against those who saw Britain as another candidate for the domination of Europe, Vattel argued that Britain's commercial interests explained why it was a different kind of state to the great empires of the past. The paper goes on to consider the reception of Vattel's ideas after the Seven Years War. Although further research is required into readings of Vattel, especially in the smaller states of Europe in the later eighteenth century, the paper concludes that by the 1790s Vattel was being used to justify war to defeat the gargantuan imperialist projects of newly republican France, in order to maintain Europe itself, and the smaller states within it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Franco-British Security Cooperation and the Uncertain Fate of the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP).
- Author
-
Howorth, Jolyon
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *SECURITY management , *NATIONAL security , *GOVERNMENT policy , *INTERNATIONAL alliances - Abstract
This article assesses the reality of the contrasting perspectives on Alliance security arrangements in relation to the Franco-British relationship and its impact on the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) as of August 2003. Both France and Great Britain have elevated what was essentially a tactical approach to the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush into a grand strategic philosophy. In so doing, they appear--paradoxically--not only to have called into question the cohesiveness of the transatlantic relationship which both profess to believe in, but also to have compromised the vitality of the ESDP project which each sees as vital to Europe's future role in the world. The difference between France's notion of greater balance in the transatlantic relationship and Britain's notion of partnership is one of political semantics rather than of political principle. Each country aims to use the transatlantic relationship both to promote European interests and to influence U.S. policies in ways believed to foster a more just and stable world.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
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7. Entente Cordiale Redux: the impact of Brexit on British and French foreign and security policy.
- Author
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Hadfield, Amelia and Turner, Christian
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,BRITISH withdrawal from the European Union, 2016-2020 ,BILATERAL treaties ,BREXIT Referendum, 2016 ,BORDER security ,COOPERATION - Abstract
Brexit has been a game-changer for Britain, and its key partners. Strategic shifts as well as historic relations have impacted the UK's relationship with France in a number of unexpected ways. This article explores some of the key historical events that have caused both agreement and strife between the two states, looking at the bilateral treaties established to deepen cooperation on security and defence, specifically the Lancaster House agreements, and considers the series of intriguing accords and conventions that have arisen from the mid-1980s, as well as the logistical challenges of the shared border and juxtaposed border controls of Britain and France. Post-Brexit diplomatic forums in which Britain and France are joined by Germany are then explored, before assessing Britain's attempts to forge its new role in relation to long-standing commitments to France and an evolving relationship with the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. PARADIGMS OF EUROPEAN SECURITY IN THE FOREIGN POLICY OF FRANCE, GERMANY, AND GREAT BRITAIN (2014--2022).
- Author
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HRUBINKO, Andrii and BUHLAI, Nataliia
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL security ,POLITICAL participation ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,EUROPEAN integration ,WAR ,POLITICAL integration - Abstract
The purpose is to investigate the peculiarities of the formation and implementation of the European regional security concepts of France, Germany, and Great Britain in their comparison in the historical context of the foreign policy of these states with an emphasis on the period 2014--2022. The research methodology was formed by the principles of historicism, systematicity and impartiality, general scientific methods of logic, comparative analysis, and special historical methods (historiographical analysis, historical-systemic, chronology, historical-genetic, retrospective analysis, comparative-historical). The scientific novelty lies in the study of the implementation history of the theoretical approaches of France, Germany, and Great Britain to the European regional security policy in the context of the history of their foreign policy in a comparative dimension. The transformation of three national paradigms of European security in the context of changes in the system of modern international relations in the conditions of the Russo-Ukrainian war, which actually began in 2014, was traced. Particular attention is paid to the influence of these paradigms on Ukraine's international position and changes in the system of international relations and European security. Conclusions. Th roughout the entire history of European integration, each of the three leading states of Western Europe tried to realize leadership ambitions in regional politics in their own special way, compensating for the loss of global status. France, Germany, and Great Britain represent diff erent paradigms of foreign policy -- Eurocentric, Euro-Atlantic (intermediate), and Atlantic, respectively. Th roughout the development of the EU's security policy, France and Germany played the role of apologists and initiators of reforms, while Great Britain played the role of an antagonist of integration. The process of forming the EU's foreign and security policy was reduced to the search for a compromise, which led to its incompleteness. Diff erences in views on the European integration of political elites did not allow the three states to form an eff ective regional security core without the participation of the United States. Even in the studied period of 2014--2022, marked by a sharp aggravation of the crisis of the European security system, diff erences between Great Britain, France and Germany remained insurmountable regarding the current problems of international relations. Current events related to Ukraine and the mechanisms of their resolution were no exception. Although the large-scale aggression of Russia against Ukraine in 2022 contributed to the consolidation of the views and approaches of the politicians of the vast majority of Western states regarding the need to review the system of regional policy and oppose Russian aggression, the Russo-Ukrai nian war illustrates the problems of preserving the conflictual nature of the interaction of existing European security paradigms and leaves open the question of the possibility of forming a new, eff ective comprehensive system of regional security in the short term without a final answer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. “A Genuine and Energetic League of Nations Policy”: Lord Curzon and the New Diplomacy, 1918-1925.
- Author
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Yearwood, Peter
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation ,WORLD War I peace ,PARIS Peace Conference (1919-1920) ,BRITISH foreign relations ,REIGN of George V, Great Britain, 1910-1936 - Abstract
At the end of April 1922, S.P. Waterlow of the Central Department of the Foreign Office, which dealt with Franco-German relations and European security, put up a memorandum. This claimed: “Except on paper and as an expedient for minor purposes or an escape for some dilemma, we have not taken the League [of Nations] seriously.” It contrasted London's indifference with the active use which Paris was making of the League, asserted that “the objects of British policy and those of the League are broadly speaking identical,” and urged: “let us institute a genuine and energetic League of Nations policy.” This recommendation was strongly endorsed by the Assistant Under-Secretary, Sir William Tyrrell, who believed that such a policy would secure almost universal popular support for co-operation with France, and he proposed making a joint declaration that for the purpose of maintaining the frontiers created by the Treaty of Versailles: “the two countries would place at the disposal of the League all their resources for the enforcement of its decisions.”1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. The Impact of Islamic Populations on Security and Foreign Policy in France and Britain?
- Author
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Schain, Martin
- Subjects
- *
ISLAM , *ETHNIC groups , *INTERNATIONAL security , *INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
France and Britain have the largest ethnic Islamic populations in Europe. Scholarly literature has generally focused on questions of integration, the success or failure of integrating these populations, and political reactions to their presence. This paper will focus on another, less researched question: the impact of Islamic populations on security and foreign policy. Journalists and some scholars have noted that the presence of large ethnic populations of Islamic origin has been seen by state authorities as security problem, and has had an important influence on how security is organized and pursued. The presence of these populations creates the perception of a security threat (especially in the post 9-11 world), and therefore helps to create? directly or indirectly? repressive anti-immigrant policies. On the other hand, it has also been argued that these same populations have had an important impact on foreign policy, particularly in the Middle East, in part because of their electoral clout, in part because of fear of unrest. If the first argument tends to see Islamic populations as objects of politics; the second sees them also as actors and participants. This paper will compare the process of security and foreign policy in France and Britain, and the ways that Islamic groups influence this process (a) by the ways that policy-makers understand the importance of their presence; and (b) by organized attempts to assert their presence through political institutions. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
11. Speaking to a Wider Audience? Transnational Foreign Policy Speaking in UK and France in the Early 20th Century.
- Author
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Bertelsen, Rasmus
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *POLICY sciences , *GOVERNMENT policy ,BRITISH foreign relations ,FRENCH foreign relations - Abstract
?Dans un débat comme celui-ci, n'oublions pas que nous avons comme auditeurs tous les pays civilisés,' [In such a debate, let us not forget that we have all civilised countries as audience] President of the French Chambre des députés, 15.12.1922.Before electronic mass media, parliamentary debate and reporting of it played a central role in political communication and the development of national democratic public spheres. However, to what extent did parliamentary debates inter connect on a European wide level?This paper explores foreign policy parliamentary debating and speaking as means of transnational elite communication and to what extent foreign policy decision makers used national parliamentary debates and speeches consciously to communicate with a wider, European audience. It focuses on communication between foreign policy decision makers in governments, parliaments, diplomacy and military in Britain, France and to some extent Germany.This is done through a comparative study of four British and French statesmen, Aristide Briand, Austen Chamberlain, Winston Churchill and Raymond Poincaré for the first three to four decades of the 20th century. The paper discusses the search for coordination and good or bad faith concerning Anglo-French alliance policy and Franco-German rapprochement and reconciliation. It examines to what extent these elite foreign policy decision makers were aware of parliamentary debates in allied and adversary countries and influenced by the content of these debates. Equally it investigates whether the case persons sought to communicate with outside governments and parliaments from their own platform. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
12. The International Politics of the Louisiana Purchase.
- Author
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Elman, Colin
- Subjects
- *
PUBLIC land sales , *BALANCE of power , *INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
This paper analyzes the French sale of Louisiana in 1803, a transaction that doubled the size of the United States, and arguably represents the moment at which regional dominance by the Americans became almost inevitable. France’s assistance in creating a regional hegemon seems to contradict balance of power theory in general, and Mearsheimer’s regional-centric version in particular. Realists cannot counter that the result was unforeseen. Napoleon recognized that he had turned America into a great nation, and he argued that if in centuries to come America’s power came to dominate Europe, that was a problem for posterity. Two alternative balance of power hypotheses are also considered: (a) the French would have lost the colony immediately war broke out anyway, and by selling they conciliated the Americans and gained millions of dollars; and (b) a strong American navy would be a counterweight to the British fleet. These arguments are unsatisfactory, since (a) this was a war the French expected to win, in which case they could confidently anticipate the return of the conquered colony; and (b) by transferring Louisiana the French turned America’s attention to the West and the task of consolidating the continent, thus delaying their transition into a naval power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
13. Urban Power, International Networks and Competition: The Example of Cross-border Cooperation.
- Author
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Church, Andrew and Reid, Peter
- Subjects
LOCAL government ,BRITISH foreign relations ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
The involvement of urban and regional governments in transnational cooperative arrangements and policy networks has led to considerable debate regarding the political and theoretical implications. This paper examines networking and cooperation between urban areas and regions in the UK and France with a shared sea border. Such cross-border cooperation involving local authorities in Europe is a growing phenomenon and has certain implications for the analysis of local and urban politics. Three study areas are examined in detail: the Transmanche region involving Kent County Council and the French region Nord-Pas-de-Calais; the Transmanche Metropole which includes Southampton, Portsmouth, Bournemouth and Poole in Britain and Caen, Rouen and Le Havre in France; the cooperative initiative between the English county of East Sussex and the French de partements of Somme and Seine-Maritime. In all three case studies, the development of cooperation has been influenced by the availability of funds from the European Union Interreg programme which supports transfrontier networking. A number of political consequences of cross-border cooperation are identified. The implications of these policy initiatives for theories of urban politics are considered, including a discussion of the political and economic construction of competition and cooperation between cities and regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
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14. Multicultural Foreign Policy? A Comparative Study of Britain, Denmark, France and Sweden.
- Author
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Aggestam, Lisbeth
- Subjects
- *
MULTICULTURALISM , *INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
This paper explores theoretically and empirically how multiculturalism and foreign policy are interlinked. In a number of European countries, domestic debates about multiculturalism have rapidly become not only politicized in terms of a contestation over ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
15. The Transatlantic Divide over Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and its Impact on Canadaâs National Unity.
- Author
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Massie, Justin
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *ARMED Forces , *INTERNATIONAL relations & culture , *NATIONAL character , *POLITICAL science - Abstract
Could a growing transatlantic rift between France, the United States and the United Kingdom regarding the use of military force outside Europe propel the political break-up of Canada? Scholars have posited a direct link between Canadaâs binational (French and English) composition and its Atlanticist grand strategy. Two cultural hypotheses account for this link. First, Canadaâs socio-demographic composition, mainly populated by immigrants from France and the United Kingdom during the 18th and 19th centuries, has fostered a sense of collective identity between Francophone and Anglophone Canadians and their respective countries of ethnic origin. Combined with its inevitable North American geographical location next to the United States, these socio-historical backgrounds help explain Canadaâs attachment to a quadrilateral Atlanticism. Second, Franceâs strong influence over Québécoisâ attitudes regarding the use of force, and a similar Anglo-American sway over English Canadians, further explain the prevalence of this Atlanticist grand strategy since the second half of the 20th century. The institutionalization of these relationships within NATO and the UN Security Council, moreover, have entrenched a multilateralist strategic culture in Canada, which sought, with the establishment of these international institutions, to reduce to a minimum the potential for division within Canadaâs three ânaturalâ allies. A significant transatlantic split could spark divisive debates between Canadaâs two âfounding nations,â and worst, lead to the political break-up of the country. National unity imperatives, in other words, motivated the Canadian federal government to adopt a moderate, consensus-seeking multilateral strategy.This paper empirically tests these two cultural hypotheses from a reverse angle. It examines whether the varying threat perceptions between France, the United States, and the United Kingdom surrounding the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan could generate a national unity crisis in Canada along ethno-cultural lines. Evidence reveals the existence of diverging strategic subcultures within Canada -- in Québec, Alberta, and to some extent in Atlantic Canada -- which could be politically mobilized to further advance separatists political movements, but have yet failed to do so, even in Québec. These regional divides within Canada nevertheless illustrate the potentially disruptive nature of the allegedly growing transatlantic gap between France and the United Statesâ regarding the use of force. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
16. New Dynamics of the Development Aid Regime.
- Author
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Hook, Steven
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL economic assistance , *INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
This paper reviews the current global context of foreign aid,particularly the distribution of development aid among the primary national donors -- the United States, Japan, Germany, Great Britain, and France. The chapter examines the stated objectives of these programs and the link between foreign aid and very differing foreign-policy agendas. A central assumption is that foreign aid is a reflection of donors' broader objectives in world politics. By examining both the quantity and "quality"of current aid programs, we gain a better comparative grasp of the global ambitions of the world's major industrial powers. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
17. Globalization, Room to Maneuver Constraints and Vote Choice.
- Author
-
Hellwig, Timothy
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMIC history , *GLOBALIZATION , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *ECONOMIC policy , *INTERNATIONAL markets - Abstract
Paper argues that voters respond to globalization by reducing the weight assigned to economic considerations and, to compensate, by increasing the weight assigned to non-economic issues. Analyses of British and French data support the argument. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
18. The European Security and Defence Policy: Preserve of a Franco-German-British Directorate?
- Author
-
Major, Claudia
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL security , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *MILITARY policy , *MILITARY readiness - Abstract
This paper deals with the influence of France, Germany and the UK, the main political, economic and military players in the EU, on the development of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). Is ESDP the ?preserve? of these large member states rather than a blend of European conceptions? What does it for ESDP development? Undeniably, the intergovernmental decision making structures of ESDP predispose it to the influences of larger states. French, German and British commitment certainly provided a defining input for ESDP creation in 1999 and its spectacular progress since. Moreover, given their military, political and economic weight, an ESDP without any of these states seems highly implausible and would lack genuine credibility. However, different starting points and historical predispositions (such as founding members versus ?late comer?, transatlanticists versus Europeanists, attitudes to the use of force) for a long time hindered co-operation in this area and do not predispose these countries towards forming a unified directorate in ESDP. Hence, on what common denominator does ESDP co-operation build? Do the ?big three? exercise particular forms of influence? Through what mechanisms does the ESDP work? Might a particular leadership role be vital for ESDP?s development, preventing it from becoming a ?toothless tiger?? These questions will be addressed through an analysis of the creation of the European Security Strategy. Building upon a framework informed by Europeanisation, British, German and French influences will be assessed, followed by an analysis of the conditions, mechanisms and instruments of projecting national preferences onto the EU level. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
19. Thinking about (Re)construction in Britain, France and the United States, 1900 - 1914.
- Author
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Williams, Andrew
- Subjects
- *
WORLD War I , *INTERNATIONAL organization , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *RECONSTRUCTION (1939-1951) - Abstract
The period before the First World War is often considered not to have been particularly significant for thinking about constructing, or even more (re)constructing, the world or parts of it. But there was a great deal of thinking going on in Britain, Franc ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
20. The British Empire, the French Republic and the State in Iraq and Syria since WWI.
- Author
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Bertelsen, Rasmus Gjedssø
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *WORLD War II ,BRITISH colonies ,FRENCH politics & government - Abstract
The article presents an outline of a study on the British Empire, the French Republic and the state in Iraq and Syria since World War II. The study links the topics about the perceptions of British and French statesmen Aristide Briand, Austen Chamberlain, Winston Churchill and Raymond Poincaré on the international system and the policies in Iraq and Syria with long-term social, political and regional consequences.
- Published
- 2005
21. British and French 1930s Appeasement Policies: Products of Tripolar Ideological Politics.
- Author
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Haas, Mark L.
- Subjects
- *
POLITICAL doctrines , *WEIMAR Republic, 1918-1933 , *INTERNATIONAL relations ,BRITISH politics & government - Abstract
The article examines the impact of political ideologies on British and French leaders' decisions to appease Nazi Germany in the 1930s rather than adopting more forceful deterrent policies. It shows how the division of Europe's great powers into three rival ideological blocs--liberal Britain and France, fascist Germany and Italy, and communist Russia--pushed British and French conservatives to view the appeasement of Germany as the best way of protecting their states' security.
- Published
- 2005
22. The Sakiet Sidi Youssef incident of 1958 in Tunisia and the Anglo-American ‘Good Offices’ mission.
- Author
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Barei, Geoffrey
- Subjects
FRENCH-Algerian War, 1954-1962 ,FRENCH foreign relations ,TUNISIAN politics & government, 1956-1987 ,BRITISH foreign relations ,FOREIGN relations of the United States, 1945-1989 ,INTERNATIONAL mediation ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,20TH century British history ,20TH century French history - Abstract
This article looks at an episode which though it happened in Tunisia had a direct link to the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62), and thus propelled the war to an international conflict that pitted the Western powers, namely; France, Britain and America against each other. By the time the incident occurred the Algerian War had been going on for just over three years with the French seemingly gaining the upper hand. This article endeavours to show how this incident complicated the Algerian conflict and how the episode was viewed internationally, especially from the British Government and media perspectives both had keen interest on the Algerian conflict as a result of their own empire in other parts of Africa. The article is based largely on archival research at the Public Record Office at Kew, (England) and Newspaper archives at Colindale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Britain, the 'German revolution', and the fall of France, 1870/1.
- Author
-
Mulligan, William
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,GEOPOLITICS ,AUSTRO-Prussian War, 1866 ,BRITISH politics & government, 1837-1901 ,BRITISH foreign relations ,GERMANY-Great Britain relations ,19TH century French history ,GERMAN history, 1866-1871 ,REIGN of George IV, Great Britain, 1820-1830 - Abstract
This article contends that the revolutionary event in 1870, as far as British foreign policy was concerned, was the collapse of French power, rather than the unification of Germany. By focusing on the unification of Germany and Anglo-German relations, historians have missed the centrality of France in nineteenth-century British foreign policy. Despite friction over Belgium, Britain and France co-operated on many issues in the eighteen-sixties, most notably checking Russian ambitions in the Near East. Once French power collapsed in 1870, Britain could no longer resist Russian revisionist claims in the Black Sea. At the same time, Britain was forced to compromise with the United States over outstanding differences dating from the civil war. Isolated on the international stage, the British government had to reorient its policy around the world and the events of 1870 shaped the options open to policymakers in subsequent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Razing Babel and the Problems of Constructing Peace: France, Great Britain, and Air Power, 1916–28*.
- Author
-
Barros, Andrew
- Subjects
AIR power (Military science) ,MILITARY readiness ,AIR forces ,MILITARY aeronautics ,BALANCE of power ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,PEACE ,POWER (Social sciences) ,20TH century British military history ,20TH century French military history - Abstract
The article presents an examination of the impact that World War I had on the establishment of peace in Europe in the years following the war, international politics and the European balance of power. It explores these issues by examining how the English and the French approached the issue of air power. It explores the national strength and power that was attributed to air power and discusses how France and Great Britain differed in their approaches to technology, industrial capacity and military mobilization.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Austen Chamberlain and Britain's Relations with France, 1924–1929.
- Author
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Johnson, Gaynor
- Subjects
DIPLOMATIC negotiations in international disputes ,GENEVA protocol (1924) ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
Several historians have suggested that Austen Chamberlain's Francophile tendencies during his period as foreign secretary between 1924 and 1929 were the defining features of his European diplomatic strategy. By examining four key events: the rejection of the Geneva Protocol, the conclusion of the Treaty of Locarno, the Anglo–French Compromise on disarmament and the negotiation of the Kellogg-Briand Pact, this article argues that Chamberlain's relationship with the French was not entirely harmonious. After the high point of Locarno, Britain's relations with France became increasingly tense because of Chamberlain's growing disillusionment with Briand's willingness to pursue a diplomatic agenda that did not have at its heart a reinvigorated Entente Cordiale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Yvon Delbos and Anthony Eden: Anglo–French Cooperation, 1936–1938.
- Author
-
Stone, Glyn
- Subjects
FOREIGN ministers (Cabinet officers) ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,NAZIS - Abstract
The period of tenure of Anthony Eden and Yvon Delbos as the foreign ministers of their respective countries coincided with a remarkable improvement and convergence in Anglo–French relations. This was no accident. Both men had similar ideas in relation to the challenges confronting Britain and France in international affairs. Neither wanted really close relations with Soviet Russia and both supported non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War despite their growing concern over German and Italian intervention. Delbos was highly critical of Mussolini's Italy and was firmly opposed to a Franco–Italian rapprochement while Eden, having originally given the Duce the benefit of the doubt, came to distrust him and to oppose even conversations with Italy without prior concessions, such as the withdrawal of Italian volunteers from Spain. Finally, both supported the appeasement of Nazi Germany, including colonial concessions, although Delbos towards the end of his period as foreign minister became more sceptical as to the prospects for success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. RESTORING THE IMAGE OF FRANCE IN BRITAIN, 1944–1947.
- Author
-
FAUCHER, CHARLOTTE
- Subjects
IMAGE reconstruction ,EUROPEAN cooperation ,WORLD War II ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,HOSTILITY ,CIVIL society ,COMBATANTS & noncombatants (International law) - Abstract
At the end of the Second World War, British society's hostility and resentment towards France's military defeat and the French state's collaboration with Germany were strong. In order to deflate this enmity and thus prepare the ground to forge western European co-operation, the French and British governments co-operated and developed gendered public and media strategies within which citizens, and, in particular, former female resistance fighters, were central to the dissemination of positive images of France. This article takes seriously these strategies and adds nuance to understandings of modern foreign policy in terms of methods and actors. The article elaborates on neglected agents of diplomacy, such as female members of civil society, and the significance of rhetoric, gendered performance, and appearances that contributed to the restoration of the image of France in Britain. By doing so, the article also sheds light on the efforts of French and British authorities to construct a narrative of binational unity that disrupted the tenacious idea that Britain had fought alone during the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Characterising the background incidence rates of adverse events of special interest for covid-19 vaccines in eight countries: multinational network cohort study.
- Author
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Xintong Li, Ostropolets, Anna, Makadia, Rupa, Shoaibi, Azza, Rao, Gowtham, Sena, Anthony G., Martinez-Hernandez, Eugenia, Delmestri, Antonella, Verhamme, Katia, Rijnbeek, Peter R., Duarte-Salles, Talita, Suchard, Marc A., Ryan, Patrick B., Hripcsak, George, and Prieto-Alhambra, Daniel
- Subjects
MYOCARDIAL infarction risk factors ,STROKE risk factors ,ANAPHYLAXIS ,DISSEMINATED intravascular coagulation ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,PULMONARY embolism ,PERICARDITIS ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,COVID-19 vaccines ,CARDIOMYOPATHIES ,APPENDICITIS ,POSTVACCINAL encephalitis ,AGE distribution ,POPULATION geography ,DISEASE incidence ,BELL'S palsy ,SEX distribution ,NARCOLEPSY ,GUILLAIN-Barre syndrome ,DRUG side effects ,THROMBOCYTOPENIA ,TRANSVERSE myelitis ,LONGITUDINAL method ,DISEASE risk factors - Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. The Politics of Musical Standardization in Nineteenth-Century France and Britain.
- Author
-
Gillin, Edward and Gribenski, Fanny
- Subjects
MUSICAL pitch ,MUSICOLOGY ,STANDARDIZATION ,MUSIC & politics ,POLITICAL integration ,FREE trade ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
This article examines mid-nineteenth-century Anglo-French relations through the prism of musical standardization. Bringing together perspectives from musicology, history of science, and political history, it demonstrates the holistic value of musical practices for the study of processes of political integration. In 1859, Napoléon III's government determined a national pitch to which musicians should tune their instruments. The following year, Britain's Society of Arts attempted to emulate this standard. Amid tense Anglo-French relations, British audiences interpreted the French pitch as a measure of the country's autocracy, and these political anxieties materialized through a redefinition of the standard. The challenges of introducing a musical pitch within a liberal political framework encountered in 1859 were subsequently echoed in debates over the reform of weights and measures following the 1860 free trade treaty between Britain and France. Both the economic and artistic integration of these countries involved the problem of how to regulate society within a laissez-faire state. Musical standardization has received little historiographical attention, but the regulation of this art offers insights into mid-nineteenth-century Anglo-French political culture. Entangled within complex network of industrial, institutional, and social structures, musical pitch demonstrates how problems of economic and social integration were inseparable from international and socio-political contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Risk and Foreign Policy Choice.
- Author
-
Lamborn, Alan C.
- Subjects
SOCIAL scientists ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,GOVERNMENT policy ,COALITIONS ,WORLD War I ,WORLD War II - Abstract
Social scientists have long been aware of the need to improve our ability to predict the effect of divergent preference orderings on policy choices made by coalitions. More recently scholars have demonstrated the crucial role of differing assumptions about risk-taking preferences for predicting foreign policy choice. In this paper a theoretical approach for analyzing collective choice in the presence of risk and conflicting preferences is presented and then applied to a series of policy choices in Britain, France, and Germany in two historical periods: one, the three decades before World War I; the other, the decades after World War II. Although the specific cases examined all involve foreign and defense policy options that were embroiled in domestic disputes over extraction, the assumptions and hypotheses presented are designed to be applicable to collective decisionmaking in a wide variety of substantive areas. Indeed, they appear to provide a theoretically grounded interpretation for some characteristic patterns of policy choice that have long intrigued students of comparative foreign policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1985
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. WHAT WILL MAKE THEM STOP?
- Author
-
McGeary, Johanna, Macleod, Scott, Calabresi, Massimo, Cooper, Matthew, McAllister, J. F. O., and Purvis, Andrew
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,NUCLEAR weapons ,WEAPONS ,DIPLOMACY - Abstract
Reports on seeming contradictions in U.S. President George W, Bush's foreign policy. Confusion over nuclear-security issues with Iran and North Korea; Struggle at the highest levels to find common tactical ground between two irreconcilable approaches which are engagement and confrontation; Hard line stance with Iran on finding of nuclear weaponry; Softening of confrontational politics; Roles of Britain, France and Germany in a face saving deal with Iran; Reaction of Washington; Compromise offered to North Korea regarding nuclear weapons; Reasons for the diplomatic offer. INSET: MEASURING THE THREATS.
- Published
- 2003
32. Human Rights and Democratic Arms Transfers: Rhetoric Versus Reality with Different Types of Major Weapon Systems.
- Author
-
Johnson, Richard A I and Willardson, Spencer L
- Subjects
HUMAN rights ,ARMS transfers ,DEMOCRACY ,POST-Cold War Period ,HUMAN rights violations ,LOGITS ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
Since the height of the Cold War, major democratic arms suppliers have claimed that they take into consideration the human rights records of existing and potential purchasing states. After the Cold War, supplier policies suggested an increased focus on matters of human rights. But do their records match their rhetoric and their formal policies? We examine the arms transfer patterns of the four major democratic suppliers between 1976 and 2009. We argue that, if practice matches policy, then democratic suppliers should not transfer weapons to states violating human rights. However, because the global interests of these suppliers shift over time, we expect some transfers of major weapon systems to states that violate human rights, but not of the types most implicated in human rights abuses. Thus, we build on the existing arms transfer literature by disaggregating exports based on weapons type. The ordered logits we run for each major democratic supplier from 1976 to 2009 show that the major democratic suppliers generally do not account for human rights violations in the importing state, with the one exception being the United States transfer of land weapon systems. This research is important not only to arms and human rights research, but to foreign policy scholars in general. The patterns of supply and the continued preference of states to provide major conventional weapons to states with poor human rights records reveal important policy priorities for these democratic states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. IT STARTED AT SUEZ.
- Author
-
Kedourie, Elie
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,GOVERNMENT ownership ,GOVERNMENT policy ,TREATIES - Abstract
Focuses on the Suez Canal conflict that involved Egypt, France and Great Britain. Involvement of Israel in the Suez conflict; Nationalization of the Suez Canal Company; Conduct of British foreign and defense policy in the Suez crisis; Role of the U.S. in the Suez crisis; Attitude of the U.S. toward the Baghdad Pact; Refusal of the European allies to support U.S. actions opposing Soviet expansion in Afghanistan.
- Published
- 1982
34. Competition for "the Best and the Brightest?: Europe?s turn toward Selective Migration.
- Author
-
Larsen, Rebecca
- Subjects
- *
EMIGRATION & immigration , *ECONOMIC competition , *INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
I propose to analyze recent immigration legislation in Germany, France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom in regards to the legislations? focus on attracting the ?best and the brightest? or the high-skilled to these countries? labor markets. I plan on answering three questions:1. Are immigration laws that focus on attracting the high-skilled simply the reverse side of restrictive immigration practices that severely narrow the rights of asylum-seekers, refugees, and illegal immigrants? In other words, has a new ?first world? (high-skilled from developed world), ?second world? (high-skilled from less developed world), and ?third world? (everyone else) been created with selective migration practices?2. Does competition for the highly-skilled immigrants among EU member states (specifically Germany, France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom) create divisions which negatively affect the single market? In other words, does this competition make a charade out of the idea of a European single market and effect the future integration of the European Union?3. What is the probability of these selective migration policies being effective? (A short comparison with similar policies applied for longer periods of time in Australia and Canada may be helpful in this section). Can these European states effectively control who gains residency and entry into their country? What does this bifurcation (restrictive for low-skilled, open for high-skilled) of migration mean for the future integration of Europe? ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
35. Why Cooperate? Assessing Cooperative Activity Among Environmental Groups.
- Author
-
Poloni-Staudinger, Lori
- Subjects
- *
GREEN movement , *ENVIRONMENTALISM , *INTERNATIONAL cooperation , *INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
This study asks under what domestic conditions environmental groups in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany will overcome the collective action, resource, and ideological impediments to cooperative activity. A political opportunity approach is employed which looks at the relationship between elite alliances and domestic cleavages and the choice to engage in domestic as well as transnational cooperation. Using data gathered through content analysis over a nearly twenty-five year period, I find that changes in domestic opportunities influence the choice of environmental groups to engage in cooperative activities. An open POS is found to depress both domestic and transnational cooperation; while a closed POS increases cooperative activities. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
36. Enforcement of International Human Rights Through Coercive Foreign Policy.
- Author
-
Hutt, David
- Subjects
- *
HUMAN rights , *INTERNATIONAL law , *INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
This study considers factors influencing the use of coercive foreign policies by France, the United Kingdom and the United States as a means to enforcement international human rights laws between 1990 and 1994, and the effectiveness of such policies. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
37. War, Geopolitics, and Foreign Policy Advocacy in International Media: A Comparative Perspective.
- Author
-
Boaz, Cynthia
- Subjects
- *
IRAQ War, 2003-2011 , *MASS media & war , *INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
Variations in the degree of public support for war in Iraq can be traced to differences in the way news media in different countries represented the crisis to their publics. We present related studies of news coverage of the Iraq war in news magazines of five nations over a one-year period leading up to and including the war and its aftermath. We draw on a sample of stories about Iraq in major news magazines from France, Canada, the US, the UK, and Germany. We find support for the hypothesis that international (non-American) media framed the issues of war and foreign policy objectives by advocating a less aggressive, more internationalist, and more diplomatic foreign policy approach than US media, and that these distinctions reflect the widening gap between the United States and Europe on issues of geopolitics and global cooperation. Such differences not only reflect critically important distinctions in national policy positions towards Iraq, they also have likely contributed to differences in public perceptions of the need for war at all. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
38. Outlook for 2006-07.
- Subjects
BRITISH politics & government ,ECONOMIC conditions in Great Britain ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,GROSS domestic product ,INTEREST rates - Abstract
Presents the outlook for Great Britain for 2006-2007, including information on the political outlook, economic policy outlook, international relations and other related topics. Reasons behind the difficulties faced by British Prime Minister Tony Blair in pushing through his agenda for the third term; Differences between Great Britain and France over the issue of European Union budget; Information about the gross domestic product and other economic indicators in the country; Reduction in interest rates by the Bank of England in response to weakening economic activity.
- Published
- 2005
39. The Spider in Europe's Web? French Grand Strategy From Iraq to Libya.
- Author
-
Simón, Luis
- Subjects
GRAND strategy (Political science) ,FRANCE-United States relations ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
This article examines the relationship between geopolitical change and the evolution of French grand strategy from Iraq to Libya. While the European Union (EU) and the bilateral relationship with Germany continue to feature high in French grand strategy, France has in the space of just a few years substantially strengthened its Atlantic connection (with the US, Britain and NATO) and upgraded its relationship with other European powers – particularly Russia. It is argued that the driving reason behind this diversifying trend is the weakening of the US-led West, both globally and in Europe. If US military power laid the foundations of order in and around Europe, America's shift of geostrategic attention eastwards is underpinning a political destructuring of Europe and its broader neighbourhood. For one thing, Europe is moving towards a more multipolar balance, as evidenced by Russia's resurgence in the east and southeast, Turkey's drifting from the EU and growing influence in the continent's southeast and, crucially, Germany's increasing influence over the direction of the EU. For another, France's so-called axis of strategic priority (Northern Africa, the Sahel, Levant, Horn of Africa/Red Sea and the Gulf) is characterised by mounting instability and increasing penetration by external powers. Against this backdrop, the special relationship with Germany and the EU are insufficient to guarantee French influence in Europe, the stability of Europe's broader neighbourhood or France's aspirations to global power. In an increasingly uncertain global and regional environment, France is seeking to reconcile a deeper politico-military relationship with Britain (and the United States), a special relationship with Germany in the politico-economic sphere and strong ties with Russia, thereby positioning itself as a sort of spider in an increasingly multipolar European geopolitical web. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Do the US trends drive the UK–French market linkages?: empirical evidence from a threshold intraday analysis.
- Author
-
Jawadi, Fredj, Louhichi, Waël, and Ben Ameur, Hachmi
- Subjects
ECONOMIC trends ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,STOCK exchanges ,ECONOMIC impact ,ECONOMIC models ,RATE of return ,STOCK prices - Abstract
This article investigates the impact of US stock market openings on linkages between the UK and French markets. Using intraday data over the period December 2004 to March 2009, we find significant time-varying dependence between the UK and French stock returns, which alter according to the state of the US market. Indeed, not only does the opening of the US market itself significantly affect the UK stock dependency, but such linkages also seem to be closely dependent on bearish or bullish US market trends. Interestingly, the estimation of a two-regime Threshold Autoregressive (TAR) model indicates that the bearish US trends are a source of minor linkage (lower regime), whereas the bullish US trends involve higher interdependency (upper regime). This finding is particularly interesting as following the US trend expectations enables us to better forecast future European stock prices and to calculate the level of their potential contagion effects. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. THE EUROPEAN POLICY OF FRANCE DURING THE PROCESS OF EUROPEAN CONSTRUCTION.
- Author
-
PANAGORET, Ioana
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,EUROPEAN integration - Abstract
The study registers the first moments which defined the process of European contruction, and the necessity of its rise, then, it points the most meaningful moments in which France interceded by its foreign policy in this process. France abndoned the desire to find in Great Britain a partner for its foreign policy, De Gaulle refocused his policy to an agreement with West Germany, his success being explained by his excellent relation with Chancellor Adenauer. By its foreign policy in the process of Eurpean construction, France pursued the fulfilment of the national interests and the conception of an European frame in which France to be the spokesperson of Europe. As predited by De Gaulle, the process of European construction evolved from „The Six” to its twenty- seven members, France supporting by its policy the extension of the European Union, and the famous Gaullist formula „Europe from the Atlantic to the Urals” is about to turn into reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
42. The Russo-Georgian war and beyond: towards a European great power concert.
- Author
-
Larsen, Henrik Boesen Lindbo
- Subjects
SOUTH Ossetia War, 2008 ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,GEOPOLITICS - Abstract
The brief war between Georgia and Russia in August 2008 provoked vigorous international reactions among the European states as consequence of the sudden shift in the strategic balance. This article argues for a focus on the great powers France, Germany and Britain as crucial actors for understanding the policy reactions towards Russia. It argues furthermore that reactions must be explained from the perspective of experience based on past geopolitics which translate the external pressures into concrete foreign policy: France oriented towards the creation of a strong EU as global actor, Germany influenced by her self-imposed restraint in foreign affairs and Britain influenced by Atlanticist commitments in her balancing behaviour. Beyond the Russo-Georgian war, the article points to an interest-based foreign policy approach towards Russia in the longer term driven by a great power concert with the Franco-German axis as stable element but increasingly with backing from Britain, thus contributing to transatlantic foreign policy convergence on the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Burying the hatchet? Britain and France in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
- Author
-
Cumming, Gordon D.
- Subjects
BRITISH foreign relations, 1997-2010 ,FRENCH foreign relations, 1995- ,PEACE ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation ,PEACEKEEPING forces ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
Against the background of conflict in the Great Lakes Region, the UK and France promised, at their 1998 Saint-Malo summit, to set aside rivalries and cooperate on Africa. In subsequent Anglo-French gatherings, they singled out the DRC and pledged to work together there to promote peace and tackle poverty. This article asks whether this coordination took place and whether it involved a ‘deconflictualisation’ of approaches, ‘coincidental’ cooperation, or ‘sustained and reciprocal’ collaboration. It looks for evidence of institutionalisation of UK-French ties and policy cooperation in the fields of peacebuilding and poverty reduction. It then identifies the pressures for, and barriers to, collaboration, focusing particularly on the role of interests, foreign policy norms, institutional factors and resource constraints. It concludes by setting out the wider implications of UK-French cooperation and the limited prospects of closer future collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Symbiosis between Caricature and Caption at the Outbreak of War: Representations of the Allegorical Figure Marianne in Kladderadatsch.
- Author
-
KLAHR, DOUGLAS M.
- Subjects
MARIANNE (French emblem) in art ,JOHN Bull (Symbolic character) ,CARICATURES & cartoons ,CARICATURE ,HISTORY of periodicals ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
The article discusses Marianne, an allegorical figure and political caricature of the state of France featured in the German periodical "Kladderadatsch" during the early 20th century. According to the author, the character reflected Germans' ambivalent attitudes towards France. It is suggested that France was often shown as a victim of Britain or Russia, whose portrayal was more consistently negative in the magazine. Details related to domestic issues in Germany, including debates on German identity, are presented. Other topics include World War I, the French provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, and the British symbol of John Bull.
- Published
- 2011
45. International Yachting in the Late Nineteenth Century: French, British, and American Inter-Relationships and Organisation.
- Author
-
Jallat, Denis and Goldenberg, Stella
- Subjects
YACHT racing ,YACHT racing rules ,REGATTAS ,SAILING ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,POWER (Social sciences) ,INTERNATIONAL agencies ,VALUES (Ethics) ,19TH century British history ,SOCIETIES - Abstract
In the late nineteenth century the yachting world was the scene of intense debate. For certain of the French participants in regattas, the main objective was to fight against the hegemony of the British and the imposition of their rules. This topic was the subject of much discussion in the nascent international sailing organisations, which were created at that time. In order to diminish the influence of British regulation, French representatives suggested rules that were developed in France but were inspired by American standards. In fact, the French position revealed the fact that there was more at stake than yachting alone and the controversy extended into questions of social status and international politics. French organisers saw this as an opportunity to strengthen their power within French yachting at a time when this activity was still developing and establishing its own institutions. Above all, French regatta competitors asserted their elite status within French society, reinforcing the idea that their group represented an increasingly important class. Their established geopolitical connections enabled them to promote and impose their values, and serve their own interests and ideas at the national economic and political level, where they had vested interests. In particular, these sportsmen were influenced by the widespread Anglophobia in France at the end of the nineteenth century, which balanced the better-known Anglophilia of figures such as Pierre de Coubertin. Thus, the role of French navigators in international institutions was part of a wider concern to solidify their elite status. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Structure and stability reconsidered1.
- Author
-
Roth, Ariel Ilan
- Subjects
MILITARY readiness ,NATIONAL security ,20TH century history ,REIGN of George V, Great Britain, 1910-1936 ,BALANCE of power ,BIPOLARITY (International relations) ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
The argument that multipolar international systems are less stable because certain states have an incentive to externalize the costs of defense to other states has been built on interpretations of the behavior of France, Russia, and especially Great Britain between the two World Wars. This article addresses flaws in both the use of the French and Russian cases, but is most tightly focused on the British case, which was the strongest, prima facie, of the three. This article demonstrates how the British scheme for defense against Germany was not a policy of attempted externalization on either the political or military level. Consequently, the long debate over the relationship between systemic structure and systemic stability, which has been heavily influenced by the belief in the existence of an incentive to externalize defense costs under multipolarity, must be re-examined, with new tests run and new conclusions explored. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. ‘No more Hoares to Paris’: British foreign policymaking and the Abyssinian Crisis, 1935.
- Author
-
HOLT, ANDREW
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,CRISES ,MILITARY invasion ,PUBLIC opinion ,ETHIOPIAN history, 1889-1974 - Abstract
Italy's invasion of Abyssinia in October 1935 prompted a major European crisis. This article applies the main theories of foreign policy analysis to the British Government's handling of this crisis. It argues that bureaucratic politics existed, but had little impact on outcomes. Domestic politics had more influence, but did not provide detailed instructions on how to act. The perceptions of key actors, informed by reasoned judgement, determined this. Fears of the threat posed by rival states coalesced with concerns about Britain's own military weakness, leading decision-makers to emphasise the need to act in tandem with France. British policy was therefore motivated by the tension between the public's desire to see action against Italy and the Government's wish to minimise any breach with her allies. These findings highlight the weaknesses of the bureaucratic politics model and show how domestic politics can affect foreign policy outcomes. They also demonstrate the interaction between rational analysis defined in terms of reasoned judgement, and actors' perceptions. It is thus argued that benefits are to be gleaned from combining these theories. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. When Mediation Fails: Britain, France, and the Settlement of the Vilnius Conflict, 1920-1922.
- Author
-
Kupčiūnas, Donatas
- Subjects
MEDIATION ,DIPLOMACY ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,CONFLICT management - Abstract
This article examines British involvement in solving the Vilnius dispute in 1920-1923, where Britain was caught between its desire to maintain Allied solidarity with the French and its own foreign policy prescriptions. In the context of the complexities of the relationship between the two Allied Powers that often took a 'friend-but-foe' form, tension between the two goals conditioned the ultimate fiasco of British dispute mediation initiatives. Britain's desire to act entirely in accordance with France led the former to renounce many feasible dispute settlement initiatives, including the possibility of forestalling conflict, whilst the lack of similar devotion to Allied solidarity on the French side and the atmosphere of mistrust between the two Allied Powers undermined the British initiatives for which it was prepared to stand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. German Perceptions of the Triple Entente after 1911: Their Mounting Apprehensions Reconsidered.
- Author
-
Williamson Jr., Samuel R.
- Subjects
TRIPLE Entente, 1907 ,INTERNATIONAL alliances ,SENSORY perception ,CAUSES of World War I ,ESCALATION (Military science) ,ARMS race ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
After 1911, Germany felt increasingly threatened by the Triple Entente. Secret intelligence from the Russian embassy in London revealed a growing cohesion among the Triple Entente partners: Britain, Russia, and France. In particular, Berlin feared the success of Raymond Poincaré of France, first as premier and then later as President, as he worked to convert the entente with London into an alliance and to reinforce alliance ties with Russia. In the summer of 1914 came the murders at Sarajevo of Habsburg Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. When Vienna decided to punish Serbia, Berlin agreed to support them in the belief that Russia would not back Serbia. But even if Russia did support Serbia, better a war now than later. Rather than be intimidated, Russia took escalatory actions of its own to help Serbia and their French ally. The First World War was the result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Preconditions for Foreign Activities of European Regions: Tracing Causal Configurations of Economic, Cultural, and Political Strategies.
- Author
-
Blatter, Joachim, Kreutzer, Matthias, Rentl, Michaela, and Thiele, Jan
- Subjects
INVESTMENTS ,POLITICAL participation ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
This article traces international activities of regional governments in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Italy. We describe how intensively the regions are investing in economic, cultural, and political activities, and how broad the different activities are spread. Then we analyze preconditions for strong activities by using the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. Two assumptions about causal configurations are confirmed. First, high economic interdependencies in combination with large financial capacities are in most cases sufficient for setting up many promotional offices abroad. Second, a high level of policy autonomy, in combination with strong competencies in foreign affairs, is almost always sufficient for having a well-staffed office in Brussels. In contrast, partnerships with foreign political entities are not a result of a cultural causal configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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