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Egg freezing has led to heated debates in healthcare policy and bioethics. A crucial issue in this context concerns the distinction between "medical" and "social" egg freezing (MEF and SEF)—contrasting objections to bio-medicalization with claims for oversimplification. Yet such categorization remains a criterion for regulation. This paper aims to explore the "regulatory boundary-work" around the "medical"–"social" distinction in different egg freezing regulations. Based on systematic documents' analysis we present a cross-national comparison of the way the "medical"–"social" differentiation finds expression in regulatory frameworks in Austria, Germany, Israel, and the Netherlands. Findings are organized along two emerging themes: (1) the definition of MEF and its distinctiveness—highlighting regulatory differences in the clarity of the definition and in the medical indications used for creating it (less clear in Austria and Germany, detailed in Israel and the Netherlands); and (2) hierarchy of medical over social motivations reflected in usage and funding regulations. Blurred demarcation lines between "medical" and "social" are further discussed as representing a paradoxical inclusion of SEF while offering new insights into the complexity and normativity of this distinction. Finally, we draw conclusions for policymaking and the bioethical debate, also concerning the related cryopolitical aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though greatly routinized over the past two decades, assisted reproductive technologies still invoke an occasional public debate around a dilemma that is constituted as unprecedented. This paper examines one such case that took place in Israel—that of a legal dispute between estranged partners over the right to have their fertilized eggs implanted in a surrogate mother's womb. The paper probes the political repercussions of the case in terms of the impact on the pronatalist local order and gender relations. It shows that certain subjects, mostly those of a more ‘female’ domestic character, received exceptional public attention and indeed called into question prevailing ideas and power relations. At the same time, in other contexts of the debate, the status quo was reaffi rmed within an updated framework. On the whole, the dilemma at hand and the innovative options enabled by technology were largely contained within the established gender order. Still, the case did contribute, if modestly, to women's rights and autonomy. The paper's conclusion suggests that public debates regarding reproductive disruptions may become a vehicle for both patriarchal gender relations and social transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the intersection of bodies, borders, and assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in Israel/Palestine. By turning to Palestinian women's experiences in Israeli hospitals, the case of sperm smuggling in the West Bank, and Israeli medical staff's perception of the fertility clinic, this article examines reproductive border-crossings. Israel's fertility economy is thriving and the country is among the most liberal states worldwide regarding the regulation, implementation, and subsidization of ART. However, Israel's pronatalism is best described as selective and stratified. As a function of settler colonialism, it mainly targets Jewish citizens of Israel, which results in a politicization of Palestinian and Israeli bodies and populations. Drawing on fifty in-depth interviews with Palestinian women and medical staff in Israeli fertility clinics conducted in Israel/Palestine between 2016 and 2019, this article provides a spatial analysis of assisted reproduction, drawing out continuities between past and present technologies of power in medical space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Israel is known as a highly pronatalist society. We conceptualize the pro-natalist state as the employer of in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients in the labor of procreation. We characterize the unique Israeli religio-cultural environment regarding infertility using the concepts of emotional labor, surface acting, deep acting, emotional dissonance, and burnout. One hundred and forty-two women and 62 men undergoing IVF in eight public IVF units were asked to describe their emotions on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). We discuss the patients' emotional responses in light of the religio-cultural and the emotional labor context. Evidence was found for gender differences whereby women suffer more negative emotional outcomes than male partners of IVF patients. The pro-natalist state poses greater emotional stress for female IVF patients in comparison with that experienced by the male spouses of IVF patients. Consulting professionals should offer psycho-social care if necessary, focusing on strategies taken from emotional labor theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Screening for blood born viruses is routinely performed before fertility treatment in assisted reproduction technology (ART) clinics worldwide. It involves testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV), among others. Identifying patients with positive viral screening allows to refer them and their partners for appropriate counseling and treatment. The need for repeat viral screening and its required frequency have never been clearly established. In Israel, viral screening is mandatory and is repeated annually. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV seroconversion in patients with negative screening upon initiation of ART treatment.Methods: A retrospective analysis of viral screening tests of all fertility patients in a single assisted conception unit between 1997 and 2015.Results: During the study period, 2844 patients were treated at our clinic, out of whom 1945 patients met the inclusion criteria. The average length of treatment was 1.61 ± 0.81 years, during which female patients underwent screening tests 2.6 ± 0.9 times, and male patients 2.3 ± 1.2 times. No case of seroconversion to any of the three viruses was noted during the entire study period, resulting a seroconversion rate of 0%.Conclusions: Primary infection with HBV, HCV, or HIV is an extremely rare event among Israeli infertile patients, and the risk for seroconversion in this population is practically nil. Annual screening of both partners leads to substantial costs and appears to be futile. Our results question the current practice and support increasing the interval between screening tests in low-risk populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study aimed at comparing personal growth between fathers whose infants were conceived with the aid of assisted reproductive technology (ART) and those whose infants were conceived spontaneously and to examine associations with personal resources. Design: We examined associations between personal growth on the one hand and optimism, positive and negative emotions, and parenting stress on the other, among fathers whose infants were conceived with the aid of ART and those whose infants were conceived spontaneously. One hundred and seventy-two Israeli first-time fathers (76 following ART and 96 following spontaneous pregnancies) whose infants were 5-18 months old completed a series of self-report questionnaires. Results: No difference was found in personal growth between the two research groups. For all men, lower economic status, older age of the child, higher optimism, higher positive and negative emotions, and parenting stress were all associated with greater growth. Conclusions: Although a certain level of stress and negative affect is a prerequisite for personal growth, it is made possible by positive resources, such as optimism and positive emotions. In addition, the manner in which the pregnancy was achieved appears to have no long-term consequences for men’s experience of personal growth in the transition to fatherhood. Professionals should relate to the present needs and emotional states of new fathers rather than their fertility history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on reproductive technologies often examine women's reproductive lives in terms of choice and control. Drawing on 48 accounts of procreative experiences of religiously devout Jewish women in Israel and the US, we examine their attitudes, understandings and experiences of pregnancy, reproductive technologies and prenatal testing. We suggest that the concept of hishtadlut-"obligatory effort"-works as an explanatory model that organizes Haredi women's reproductive careers and their negotiations of reproductive technologies. As an elastic category with negotiable and dynamic boundaries, hishtadlut gives ultra-orthodox Jewish women room for effort without the assumption of control; it allows them to exercise discretion in relation to medical issues without framing their efforts in terms of individual choice. Haredi women hold themselves responsible for making their obligatory effort and not for pregnancy outcomes. We suggest that an alternative paradigm to autonomous choice and control emerges from cosmological orders where reproductive duties constitute "obligatory choices." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Question: Is a protocol that combines in vitro maturation of germinal vesicle-stage oocytes and their vitrification with freezing of cortical ovarian tissue feasible for use in fertility preservation for both chemotherapy-naive paediatric patients as well as patients after initiation of cancer therapy?Summary Answer: Follicle-containing ovarian tissue as well as oocytes that can undergo maturation in vitro can be obtained from paediatric patients (including prepubertal girls) both before and after cancer therapy.What Is Known Already: Anticancer therapy reduces the number of follicles/oocytes but this effect is less severe in young patients, particularly the paediatric age group. Autotransplantation of ovarian tissue has yielded to date 60 live births, including one from tissue that was cryostored in adolescence. However, it is assumed that autografting cryopreserved-thawed ovarian cortical tissue poses a risk of reseeding the malignancy. Immature oocytes can be collected from very young girls without hormonal stimulation and then matured in vitro and vitrified. We have previously shown that there is no difference in the number of ovarian cortical follicles between paediatric patients before and after chemotherapy.Study Design, Size, Duration: A prospective study was conducted in a cohort of 42 paediatric females with cancer (before and after therapy initiation) who underwent fertility preservation procedures in 2007-2014 at a single tertiary medical centre.Participants/materials, Setting, Methods: The study group included girls and adolescent females with cancer: 22 before and 20 after chemotherapy. Following partial or complete oophorectomy, immature oocytes were either aspirated manually ex vivo from visible small antral follicles or filtered from spent media. Oocytes were incubated in oocyte maturation medium, and those that matured at 24 or 48 h were vitrified. Ovarian cortical tissue was cut and prepared for slow-gradual cryopreservation. Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels were measured in serum before and after oophorectomy.Main Results and Role Of Chance: Ovarian tissue was successfully collected from 78.7% of the 42 patients. Oocytes were obtained from 20 patients before chemotherapy and 13 after chemotherapy. The youngest patients from whom oocytes were retrieved were aged 2 years (two atretic follicles) and 3 years. Of the 395 oocytes collected, ∼30% were atretic (29.6% in the pre-chemotherapy group, 37% in the post-chemotherapy group). One hundred twenty-one oocytes (31%) were matured in vitro and vitrified: 67.8% from patients before chemotherapy, the rest after chemotherapy. Mature oocytes suitable for vitrification were obtained from 16/20 patients before chemotherapy and from 12/13 patients after chemotherapy (maturation rate, 32 and 26.4%, respectively). There were significant correlations of the number of vitrified oocytes with patient age (more matured oocytes with older age) (P = 0.001) and with pre-oophorectomy AMH levels (P = 0.038 pre-chemotherapy group, P = 0.029 post-chemotherapy group). Oocytes suitable for vitrification were obtained both by manual aspiration of antral follicles (45%) and from rinse solutions after dissection. There were significantly more matured oocytes in the pre-chemotherapy group from aspiration than in the post-chemotherapy group after both aspiration (P < 0.033) and retrieval from rinsing fluids (P < 0.044). The number of pre-antral follicles per histological section did not differ in the pre- versus post-chemotherapy. AMH levels dropped by approximately 50% after ovarian removal in both groups, with a significant correlation between pre- and post-oophorectomy levels (P = 0.002 pre-chemotherapy group, P = 0.001 post-chemotherapy group).Limitations, Reasons For Caution: There were no patients between 5 years and 10 years old in the post-chemotherapy group, which might have affected some results and correlations. Oocytes from patients soon after chemotherapy might be damaged, and caution is advised when using them for fertility-restoration purposes. The viability, development capability and fertilization potential of oocytes from paediatric patients, especially prepubertal and after chemotherapy, are unknown, in particular oocytes recovered from the media after the tissue dissection step.Wider Implications Of the Findings: Although more oocytes were collected and matured from chemotherapy-naïve paediatric patients, ovarian tissue and immature oocytes were also retrieved from young girls in whom cancer therapy has already been initiated. Our centre has established a protocol for potential maximal fertility preservation in paediatric female patients with cancer. Vitrified-in vitro-matured oocytes may serve as an important gamete source in paediatric female patients with cancer because the risk of reseeding the disease is avoided. Further studies are needed on the fertility-restoring potential of oocytes from paediatric and prepubertal patients, especially after exposure to chemotherapy.Study Funding/competing Interests: The study was conducted as part of the routine procedures for fertility preservation at our IVF unit. No funding outside of the IVF laboratory was received. Funding for the AMH measurements was obtained by a research grant from the Israel Science Foundation (to B.-A.I., ISF 13-1873). None of the authors have competing interests.Trial Registration Number: N/A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of mammal cloning in 1997 has brought the issue of human cloning into public discussion. Human cloning has several aspects and potential applications for use in both reproductive and non-reproductive matters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes toward human cloning in Israel. Data from 120 respondents (68 health professionals and 52 non-health professionals), all Jewish, Hebrew speaking with at least 15 years of education each, were collected using two questionnaires that dealt with knowledge and attitudes toward human cloning. Results showed that although health professionals had significantly more knowledge than non-health professionals, all respondents had poor knowledge about cloning. No difference in attitudes was found between the groups. Most respondents opposed human cloning, but more positive attitudes toward non-reproductive cloning were found. The results are discussed in the context of the deficit model. The findings indicate a need to provide information about human cloning to allow people to form their attitudes based on factual knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview of development in both the human and agricultural biotechnology in Israel. The author argues that the Israeli approach to biotechnology regulation is moral than other approaches in Western countries. One of the controversial biotechnology issues is human reproductive cloning, this does not opposed in principle in the country.