1,637 results
Search Results
2. Time to re-evaluate ART protocols in the light of advances in knowledge about methylation and epigenetics: an opinion paper.
- Author
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Menezo, Yves, Dale, Brian, and Elder, Kay
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CULTURE media (Biology) , *GENE expression , *HUMAN reproductive technology , *MEDICAL protocols , *EMBRYOS , *OXIDATIVE stress , *DNA methylation , *EPIGENOMICS - Abstract
DNA methylation is a biochemical process that modifies gene expression without changing the underlying DNA sequence, and this represents the molecular basis for imprinting and epigenetics. Recent reports have revealed alterations in DNA methylation profiles in the placenta of babies born from assisted reproductive technologies (ART). This supports several previous observations that suggested an increase in the prevalence of imprinting diseases following ART treatment, and also fits our observations regarding the metabolism and requirements of early human embryos. Human embryo culture media (HECM) are currently formulated according to requirements based on the mouse embryo model, and in fact need to pass the Mouse Embryo Assay test in order to be accepted by the relevant authorities, despite the fact that physiological (especially the time necessary to reach genomic activation) and biochemical requirements of mouse and human embryos are quite different. This commentary aims to explain some of the discrepancies, and emphasize why human embryo metabolism tells us that the composition of HECM, as well as the role of the MEA as a unique model, should be re-evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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3. In vitro fertilisation and other artificial reproductive technology - methods - review paper
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Farrugia, A. and Blundell, Renald
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urogenital system ,Fertilization in vitro ,Artificial insemination ,Human reproductive technology ,female genital diseases and pregnancy complications ,reproductive and urinary physiology - Abstract
Technology in human assisted reproduction has certainly shown great advances during the past couple of decades. In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) is only one of those techniques which are offering infertile couples the possibility of experiencing parenthood. Infertility affects one's life at the very core-feelings of anger, depression and guilt are very commonly experienced by infertile couples. The causes of infertility are many; amongst the most common are blockages of the fallopian tubes, endometriosis, low sperm counts and poor sperm motility and/or morphology. IVF, however, is not the answer to all fertility problems. IVF is mostly suitable in those cases where there are fallopian tube problems or cervical mucus which is hostile to sperm, since in IVF both the passage of the ovum through the fallopian tube and the passage of sperm through the cervix are by-passed. There are various alternatives to IVF, such as Artificial Insemination (AI) and Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT). The latest innovative technique, Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI), which in the future might replace traditional IVF involves the injection of sperm directly into the ovum and is hence ideal for those cases with severe male factor infertility. The setback with all the advances that are being witnessed in assisted reproduction is that they also give rise to many ethical questions. Different countries, with different social, legal, religious and moral backgrounds have different opinions regarding the research on embryos, third-party parenting and gamete/embryo freezing. This study describes the main procedures, techniques and equipments that are used in IVF and its alternatives, as well as the benefits and the ethical implications that such techniques give rise to., peer-reviewed
- Published
- 2007
4. Call for Papers Special Issue November 2022: ART and Medicine: Explaining The Moral Dimensions of Assisted Reproduction.
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PUBLISHING ,ETHICS ,SERIAL publications ,OVUM donation ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,FERTILIZATION in vitro ,AUTHORSHIP ,SPERM donation - Published
- 2021
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5. Reconceiving Reproduction: Removing "Rearing" From the Definition—and What This Means for ART.
- Author
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Hall, Georgina Antonia
- Subjects
INFERTILITY treatment ,HEALTH services accessibility ,INTERPROFESSIONAL relations ,REFUSAL to treat ,BIOETHICS ,DECISION making in clinical medicine ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,HUMAN reproduction ,CHILD rearing ,INTENTION ,PHYSICIAN-patient relations ,REPRODUCTIVE rights ,PATIENT refusal of treatment ,MEDICAL ethics - Abstract
The predominant position in the reproductive rights literature argues that access to assisted reproductive technologies (ART) forms part of an individual's right to reproduce. On this reasoning, refusal of treatment by clinicians (via provision) violates a hopeful parent's reproductive right and discriminates against the infertile. I reject these views and suggest they wrongly contort what reproductive freedom entitles individuals to do and demand of others. I suggest these views find their origin, at least in part, in the way we define "reproduction" itself. This paper critically analyses two widely accepted definitions of human reproduction and demonstrates that both are fundamentally flawed. While the process of reproduction includes the biological acts of begetting and bearing a child, I argue that it does not extend to include rearing. This reworked definition has little impact in the realm of sexual reproduction. However, it has significant ethical implications for the formulation and assignment of reproductive rights and responsibilities in the non-sexual realm in two important ways. First, a claim to access ART where one has an intention to rear a child (but does not beget or bear) cannot be grounded in reproductive rights. Second, lacking an intention to rear does not extinguish the reproductive rights and responsibilities for those who collaborate in the process. I conclude that clinicians collaborate in non-sexual reproduction at the point of triggering conception (begetting) and therefore have the right to refuse to be involved in non-sexual reproduction, in some instances, as do all reproductive collaborators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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6. Call for Papers Special Issue November 2022: ART and Medicine: Explaining The Moral Dimensions of Assisted Reproduction.
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PUBLISHING ,ETHICS ,CHRISTIANITY ,SERIAL publications ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,AUTHORSHIP - Published
- 2021
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7. Call for Papers Special Issue November 2022: ART and Medicine: Explaining The Moral Dimensions if Assisted Reproduction.
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PUBLISHING ,MEDICINE ,SERIAL publications ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,FERTILIZATION in vitro ,AUTHORSHIP ,CHURCH buildings - Published
- 2021
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8. Further Abstracts from the Seventh AUSN-Chulalongkorn Bioethic Workshop (not included in the previous Papers).
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HUMAN reproductive technology ,PSYCHOLOGY - Published
- 2019
9. Multiple Pregnancies Following Assisted Conception: Scientific Impact Paper No. 22.
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MULTIPLE pregnancy ,MULTIPLE birth ,FERTILIZATION in vitro ,CEREBRAL palsy ,REPRODUCTIVE technology ,EMBRYO transfer ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,PREGNANCY complications - Abstract
The article discusses on multiple pregnancy in in vitro fertilization (IVF) due to the practice of transferring more than one embryo into uterus. Topics discussed includes UK Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (HFEA), high IVF multiple birth rates, cerebral palsy and assisted reproductive technology.
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- 2018
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10. Epigenetics and Reproductive Medicine: Scientific Impact Paper No. 57.
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Huntriss, J, Balen, AH, Sinclair, KD, Brison, DR, Picton, HM, Balen, A H, Sinclair, K D, Brison, D R, Picton, H M, and Royal College of Obstetricians Gynaecologists
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EPIGENETICS ,REPRODUCTIVE health ,GAMETES ,HUMAN in vitro fertilization ,GENETICS ,ANIMALS ,BIRTH weight ,CARDIOVASCULAR diseases ,GENES ,HUMAN reproduction ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,METABOLIC disorders ,RESEARCH funding - Abstract
The article discusses the role played by epigenetics in the field of reproductive medicine. The natural times when developmental epigenetic reprogramming takes place in gametes almost matches the time of human assisted reproduction when the gametes and embryos are handled in an in vitro environemnt. Information is also given on genomic imprinting and in vitro culture of embryos.
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- 2018
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11. Clinical definition paper on in vitro maturation of human oocytes.
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Dahan, Michael H., Seang Lin Tan, Jintae Chung, Weon-Young Son, Tan, Seang Lin, Chung, Jintae, and Son, Weon-Young
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MATURATION (Psychology) ,OVUM ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,GONADOTROPIN ,BLASTOCYST ,BIRTH rate ,MEDICAL protocols ,OVARIES ,TREATMENT effectiveness - Abstract
In vitro maturation (IVM) of human oocytes is a reproductive technique which has been practiced for 25 years and is gaining popularity. However, the techniques used for IVM differ substantially across clinics and they result in extremely variable pregnancy rates, partially due to some of these differences in protocols. Such differences include the use in some cycles of hCG triggering prior to oocyte retrieval and the use of a few days of gonadotrophin treatment to support moderate follicle growth. Other important factors are patient selection (including those with polycystic ovaries or decreased ovarian reserve), the number of embryos transferred and cleavage-stage embryo or blastocyst transfer. There are also substantial differences of opinion among clinicians regarding IVM and what it implies. Due to the large variation in protocols, a decision was made to write this paper in an attempt to introduce uniformity when comparing treatments and outcomes of IVM. A clinical definition of IVM was developed: The retrieval of oocytes from small and intermediate sized follicles in an ovary before the largest follicle has surpassed 13 mm in mean diameter. The use of short gonadotrophin stimulation should be acknowledged. However, it should be stated that metaphase II oocytes also have the potential to be collected at that time in the cycles associated with either hCG or GnRH agonist priming. Many feel this is not IVM because some mature oocytes are retrieved, therefore, we recommend renaming this procedure either natural cycle IVF or modified natural cycle IVF (if gonadotrophin stimulation is given) with early triggering, combined with IVM The percentage as well as the absolute number of mature oocytes at retrieval should be indicated. The use of these titles will allow transparency when comparing results of IVM cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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12. Scientific Impact Paper No. 57: Epigenetics and Reproductive Nedicine.
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ATTITUDE (Psychology) , *HUMAN reproductive technology , *MEDICAL personnel , *MEDICAL research , *REPRODUCTIVE health , *EPIGENOMICS - Published
- 2019
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13. Nothing if not family? Genetic ties beyond the parent/child dyad.
- Author
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Cutas, Daniela
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GENETICS ,ETHICS ,FAMILIES ,GERM cells ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,PARENT-child relationships ,PARENTS - Abstract
Internationally, there is considerable inconsistency in the recognition and regulation of children's genetic connections outside the family. In the context of gamete and embryo donation, challenges for regulation seem endless. In this paper, I review some of the paths that have been taken to manage children' being closely genetically related to people outside their families. I do so against the background of recognising the importance of children's interests as moral status holders. I look at recent qualitative research involving donor‐conceived people and borrow their own words to make sense of a purported interest to know (of) their close genetic ties. I also review ways in which gamete donation may have facilitated new kinds of kinship, which are at the same time genetic and chosen. In short, in this paper, I explore what meaning there could be in genetic connections that is not about parenthood. Further, I argue that the focus on parenthood in previous work in this area may be detrimental to appreciating some of the goods that can be derived from close genetic connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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14. From ontological to relational: A scoping review of conceptions of dignity invoked in deliberations on medically assisted death.
- Author
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Martineau, Isabelle, Hamrouni, Naïma, and Hébert, Johanne
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ASSISTED suicide ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,FRENCH literature ,PALLIATIVE treatment ,RESEARCH personnel - Abstract
Background: Dignity is omnipresent in Western ethics, but it also provokes dissension and controversy. One of the most striking examples is the debate on medically assisted death, where dignity is invoked to support antagonistic positions. While some authors conclude that the concept is useless as an ethical reference, many others invite us to deepen our analysis from a multidimensional perspective, to enrich it and make it useful. This scoping study is intended to provide an overview of the different conceptions of dignity used in the assisted dying debate, to better grasp the multiple facets of the concept. Methods: The Joanna Briggs Institute's JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis guided the scoping review. Key words were based on the researchers' expertise and were used to identify relevant literature in French and English. Eleven databases covering the last six decades were consulted. Initially, 2,071 references were found in the databases. After excluding duplicates, screening titles, abstracts, and full texts, and after a specific literature search on the concept of relational dignity, 156 papers were found to match the identified inclusion criteria. Results: The literature highlights the stark confrontation between two dominant conceptions of dignity: ontological and autonomist. However, a lesser-known conceptualization of dignity integrates these two perspectives, underlining the relational and social dimensions of dignity. As a result, dignity emerges as a dynamic, experiential, and dialogical concept, that modulates itself according to circumstances. This raises the possibility of breaking through the binary debate and questioning the current frameworks that define dignity. Conclusions: This multidimensional conceptualization of dignity could lead to a more complete and nuanced understanding of the concept, as well as open richer normative horizons regarding the issue of medically assisted death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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15. Are the children alright? A systematic review of psychological adjustment of children conceived by assisted reproductive technologies.
- Author
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Carneiro, Francis Anne Teplitzky, Leong, Valéria, Nóbrega, Sara, Salinas-Quiroz, Fernando, Costa, Pedro Alexandre, and Leal, Isabel
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MENTAL illness risk factors ,RISK assessment ,CHILDREN'S health ,MENTAL health ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,GAY men ,PSYCHOLOGICAL adaptation ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,SOCIAL adjustment in children ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,MEDLINE ,MEDICAL screening ,ONLINE information services ,PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems - Abstract
The present systematic review aims to assess the psychological adjustment of children born through assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and to screen for clinical problems when compared with normative data from the standardized indexes of mental health. Following PRISMA guidelines, the search was conducted from inception through September 2021 using APA PsycInfo, APA PsycArticles, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection, Academic Search Complete, Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Scielo, and RCAAP. Search terms related to ART and children's psychological adjustment were combined to Boolean operators to identify relevant published studies in English, French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish. Peer-reviewed studies focused on the psychological adjustment of ART children aged between the 3 and 11 years were included. From a total of 337 results, 45 papers were eligible to be included in this review. Data extraction was performed independently by two authors and revised and confirmed by other two authors. All children scored below the clinical range for psychiatric symptoms when compared with normative data for the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) or the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA), regardless of type of ART and different family configurations. Further, some evidence suggests that surrogacy children with gay fathers present the lowest levels of psychological problems when compared to normative data. These findings enable practitioners to develop an informed view of ART children mental health outcomes to help parents find more adaptive strategies to navigate their chosen pathways in healthier ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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16. An integrative literature review of psychosocial factors in the transition to parenthood following non-donor-assisted reproduction compared with spontaneously conceiving couples.
- Author
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Allan, Helen T., van den Akker, O., Culley, Lorraine, Mounce, Ginny, Odelius, Anki, and Symon, Andrew
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PARENTHOOD & psychology ,INFERTILITY treatment ,WELL-being ,SOCIAL support ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,SELF-perception ,MARITAL satisfaction ,COUPLES therapy ,CHILD behavior ,PREGNANT women ,SELF-efficacy ,PARENTING ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,LOCUS of control ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,FERTILIZATION in vitro ,FAMILY relations ,PARENT-child relationships ,THEMATIC analysis ,EMOTIONS ,PSYCHOLOGICAL stress ,REFLECTION (Philosophy) - Abstract
The paper reports an integrative literature review of research into the psychosocial factors which shape the transition to parenthood in couples following non-donor in vitro fertilization in comparison with those conceiving spontaneously. Nineteen papers of non-donor IVF and SC mothers and fathers were included. Differences between groups were reported for a range of psychosocial measures during the transition from pregnancy to parenthood including: the control couples feel they have over their lives (locus of control), parental adjustment and child behaviour, parental stress, parental investment in the child, self-esteem and self-efficacy, greater levels of protectiveness (separation anxiety) towards child, marital and family functioning, family alliance, marital satisfaction and communication, as well as anxiety, indirect aggression and lowered respect for the child. We have conceptualised these differences as three substantive themes which reflect psychosocial factors shaping transition to parenthood in parents after non-donor AR: namely social support, relationships and emotional well-being, which are in turn influenced by gender differences. These findings have implications for health care professionals' assessment of individual couples' support needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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17. Luteinizing hormone supplementation in controlled ovarian stimulation: the Iran Delphi consensus.
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Salehpour, Saghar, Aleyasin, Ashraf, Moini, Ashraf, Mousavifar, Nezhat, Mohammadhossein, Nasresfahani, Fard, Sedighe Abdollahi, Marzie, Sanuiefarimani, Mohammadzadeh, Mahboubeh, and Fischer, Robert
- Subjects
CONSENSUS (Social sciences) ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,LUTEINIZING hormone ,FOLLICLE-stimulating hormone ,DELPHI method ,INDUCED ovulation - Abstract
Introduction: Numerous consensus documents worldwide address luteinizing hormone (LH) supplementation in controlled ovarian stimulation, yet to the best of our knowledge, only one consensus paper has been published in the Arab region. This study presents a Delphi consensus by seven Iranian infertility experts, offering real-world clinical perspectives. The aim was to develop evidence-based opinions on LH's role alongside FSH in various aspects of assisted reproductive technology (ART), including LHlevels, monitoring, r-hLHuse, and suggested activity. Methods: Employing the Delphi consensus approach, the Iran consensus unfolded in three steps. In Step 1, eight out of 10 statements gained approval, while two unclear statements were removed. In Step 2, the 20-member extended panel voted on the remaining eight statements. Results: Only one (statement 3) lacked consensus (55% agreement), prompting a modification. The revised statement (noted as statement 3') obtained an 83% agreement. Discussion: The clinical perspectives included in this consensus complement clinical guidelines and policies that help further improve treatment outcomes, especially for patients with FSH and LH deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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18. Social innovation and educational innovation: a qualitative review of innovation's evolution.
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Maldonado-Mariscal, Karina and Alijew, Iwan
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SOCIAL innovation ,EDUCATIONAL innovations ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,HISTORICAL analysis - Abstract
The paradigm of innovation has evolved over the last decades worldwide. The old conception of innovation as technological change has become more diversified and specialised. Current debates express the need to provide a holistic view of innovation, with its pros and cons, including all dimensions of innovation in society and different fields. This paper consists of a qualitative review focusing on three concepts: 'innovation', 'social innovation' and 'innovation in education'. This research includes a historical analysis within 1939–2019 as the base period of analysis. This article is based on 108 different sources, which were carefully selected. The analysis was carried out with content analysis in our main sample. This paper contributes to our understanding of innovation more holistically, by discovering how innovation is understood and used, but also by looking at the different stages it has gone through in historical debates and evolutionary trends. This article presents different perspectives on innovation over time and helps to recognise the evolution of the concept of innovation and the emergence of social innovation as a field of its own. Furthermore, the relevance of innovation in the field of education is presented and current debates on the understanding of innovation are situated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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19. The Global Decline in Human Fertility: The Post-Transition Trap Hypothesis.
- Author
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Aitken, Robert John
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FERTILITY decline ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,DEMOGRAPHIC transition ,HUMAN fertility ,HUMAN reproduction ,INFERTILITY ,FERTILITY - Abstract
Over the past half a century many countries have witnessed a rapid fall in total fertility rates, particularly in the world's most advanced economies including the industrial powerhouses of Eastern Asia and Europe. Such nations have now passed through the first and second demographic transitions and are currently exhibiting fertility rates well below the replacement threshold of 2.1, with no sign of recovery. This paper examines the factors responsible for driving these demographic transitions and considers their impact on both fertility and fecundity (our fundamental capacity to reproduce). I argue that because the first demographic transition was extremely rapid and largely driven by socioeconomic factors, it has had no lasting impact on the genetic/epigenetic underpinnings of human fecundity. However, the second demographic transition will be different. A series of conditions associated with low fertility societies, including relaxed selection pressure for high-fertility genotypes, the indiscriminate use of assisted reproductive technologies to treat human infertility, and environmental contamination with reproductive toxicants, may impact our genetic constitution in ways that compromise the future fecundity of our species. Since any fundamental change in the genetic foundations of human reproduction will be difficult to reverse, we should actively pursue methods to monitor human fecundity, as sub-replacement fertility levels become established across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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20. Law and the labour of reproduction: Constituting gestational work.
- Author
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Collard, Juliane
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HUMAN reproductive technology ,SEXUAL division of labor ,LABOR laws ,REPRODUCTION ,COMMERCIAL markets ,UTERUS - Abstract
Canada has recently emerged as a hotspot in a burgeoning global surrogacy bio‐economy. On the grounds that any commercial trade in reproductive capabilities would result in the exploitation of marginalised women willing to sell their eggs and wombs, Canada's Assisted Human Reproduction Act (AHRA) bans commercial surrogacy, allowing only for altruistic arrangements. Drawing together analysis of the AHRA and related legal, regulatory, and policy documents, feminist political economic theory, and a growing body of critical social scientific scholarship on surrogacy, this paper troubles altruism as a means of insulating surrogacy from market‐based exploitation. It contributes to the extant literature an explicit focus on the law as a key site in the reproduction of the gendered division of labour. Acknowledging the serious concerns that dog commercial markets in reproductive biology, it argues that the legal constitution of gestational work as altruistic is part of a broader juridico‐economic apparatus that has systematically devalued reproductive labour under capitalism. Efforts to insulate surrogacy from the market by legally designating it as a gift freely given facilitate the ongoing appropriation of reproductive labour, which is assigned, once again, to the realm of non‐value. A feminist political‐economic critique of altruism, this paper does not forward an argument in favour of commercialisation. Rather, its aim is to upend the commercial/altruistic binary that has circumscribed so much of the thinking and legislating around surrogacy. This paper explores the role of the law in devaluing reproductive labour under capitalism. It does so via an examination of Canada's burgeoning surrogacy bio‐economy and the legislation – the Assisted Human Reproduction Act – designed to regulate it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Attitudes, intentions and procreative responsibility in current and future assisted reproduction.
- Author
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Battisti, Davide
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HUMAN reproduction ,GENOME editing ,PREIMPLANTATION genetic diagnosis ,GENETIC testing ,PARENTING ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,DECISION making ,ATTITUDES toward pregnancy ,INTENTION ,PARENT-child relationships ,SOCIAL responsibility ,PARENTS - Abstract
Procreative obligations are often discussed by evaluating only the consequences of reproductive actions or omissions; less attention is paid to the moral role of intentions and attitudes. In this paper, I assess whether intentions and attitudes can contribute to defining our moral obligations with regard to assisted reproductive technologies already available, such as preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), and those that may be available in future, such as reproductive genome editing and ectogenesis, in a way compatible with person‐affecting constraints. I propose the parent–child relationship argument, which is based on the moral distinction between creating and parenting a child. Hence, I first argue that intentions and attitudes can play a role in defining our moral obligations in reproductive decisions involving PGD. Second, I maintain that if we accept this and recognize reproductive genome editing and ectogenesis as person‐affecting procedures, we should be committed to arguing that prospective parents may have moral reasons to prefer reproduction via such techniques than via sexual intercourse. In both cases, I observe an extension of our procreative responsibility beyond what is proposed by the consequentialist person‐affecting morality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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22. SARS-CoV-2, fertility and assisted reproduction.
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Ata, Baris, Vermeulen, Nathalie, Mocanu, Edgar, Gianaroli, Luca, Lundin, Kersti, Rautakallio-Hokkanen, Satu, Tapanainen, Juha S, and Veiga, Anna
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REPRODUCTIVE technology ,MEDICAL personnel ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,SARS-CoV-2 ,SEXUALLY transmitted diseases ,FERTILITY clinics ,MAYER-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome ,FLUID intelligence - Abstract
Background: In 2020, SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 pandemic had a huge impact on the access to and provision of ART treatments. Gradually, knowledge of the virus and its transmission has become available, allowing ART activities to resume. Still, questions on the impact of the virus on human gametes and fertility remain.Objective and Rationale: This article summarizes published data, aiming to clarify the impact of SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 disease on human fertility and assisted reproduction, as well as the impact of vaccination, and from this, provide answers to questions that are relevant for people contemplating pregnancy and for health care professionals.Search Methods: PUBMED/MEDLINE and the WHO COVID-19 database were searched from inception to 5 October 2022 with search terms focusing on 'SARS-CoV-2' and gametes, embryos, reproductive function, fertility and ART. Non-English studies and papers published prior to 2020 were excluded, as well as reviews and non-peer reviewed publications. Full papers were assessed for relevance and quality, where feasible.Outcomes: From the 148 papers included, the following observations were made. The SARS-CoV-2-binding proteins, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and type II transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2), are expressed in the testis, but co-expression remains to be proven. There is some evidence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the ejaculate of COVID-19 patients with severe disease, but not in those with mild/moderate disease. SARS-CoV-2 infection can impair spermatogenesis, but this seems to resolve after one spermatogenic cycle. Testosterone levels seem to be lower during and after COVID-19, but long-term data are lacking; disease severity may be associated with testosterone levels. COVID-19 cannot be considered a sexually transmitted disease. There is no co-expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the myometrium, uterus, ovaries or fallopian tubes. Oocytes seem to have the receptors and protease machinery to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, viral RNA in oocytes has not been detected so far. Women contemplating pregnancy following COVID-19 may benefit from screening for thyroid dysfunction. There is a possible (transient) impact of COVID-19 on menstrual patterns. Embryos, and particularly late blastocysts, seem to have the machinery to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Most studies have not reported a significant impact of COVID-19 on ovarian reserve, ovarian function or follicular fluid parameters. Previous asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 infection in females does not seem to negatively affect laboratory and clinical outcomes of ART. There are no data on the minimum required interval, if any, between COVID-19 recovery and ART. There is no evidence of a negative effect of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on semen parameters or spermatogenesis, ovarian function, ovarian reserve or folliculogenesis. A transient effect on the menstrual cycle has been documented. Despite concerns, cross reactivity between anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies and Syncytin-1, an essential protein in human implantation, is absent. There is no influence of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine on patients' performance during their immediate subsequent ART cycle. Pregnancy rates post-vaccination are similar to those in unvaccinated patients.Wider Implications: This review highlights existing knowledge on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 on fertility and assisted reproduction, but also identifies gaps and offers suggestions for future research. The knowledge presented should help to provide evidence-based advice for practitioners and couples contemplating pregnancy alike, facilitating informed decision-making in an environment of significant emotional turmoil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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23. Imaginaries of a laparoscope: power, convenience, and sterilization in rural India.
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Fiks, Eva
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HEALTH policy ,ETHICS ,TUBAL sterilization ,LAPAROSCOPIC surgery ,ETHNOLOGY research ,FIELDWORK (Educational method) ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,RESEARCH funding ,RURAL population ,CONTROL (Psychology) - Abstract
Laparoscopic tubal ligation is the most prevalent method of contraception amongst India's rural and urban poor. Drawing on 18 months of ethnographic fieldwork in rural Rajasthan in 2012–2013, this paper investigates how rural women's perceptions of a biomedical instrument—the laparoscope—influence their perceptions of sterilization, a procedure often entrenched in coercive, target- and incentive-driven population control programme. By investigating how a laparoscope is entangled in global exchanges, national policies, institutional arrangements, and local moral worlds, this paper demonstrates that while wider biomedical discourses perpetuate the narrative of safety and convenience, people's everyday lives inform their understandings of technology that is widely known but rarely seen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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24. Introduction to the Beckwith–Wiedemann Syndrome and Cancer Special Issue.
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Mussa, Alessandro and Kalish, Jennifer M.
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PROTEINS ,GENETIC mutation ,SERIAL publications ,TONGUE diseases ,DNA methylation ,NEPHROBLASTOMA ,BECKWITH-Wiedemann syndrome ,GENES ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,DISEASE complications - Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Surrogacy and uterus transplantation using live donors: Examining the options from the perspective of 'womb‐givers'.
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Mullock, Alexandra, Romanis, Elizabeth Chloe, and Begović, Dunja
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ATTITUDES of mothers ,HYSTERECTOMY ,DEBATE ,MOTHER-infant relationship ,UTERUS ,PARENT-infant relationships ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,ATTITUDES toward pregnancy ,LABOR (Obstetrics) ,ORGAN donors ,BIOETHICS - Abstract
For females without a functioning womb, the only way to become a biological parent is via assisted gestation—either surrogacy or uterus transplantation (UTx). This paper examines the comparative impact of these options on two types of putative 'womb‐givers': people who provide gestational surrogacy and those who donate their uterus for live donation. The surrogate 'leases' their womb for the gestational period, while the UTx donor donates their womb permanently via hysterectomy. Both enterprises involve a significant degree of self‐sacrifice and medical risk in order to enable another person(s) to become a parent by either providing gestational labour or enabling the other person to undertake gestation themselves. In this paper, we explore the burdens and the benefits from the perspective of the womb‐giver in order to inform ethical debate about assisted gestation. This is a perspective that is often neglected in the bioethical discourse. With both surrogacy and UTx, when success follows the womb‐giver's sacrifice, the key benefit is delivered to the intending parent(s), but as this article examines, the womb‐giver may also enjoy some unique (relational) benefits as a result of their sacrifice. Ultimately, the choice of how a womb‐giver lends assistance in gestation will impact on their bodily autonomy; some will prefer to carry a pregnancy and others to donate their uterus. We argue that the perspective of the womb‐giver is crucial and thus far has not been afforded sufficient consideration in ethical discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Double‐donor surrogacy and the intention to parent.
- Author
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Baron, Teresa
- Subjects
- *
HUMAN reproductive technology laws , *PARENTS , *BIOETHICS , *HUMAN reproductive technology , *OVUM donation , *INTENTION , *SPERM donation - Abstract
Assisted reproduction often involves biological contributions by third parties such as egg/sperm donors, mitochondrial DNA donors, and surrogate mothers. However, these arrangements are also characterised by a biological relationship between the child and at least one intending parent. For example, one or both intending parents might use their own eggs/sperm in surrogacy, or an intending mother might conceive using donor sperm or gestate a donor embryo. What happens when this relationship is absent, as in the case of 'double‐donor surrogacy' arrangements (DDS)? Here, a child is conceived using both donor eggs and sperm, carried by a surrogate, and raised by the commissioning parents. In this paper, I critically examine proposals to allow DDS in the United Kingdom, and the intentionalist justification for treating this practice distinctly (morally and legally speaking) from private adoption. I argue that the intentionalist approach cannot plausibly justify such a distinction and that other approaches to moral parenthood are also unlikely to succeed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Zuckerberg, get out of my uterus! An examination of fertility apps, data-sharing and remaking the female body as a digitalized reproductive subject.
- Author
-
Healy, Rachael Louise
- Subjects
HUMAN fertility ,APPLICATION software ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,HUMAN reproduction ,GENDER ,FEMINISM - Abstract
This paper explores the rise of fertility apps and what data-sharing in this arena can mean for app users. The paper offers a brief background of some available fertility apps, how they work and where they are situated in the sphere of health-tracking apps. Exploring how exactly these apps market themselves in terms of feminist-empowerment discourses, the author examines how these claims fit within broader critical discussions around fertility data, data sharing and the ways that applications and algorithms are designed to configure particular versions of reproductive femininity. The author shows the way that intimate data takes on a new life as it is sold on in order to identify women as potential targets for purposes of commercial marketing, as well as the more subtle ways this works to remind female users of reproductive expectations within societies. The paper illustrates the way that fertility apps can play a role in the further medicalization and regulation of the female body as a newly-digitalized reproductive machine, as these apps become a new mode of inducing conception under a veiled guise of appearing to be a harmless and empowering way for women to re-learn and re-claim their bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Let Us Assume That Gene Editing is Safe—The Role of Safety Arguments in the Gene Editing Debate.
- Author
-
HOLM, SØREN
- Subjects
DEBATE ,GENE therapy ,GENETIC engineering ,GENETIC techniques ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,GENETIC mutation ,SAFETY ,EMBRYOS ,EPIGENOMICS - Abstract
This paper provides an analysis of the statement, made in many papers and reports on the use of gene editing in humans, that we should only use the technology when it is safe. It provides an analysis of what the statement means in the context of nonreproductive and reproductive gene editing and argues that the statement is inconsistent with the philosophical commitments of some of the authors, who put it forward in relation to reproductive uses of gene editing, specifically their commitment to Parfitian nonidentity considerations and to a legal principle of reproductive liberty. But, if that is true it raises a question about why the statement is made. What is its discursive and rhetorical function? Five functions are suggested, some of which are more contentious and problematic than others. It is argued that it is possible, perhaps even likely, that the "only when it is safe" rider is part of a deliberate obfuscation aimed at hiding the full implications of the arguments made about the ethics of gene editing and their underlying philosophical justifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Equality‐enhancing potential of novel forms of assisted gestation: Perspectives of reproductive rights advocates.
- Author
-
Romanis, Elizabeth Chloe
- Subjects
HUMAN reproductive technology laws ,EQUALITY ,HUMAN rights ,FOCUS groups ,HEALTH services accessibility ,GOVERNMENT regulation ,RESEARCH methodology ,ARTIFICIAL organs ,INTERVIEWING ,UTERUS ,PLACENTA ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,MEDICAL ethics ,CONSUMER activism ,RESEARCH funding ,THEMATIC analysis - Abstract
Novel forms of assisted gestation—uterus transplantation and artificial placentas—are highly anticipated in the ethico‐legal literature for their capacity to enhance reproductive autonomy. There are also, however, significant challenges anticipated in the development of novel forms of assisted gestation. While there is a normative exploration of these challenges in the literature, there has not yet, to my knowledge, been empirical research undertaken to explore what reproductive rights organisations and advocates identify as potential benefits and challenges. This perspective is invaluable. These organisations/individuals have an awareness not only of the needs of individuals but also of the political landscape in which regulatory decisions are made and which individuals navigate when seeking reproductive assistance. In this study, data was generated from two semi‐structured focus groups (n = 11). Reflective thematic analysis was used to examine the views raised by study participants in these focus groups. This paper explores two of the themes constructed in the data. First, the equality‐enhancing potential of assisted gestation exploring the multifaceted ways in which assisted gestation has structural benefits for marginalised groups. Second, realising the equality‐enhancing potential of assisted gestation explores the intersecting barriers to access to reproductive technologies and how they may impede the benefits of these technologies in practice. These results can enhance conceptual understanding of the importance of novel forms of assisted gestation and ensure that attention is paid to practical barriers in further normative research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Legal and Ethical Analysis of Advertising for Elective Egg Freezing.
- Author
-
Bayefsky, Michelle J.
- Subjects
ADVERTISING laws ,RISK factors in infertility ,ADVERTISING ,AUTONOMY (Psychology) ,BIOLOGICAL rhythms ,CRYOPRESERVATION of organs, tissues, etc. ,SEX hormones ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,HUMAN rights ,LIBERTY ,OVUM ,PROFESSIONAL ethics ,SELF-efficacy - Abstract
This paper reviews common advertising claims by egg freezing companies and evaluates the medical evidence behind those claims. It then surveys legal standards for truth in advertising, including FTC and FDA regulations and the First Amendment right to free speech. Professional standards for medical advertising, such as guidelines published by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), and the American Medical Association (AMA), are also summarized. A number of claims, many of which relate to the targeting of younger women for eOC, are found to breach legal and ethical standards for truth in advertising. The ethical implications of misleading advertising claims are also discussed, and the central narrative woven by OC ads — that egg freezing is empowering to women — is examined. The paper concludes that a more balanced approach to the risks and benefits of OC is necessary to truly respect women's autonomy. Moreover, justice requires us to look beyond a medical procedure accessible only to a minority of women in order to address inequities in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Machine Learning Techniques for Assisted Reproductive Technology: A Review.
- Author
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Ranjini, K., Suruliandi, A., and Raja, S. P.
- Subjects
MACHINE learning ,ART techniques ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,BIG data ,FORECASTING ,REPRODUCTIVE technology ,INFERTILITY - Abstract
Infertility is becoming a public health issue in almost all countries. Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) is considered as a method of last resort for treating infertility. The treatment of ART is highly expensive and painful, and also the probability of success is low since the success is affected by a large number of variables. Researchers are now trying to identify patterns comprising significant variables, their impact on success, and the interdependence of different variables to enumerate the status of the patient and to support the doctors and biologists to prescribe treatment to improve the probability of success of ART. Machine learning technique is a tool that is used by various researchers in the field of ART to identify the interlink between the variables. The objective of this review paper is to find the appliance of machine learning techniques in ART and to find further enrichment needed for future research. From the literature, it is found that some research works were done using machine learning techniques to predict ART outcome. On analyzing the reviews qualitatively and quantitatively, it is understood that various classifiers are used for ART outcome prediction but they are trained using limited amount of static data collected from fertility centers. The exact prediction of ART outcome may be improved by training the classifier with large amount of dynamic data. But building such a classifier is difficult by the already existing techniques. This may be made possible by introducing Big Data Analytics in ART. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Biologically infallible? Men's views on male age‐related fertility decline and sperm freezing.
- Author
-
Law, Caroline
- Subjects
RISK factors in infertility ,AGE distribution ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,CRYOPRESERVATION of organs, tissues, etc. ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,MASCULINITY ,PSYCHOLOGY of men ,PRESERVATION of organs, tissues, etc. ,RISK perception ,SEMEN ,SEX distribution - Abstract
Trends in people having children later in life and increasing evidence of male age‐related fertility decline (ARFD) has led some to propose sperm freezing as a suitable response. However, little consideration has been given to how men might respond to such a proposal, and there has been a paucity of empirical data to inform such a consideration. This paper arises from in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews with men (n = 25) who do not have children but want or expect to have them in the future. Data on men's perceptions of male ARFD and sperm freezing are presented and discussed in accordance with theoretical and conceptual tools relating to reproductive masculinity, biomedicalisation, gendered risk perception and meanings of sperm and masculinity. It suggests that that men's overall lack of concern regarding male ARFD and resistance towards ideas of sperm freezing result not only from a lack of exposure to evidence regarding male ARFD but are also shaped by ideals of reproductive masculinity, and may indicate resistance towards the idea of reproductive control. It argues that these positions perpetuate a gender unequal politicisation of ARFD and perpetuate particular gendered subjectivities relating to culpability and responsibility for guarding against risks of ARFD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. North American surrogate reproductive mobilities incited by cross-border reproductive care.
- Author
-
Speier, Amy
- Subjects
PARENTS ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,REPRODUCTIVE technology - Abstract
The transnational mobility of intended parents traveling abroad for reproductive technologies has been heavily accounted for and theorized. On the other hand, scholars have emphasized the immobility of surrogates in places like India, Nepal and Cambodia. In order to extend an examination of how reproductive travel informs mobility, this paper will turn a critical eye toward North American surrogates' reproductive mobilities that are incited by their participation in cross-border reproductive care. Surrogates in the United States are strikingly different from the images presented of surrogates in India. In fact, when the North American surrogates cycle for international intended parents, in some aspects they become less and more mobile. This paper will focus on multiple types of reproductive mobilities that are involved in the global fertility industry when international intended parents travel to North America for assisted reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. A vindicatory approach to tortious liability for mistakes in assisted human reproduction.
- Author
-
Mulligan, Andrea
- Subjects
HUMAN rights ,MEDICAL laws ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,TORT theory ,TORTS - Abstract
Mistakes in assisted human reproduction procedures such as IVF, egg, sperm and embryo donation are surprisingly common, but tortious liability for such mistakes has not been addressed in the courts of England and Wales, or Ireland. This paper presents an argument in favour of a vindicatory approach to tortious claims arising from mistakes, where the claimants are the parents of the resulting, healthy, child. Drawing on the analogous tort of wrongful pregnancy, the paper provides a vindicatory account of the case of Rees v Darlington Memorial Hospital , and argues that Rees signposts the correct approach for tortious claims arising from mistakes in assisted human reproduction. It is argued that while the law should not compensate 'loss' flowing from the birth of a child, parents should be entitled to an award of damages to vindicate their right to reproductive autonomy. The paper explores vindication of the right to reproductive autonomy through the tort of negligence, but argues that vindication may be more effectively achieved through the creation of a separate tort which is actionable per se, strict liability, and expressly focused on vindication rather than compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Ethics of live uterus donor compensation.
- Author
-
Lee, Ji‐Young
- Subjects
ETHICS ,UTERUS ,LABOR incentives ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,PAY for performance ,ORGAN donors ,ORGAN donation ,TRANSPLANTATION of organs, tissues, etc. - Abstract
In this paper, I claim that live uterus donors ought to be considered for the possibility of compensation. I support my claim on the basis of comparable arguments which have already been applied to gamete donation, surrogacy, and other kinds of organ donation. However, I acknowledge that there are specificities associated with uterus donation, which make the issue of incentive and reward a harder ethical case relative to gamete donation, surrogacy, and other kinds of organ donation. Ultimately, I contend that while reimbursement for the costs incurred by live uterus donors should be treated as a necessary ethical minimum, how much further we ought to remunerate uterus donations remains an open question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. New Zealand's Approaches to Regulating the Commodification of the Female Body: A Comparative Analysis Reveals Ethical Inconsistencies.
- Author
-
Otterman, Lauren S.
- Subjects
SAFETY ,GOVERNMENT regulation ,FEMINISM ,WOMEN'S rights ,SEX work ,PSYCHOLOGY of women ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,BUSINESS ,SOCIAL skills ,LEGAL status of surrogate mothers ,WOMEN'S health - Abstract
In 2003 and 2004, Aotearoa New Zealand enacted two key laws that regulate two very different ways in which the female body may be commodified. The Prostitution Reform Act 2003 (PRA) decriminalized prostitution, removing legal barriers to the buying and selling of commercial sexual services. The Human Assisted Reproductive Technology Act 2004 (HART Act), on the other hand, put a prohibition on commercial surrogacy agreements. This paper undertakes a comparative analysis of the ethical arguments underlying New Zealand's legislative solutions to prostitution and commercial surrogacy. While the regulation of prostitution is approached with a Marxist feminist lens with the aim to ensure the health and safety of sex workers, commercial surrogacy is prohibited outright for concerns of negative impacts on present and future persons. I ground the principles of each Act in their ethical foundations and compare these two against one another. I conclude that New Zealand's legislative approach to regulating the commodification of the female body is ethically inconsistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Going the Distance: Ethics of Space and Location on Accessing Reproductive Services in Australia.
- Author
-
Sassano, Angie, Mayes, Christopher, Kerridge, Ian, and Lipworth, Wendy
- Subjects
MATERNAL health services ,HEALTH services accessibility ,RESEARCH methodology ,POPULATION geography ,INTERVIEWING ,QUALITATIVE research ,CONTINUUM of care ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,RESEARCH funding ,METROPOLITAN areas ,THEMATIC analysis ,REPRODUCTIVE health ,BIOETHICS - Abstract
Qualitative studies on assisted reproductive technology commonly focus on the perspectives of participants living in major metropolises. In doing so, the experiences of those living outside major cities, and the unique way conditions of spatiality shape access to treatment, are elided. In this paper, we examine how location and regionality in Australia impact upon access and experience of reproductive services. We conducted twelve qualitative interviews with participants residing in regional areas across Australia. We asked participants to discuss their experience with assisted reproduction services and the impacts of location on access, service choice, and experience of care, and analysed the data using reflexive thematic analysis, as outlined by Braun and Clarke (2006, 2019). Participants in this study reported that their location impacted the services available to them, required considerable time in travel, and reduced continuity of care. We draw on these responses to examine the ethical implications of uneven distribution of reproductive services in commercial healthcare settings which rely on market-based mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. SURROGACY AND PARENTHOOD: A EUROPEAN SAGA OF GENETIC ESSENTIALISM AND GENDER DISCRIMINATION.
- Author
-
Levy, Mélanie
- Subjects
SEX discrimination ,PARENTHOOD ,SURROGATE motherhood ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,ESSENTIALISM (Philosophy) ,PARENT-child relationships - Abstract
This pclper tells a stoyy of shifting normativities, fom tradition to modernity and back, regarding the recognition of legal parenthood in non-traditional families created through crossborder surrogacy. Tbe cross-border nature of the surrogacy is often forced. as most domestic legalfameworks in Europe still restrict the creation of non-traditional families through assisted reproductive technologies. Once back borne, these families struggle to bave birth certificates recognized and establish legal parenthood. Tbe disjuncture between social reality and domestic law creates a situation of legal limbo. In its recent case law. tbe European Court of Human Rights has pusbed for domestic authorities to rect this situation but, at tbe same time, bas filled the legal limbo witb genetic essentialism and allowed for gender discrimination wben recognizing legal parenthood. While giving full effect to a genetic father's foreign birth certificate based on identity and best interests arguments, tbe Court accepts tbat a genetic mother must adopt to establish a legal parent-child relationship. Tbe paper critically addresses this intriguing imbalance. It deconstructs tbe Court's genetic essentialism encouraging a biologically determined view of parenting, which sidelines tbe social (i.e., non-genetically related) parent and contradicts tbe purpose of assisted reproduction to overcome biological barriers. Tbe paper concludes by rejecting tbe gender-discriminatory element of power and control over legal motberbood imposed by tbe procedural step of adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
39. Public funding of uterus transplantation: Deepening the socio‐moral critique.
- Subjects
UTERUS ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,GOVERNMENT aid ,BIOETHICS - Abstract
Human uterus transplantation (UTx)—the most radical and experimental of all current forms of assisted reproduction—gives rise to a range of complex ethical questions, including those related to individual safety, risk, and informed consent. I have argued elsewhere that the wider social impacts and implications of UTx provision must form part of a comprehensive ethical analysis. My socio‐moral critique of UTx provision has been responded to with a number of defences of possible public funding of UTx. In this paper I examine a select number of those defences. These include: that UTx provision would address harms and needs that already exist and as such have priority; that UTx provision is fully compatible with the needed reform of the procreative context in which it would be offered; that UTx provision would not necessarily involve legitimation or endorsement of what are widely agreed to be problematic pronatalist or geneticist norms; and that UTx provision is required as a matter of justice and consistency with other practices. Importantly, defenders are not proposing a ceteris paribus justification of UTx provision; nor do my responses to their arguments represent a comprehensive opposition to UTx. Rather, my more limited purpose here is to show that whatever other defences may be given of publicly funded UTx provision, those considered here do not ultimately succeed and therefore do not allay the concerns underpinning the original socio‐moral critique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. An Ethics-Informed, Comparative Analysis of Uterus Transplantation and Gestational Surrogacy for Uterine Factor Infertility in High-Income Countries.
- Author
-
Kirby, Jeffrey
- Subjects
DEVELOPED countries ,INFERTILITY ,UTERUS ,AUTONOMY (Psychology) ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,DECISION making ,REPRODUCTIVE rights ,BIOETHICS - Abstract
Interest in the future, clinical implementation of uterus transplantation for uterine factor infertility was recently boosted by the demonstration of proof-of-concept for deceased uterus donation/transplantation. The ethical dimensions of living and deceased uterus transplantation are explored and addressed in the paper through their comparison to the ethical elements of an existing, legal, assisted reproduction practice in some high-income countries, i.e., gestational surrogacy. A set of six ethics lenses is used in the comparative analysis: reproductive autonomy and rights, informed choice/consent, relevant critical relational theories, health equity, theoretical application of the accepted living donation standard, and comparative benefits and burdens considerations. Gestational surrogacy, as currently practiced in some high-income countries, is the assumed, theoretical base-threshold for determination of ethical acceptability in assisted reproduction practices. The analysis demonstrates that (at the present time): 1) the ethical acceptability of living uterus donation/transplantation is less than that of gestational surrogacy in high-income countries, and 2) the ethical acceptability of deceased uterus donation/transplantation is roughly equivalent to that of gestational surrogacy. This leads to the conclusion that, at the present time, only one version of uterus transplantation practice, i.e., deceased uterus transplantation, should be considered ethically acceptable for possible clinical implementation in high-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Ova Retrieval for IVF in the Light of Islamic Sharī'ah Laws in Pakistan.
- Author
-
Butt, Muhammad Qasim and Shah, Sultan
- Subjects
ISLAM ,OVARIES ,FALLOPIAN tubes ,LEGISLATION ,OVUM ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,FERTILIZATION in vitro - Abstract
The technique of in vitro fertilization is the cornerstone of all assisted reproductive techniques. Other sophisticated procedures springing from it can differ in the method of assisted fertilization; for example, the site of deposition of gametes or embryos in the uterus or Fallopian tube, the use of fresh or frozen gametes and embryos, assistance from donor sperms or oocytes, and whether gestation is carried out in the same woman or another woman. IVF itself depends on the retrieval of ova from a woman's ovaries. This pivotal stage of IVF has not been deliberated upon by Muslim jurists, who largely focus on the overall legal status of IVF, whereas the legal position of this particular step in IVF impacts the whole procedure. This research paper focuses specifically on the retrieval of ova for IVF in the light of Islamic Sharī'ah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Germline Gene Editing: The Gender Issues.
- Author
-
de Miguel Beriain, Iñigo, Payán Ellacuria, Ekain, and Sanz, Begoña
- Subjects
GENOME editing ,SELF-efficacy ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,SEX discrimination ,GENDER inequality - Abstract
Human germline gene editing constitutes an extremely promising technology; at the same time, however, it raises remarkable ethical, legal, and social issues. Although many of these issues have been largely explored by the academic literature, there are gender issues embedded in the process that have not received the attention they deserve. This paper examines ways in which this new tool necessarily affects males and females differently—both in rewards and perils. The authors conclude that there is an urgent need to include these gender issues in the current debate, before giving a green light to this new technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Reproductive genome editing interventions are therapeutic, sometimes.
- Author
-
Palacios‐González, César
- Subjects
GENETIC disorder treatment ,EMBRYOS ,HUMAN genome ,GENETIC engineering ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,GENE therapy ,DECISION making in clinical medicine ,BIOETHICS - Abstract
In this paper I argue that some human reproductive genome editing interventions can be therapeutic in nature, and thus that it is false that all such interventions just create healthy individuals. I do this by showing that the conditions established by a therapy definition are met by certain reproductive genome editing interventions. I then defend this position against two objections: (a) reproductive genome editing interventions do not attain one of the two conditions for something to be a therapy, and (b) some reproductive genome editing interventions are therapeutic but in a nonstandard way. In the Conclusion I call for a more nuanced discussion of the nature of reproductive genome editing interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Biomedical treatment and divine assistance: complementary reproductive itineraries among catholic women users of assisted reproduction technology in Argentina.
- Author
-
Olmos Alvarez, Ana Lucia and Johnson, María Cecilia
- Subjects
INTERVIEWING ,QUALITATIVE research ,ETHNOLOGY research ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,RESEARCH funding ,ALTERNATIVE medicine ,WOMEN'S health - Abstract
This paper explores how Catholic women in Argentina use assisted reproduction technologies (ARTs), and particularly the way in which they resort to biomedicine and religion as complementary sources of knowledge, support and assistance during reproductive treatments. It is concerned about the role of the Catholic religion in local reproductive itineraries, seeing that Catholicism has such significant social, political and cultural influence in the country. Drawing on a qualitative and ethnographic study of Catholic spaces of worship, a maternity hospital and in-depth interviews with former users from three metropolitan areas in Argentina, we examine how reproductive itineraries involve the users' agency in building health resources from religion, with reference to biomedicine. The data reveal that women address religion as an affective, social and therapeutic recourse intertwined with biomedical power. These findings highlight the multiple and complex forms reproduction acquires in specific social, cultural and normative contexts, and contribute to discussing the complementarity between religion and biomedicine in health experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Ethical implementation of mitochondrial donation in Australia.
- Author
-
Koplin, Julian, Lestrell, Esther, Mills, Catherine, Degeling, Chris, Kneebone, Ezra, Ludlow, Karinne, Newson, Ainsley, Sparrow, Robert, Sutton, Liz, and Warren, Narelle
- Subjects
HUMAN reproductive technology laws ,PATIENT aftercare ,GENETIC mutation ,MITOCHONDRIAL pathology ,SEX preselection ,OVUM donation ,INFORMED consent (Medical law) ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,BIOETHICS - Abstract
Australia has recently legalised mitochondrial donation. However, key ethical and legal issues still need to be addressed. This paper maps the relevant issues and offers some suggestions for how they ought to be resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. The Beginning of Life Issues: An Islamic Perspective.
- Author
-
Mitra, Piyali
- Subjects
INFERTILITY treatment ,ISLAM ,EMBRYOS ,ETHICS ,HUMAN rights ,CONCEPTION ,FETAL development ,RELIGION & medicine ,PARENTHOOD ,FERTILITY preservation ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,FERTILIZATION in vitro - Abstract
Islam gives legal precedence to purity of lineage and known parenthood of all children. In Islam treatment to infertility using IVF is permitted within validity of marriage contract with no genes mixing. The paper shows that the Qur'ān, the word of Allah, and science, the deeds of Allah are not in major conflicts in defining the start of human life. The Holy Qur'ān provides an elegant description of origin, developmental stages of intra-uterine life. The Hadith explains two positions one that believes human embryo get ensouled at conception and the other after 40 days of conception. The paper aims to find that Islam confers moral respect to human embryo, but it also clarifies the absence of full human rights to a developing foetus. In Islam, human embryonic use is probably permissible for therapeutic and reproductive purpose keeping intact the principles of Shari'ah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. SCIENCE.
- Author
-
Austriaco, Nicanor Pier Giorgio
- Subjects
STEM cells ,GENETIC engineering ,HYBRID embryos ,HUMAN in vitro fertilization ,HUMAN reproductive technology - Abstract
The article presents various studies related to stem cells and genetic engineering. It cites the papers presented by Fuchou Tang and colleagues which provides better understanding on stem cells and the studies conducted by George Daley and his colleagues which compares the genetic aspects of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) and embryonic stem cells. It also notes the unique set of noninvasive imaging parameters on human embryos developed by a research team at Stanford University.
- Published
- 2010
48. The Application of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Infertility.
- Author
-
Shi, Yu-Qian, Wang, Yi, Zhu, Xi-Ting, Yin, Rui-Yang, Ma, Yi-Fu, Han, Han, Han, Yan-Hua, and Zhang, Yue-Hui
- Subjects
POLYCYSTIC ovary syndrome ,INFERTILITY ,TREATMENT effectiveness ,HEALTH behavior ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,ALTERNATIVE medicine ,INDUCED ovulation ,BEHAVIOR modification - Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a lifelong reproductive endocrine disease, which is the most common cause of anovular infertility. Modern medicine mainly treats infertile patients with PCOS by improving living habits, ovulation induction therapy, and assisted reproductive technology (ART), but the effect is not satisfied. Complementary alternative medicine (CAM) has conspicuous advantages in the treatment of PCOS infertility due to its good clinical efficacy, wide mechanism of action, and no obvious adverse reactions, but its safety and effectiveness in the treatment of PCOS infertility have not been proved. Based on the existing clinical and experimental studies, this paper looks for the therapeutic effect and the mechanism behind it, and explores the safety and effectiveness of its treatment in PCOS infertility, in order to provide reference for future clinical treatment and experimental research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Should we adopt a prognosis-based approach to unexplained infertility?
- Author
-
Shingshetty, Laxmi, Maheshwari, Abha, McLernon, David J, and Bhattacharya, Siladitya
- Subjects
INFERTILITY ,PREDICTION models ,HUMAN reproductive technology - Abstract
The treatment of unexplained infertility is a contentious topic that continues to attract a great deal of interest amongst clinicians, patients and policy makers. The inability to identify an underlying pathology makes it difficult to devise effective treatments for this condition. Couples with unexplained infertility can conceive on their own and any proposed intervention needs to offer a better chance of having a baby. Over the years, several prognostic and prediction models based on routinely collected clinical data have been developed, but these are not widely used by clinicians and patients. In this opinion paper, we propose a prognosis-based approach such that a decision to access treatment is based on the estimated chances of natural and treatment-related conception, which, in the same couple, can change over time. This approach avoids treating all couples as a homogeneous group and minimizes unnecessary treatment whilst ensuring access to those who need it early. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Medically assisted reproduction for people living with HIV in Europe: A cross‐country exploratory policy comparison.
- Author
-
Andersen, Megan H., Alexander, Madison T., Bintz, Corinne, Ford, Colin, Mitchem, Mallorie, Pham, Alice, Silverman, Lily, and Irwin, Rachel
- Subjects
INFERTILITY treatment ,HIV infections ,HEALTH services accessibility ,INTERVIEWING ,MEDICAL care costs ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,HEALTH attitudes - Abstract
Objective: To explore the availability and accessibility of medically assisted reproduction (MAR) for people living with HIV in Europe, including the feasibility of cross‐border care. Methods: We used a polymorphous engagement approach, primarily based on digital and email‐based interviews with representatives of national HIV organizations, clinical researchers (infectious disease and/or infertility specialists), European and national professional societies (fertility and/or infectious disease), national regulatory authorities and individual clinics in 14 countries in the WHO European region. The research design and results were also informed by two surveys and a review of the secondary literature, news articles and clinic websites. Results: Although MAR is possible for people living with HIV in 12 out of the 14 countries mapped, accessing services can be challenging for logistical or financial reasons. People living with HIV also face barriers to MAR independent of their HIV status, such as limitations on single women and same‐sex couples accessing services. Cross‐border care is available for most patients who are self‐financing but is limited for publicly funded patients. Conclusions: Even when MAR is available to and accessible for people living with HIV, there may still be barriers to treatment. Further research on patient experiences is needed to understand these discrepancies between availability and accessibility on paper and in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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