685 results
Search Results
2. Colonial Virginia's paper money regime, 1755-74: A forensic accounting reconstruction of the data.
- Author
-
Grubb, Farley
- Subjects
- *
PAPER money , *FORENSIC accounting , *GOVERNMENT revenue , *TREASURY bills , *NEGOTIABLE instruments , *HISTORY , *ECONOMIC history - Abstract
In this article, the author reconstructs the data on Virginia's paper money regime using forensic accounting techniques. He corrects the existing data on the amounts authorized and outstanding, and reconstructs yearly data on previously unknown aspects of Virginia's paper money regime, including printings, net new emissions, redemptions and removals, denominational structures, expected redemption tax revenues, and specie accumulating in the treasury for paper money redemption. These new data form the foundation for narratives written on the social, economic, and political history of Virginia, as well as for testing models of colonial paper money performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Colonial New Jersey Paper Money, 1709–1775: Value Decomposition and Performance.
- Author
-
Grubb, Farley
- Subjects
- *
PAPER money , *HISTORY ,COLONIAL New Jersey, ca. 1600-1775 - Abstract
I decompose the market value of Colonial New Jersey's paper money into its component parts, namely its real-asset present value and transaction premium. Its market value was predominately determined by its real-asset present value. I also find a small transaction premium that is positively associated with the quantity of paper money in circulation and with the land-bank method of paper money injection. This paper money was not a fiat currency. It traded below face value due to time-discounting not depreciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. The Press, Paper Shortages, and Revolution in Early America.
- Author
-
Mellen, Roger
- Subjects
- *
PAPER , *SCARCITY , *HISTORY of newspapers , *PAPER industry , *CENSORSHIP , *PRINT materials , *DISSENTERS , *AMERICAN Revolutionary War, 1775-1783 , *HISTORY , *EIGHTEENTH century - Abstract
The printing press helped to spread literacy, civic discourse, and even political dissent in colonial America. Without paper, however, the invention of the moveable type printing press would have been insignificant. This crucial communication medium was hobbled by a critical shortage of the raw material needed for printed matter. Paper was in short supply in the colonies and in the new nation as it could only be made from rags, and there was constant difficulty in obtaining enough rags to keep the presses rolling. Pleas for this essential ingredient were constantly seen in the newspapers in early America and there were severe shortages of both paper and the rags from which it was made during the American Revolution. This article examines how desperate were the early Americans for the paper which was necessary both for firing the muskets and for spreading the rhetoric of Revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Is the Pentagon Papers Case Relevant in the Age of WikiLeaks?
- Author
-
Altschuler, Bruce E.
- Subjects
- *
FREEDOM of the press , *CENSORSHIP , *SECURITY classification (Government documents) , *TWENTIETH century , *HISTORY , *EMPLOYEES ,NEW York Times Co. v. United States ,UNITED States politics & government - Abstract
The article discusses the relevance of the release of U.S. government documents related to its involvement in the Vietnam War known as the Pentagon Papers in the 1970s to the early 21st century release of information by the journalistic organization WikiLeaks, particularly concerning the concepts of freedom of the press and censorship. The article examines the classified study of the Vietnam War conducted by the U.S. agency the Defense Department commissioned by U.S. defense secretary Robert McNamara, the role of U.S. military analyst Daniel Ellsberg in releasing the Pentagon Papers, and the actions of the administration of U.S. president Richard M. Nixon that led to the U.S. Supreme Court case New York Times v. United States. It also discusses former U.S. agency the National Security Administration (NSA) analyst Edward Snowden.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Colonial New Jersey's Paper Money Regime, 1709–75: A Forensic Accounting Reconstruction of the Data.
- Author
-
Grubb, Farley
- Subjects
- *
PAPER money , *FORENSIC accounting , *LETTERS of credit , *LAND banks , *HISTORY ,COLONIAL New Jersey, ca. 1600-1775 - Abstract
Forensic accounting is used to reconstruct the data on emissions, redemptions, and bills outstanding for colonial New Jersey paper money. These components are further separated into the amounts initially legislated and the amounts actually executed. These data are substantial improvements over what currently exists in the literature. They also provide a more complete and nuanced accounting of colonial New Jersey's paper money regime than what has been done previously for any British North American colony. Enough detail of the forensic accounting exercise is given for scholars to reproduce the data series from the original sources. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Award Winners for 2017 AJPH Paper and Reviewer of the Year.
- Subjects
- *
WOMEN periodical editors , *EARLY death , *WHITE people , *AWARDS , *HISTORY , *AUTHORSHIP , *PROFESSIONAL peer review , *PUBLIC health , *PUBLISHING , *SERIAL publications - Abstract
The article announces that Associate Editor Deborah Holtzman received the journal's Reviewer of the Year Award and the article "The Epidemic of Despair Among White Americans: Trends in the Leading Causes of Premature Death, 1999–2015" by E.M. Stein and others won the Paper of the Year Award.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Money as Mass Communication: U.S. Paper Currency and the Iconography of Nationalism.
- Author
-
Lauer, Josh
- Subjects
- *
PAPER money , *SOCIAL constructionism , *RATIONALIZATION (Psychology) , *POWER (Social sciences) , *HISTORY ,AMERICAN nationalism - Abstract
This study offers a historical overview of U.S. paper money before and after its nationalization in 1861, drawing attention to its function as a medium of mass communication. Building upon recent scholarship concerning the social construction of money and national currencies, it is argued that U.S. currency is legitimated through visual strategies of rationalization and mystification, whereby the contractual obligations of the state are merged with the sacred bonds of national identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. PUTTING PENN TO PAPER: Warner Bro's. Contract Governance and the Transition to New Hollywood.
- Author
-
LABUZA, PETER
- Subjects
- *
FILMMAKING -- History , *AMERICAN films -- 20th century , *CONTRACTS , *CONTRACT negotiations , *FILMMAKING , *HISTORY , *TWENTIETH century , *FINANCE - Abstract
This article examines the contracts at Warner Bros. for two productions by director Arthur Penn as a case study to consider how these agreements shaped production cultures during the emergence of New Hollywood. Through the 1950s, the studio employed production-distribution agreements that used strict controls and regulations to mimic its in-house procedures. But in the 1960s, it preferred short-form joint venture agreements that allowed more direct control in shaping the film's production while turning the producers into self-regulators. As the contracts reveal, Warner Bros. reshaped their business to grant production culture control to producers while also ensuring the studio's corporate role in the New Hollywood landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Press, Paper, and the Public Sphere.
- Author
-
Kaplan, Richard L.
- Subjects
- *
MASS media , *HISTORY of newspapers , *TECHNOLOGICAL innovations , *SCARCITY , *NEWSPRINT , *JOURNALISTIC ethics , *HISTORY , *HISTORY of technological innovations - Abstract
In late nineteenth-century USA, technological developments in paper production—a shift from a reliance on scarce cotton rag to plentiful wood—drastically reduced the price of newsprint. That decline helped overturn the reigning economics of the daily newspaper and resulted in the rise of new cheap papers with vastly expanded circulation. This novel mass press encompassed almost all Americans in the public sphere as represented by its pages. Focusing on newspapers in Detroit, this study examines the manifold consequences this shift had for the press's economics, its news agenda, and the implicit identity of the audience it addressed. The rise of a mass press in the late nineteenth century, however, was not specific to Detroit or the USA. As comparative historians have highlighted, the emergence of a mass press in Europe and elsewhere was a turning point that deeply marked the historical evolution of press systems around the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Black History in Adult Education in the United States: A Historical Review and Historiographical Critique.
- Author
-
Bohonos, Jeremy William, James-Gallaway, Chaddrick, James-Gallaway, ArCasia D., and Turner, Francena F. L.
- Subjects
- *
ADULT education , *BLACK history , *HISTORICAL literature , *DEBATE - Abstract
This article pushes towards the integration of the history of Black Adult Education (AE) into the broader history of AE literature and it contributes a critique of the field's general omissions and misrepresentations of Black history. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to critique the white-dominated history of AE texts and (2) to provide a historiographical essay that highlights works focused on the Black history of AE. In doing so, we offer a historical counternarrative rooted in the secondary historical literature that addresses the history of Black education. Ultimately, this paper critiques historiographical essays focused on AE, situates our discussion within debates on approaches to race in AE, and revisits works of Black AE from within the field as well as key works by educational historians that address issues related to Black AE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Tracing the Evolution of Prostate Brachytherapy in the 20th Century.
- Author
-
Schaulin, Michael S., Delouya, Guila, Zwahlen, Daniel, and Taussky, Daniel
- Subjects
- *
RADIUMTHERAPY , *PROSTATE physiology , *IODINE radioisotopes , *RADIOISOTOPE brachytherapy , *PROSTATE tumors , *INTERNET , *PUBLIC administration , *PHYSICIANS , *DIGITAL libraries - Abstract
Background: Prostate brachytherapy (BT) techniques have evolved over the past century. This paper aimed to preserve our collective memory of history and the early development of its technique. We searched articles in PubMed and Google Scholar using keywords referring to authors, dates, and BT technical details, including different radioactive sources and country-specific publications. We reviewed the work published by Holm and Aronowitz. The digital library Internet Archives was used to retrieve original journal articles, science newspaper printings, and government reports, which allowed us to situate the development of BT in its sociopolitical context in Europe and the USA. Our search was conducted in English, French, and German languages. Summary: Early BT methods were developed by European physicians with early access to radium. Technical advancements were made by HH Young, who brought this practice to the USA, where Barringer pioneered the use of radon seeds and low-dose interstitial brachytherapy. While centralized radiotherapy centers, such as Memorial Hospital in New York, emerged for training and research, the high cost of radium and opposing interests made brachytherapy harder to implement in Germany. After World War II, the introduction of man-made radioisotopes allowed experiments with colloidal solutions and new seeds, including I-125. In the 1980s, transrectal ultrasound allowed for more accurate radioactive seed insertion and replaced the transrectal finger guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Federal 'redlining' maps: A critical reappraisal.
- Author
-
Markley, Scott
- Subjects
- *
HOMEOWNERS , *RESEARCH personnel , *REAL property , *RACIAL differences , *CATTLE carcasses - Abstract
In the past decade, the Home Owners' Loan Corporation's (HOLC) so-called 'redlining' maps have gone from a niche corner of urban historical scholarship to the centre of mainstream narratives about racism in the United States. In this paper, I map this journey and trace the contours of the ongoing debates that have emerged, identifying two competing camps I call 'HOLC Culpablism' and 'HOLC Scepticism'. Finding these perspectives to have run up against their self-imposed limitations, I outline a research agenda that breaks from the debate's narrow confines by envisioning HOLC's mapping materials anew. My proposed approach recasts the maps and their accompanying field notes as windows into the governing racial–spatial ideology of 20th-century US real estate capital. In doing so, it invites researchers to reimagine the map grades as dynamic categories reflecting a particular spatiotemporal conception of value that is highly contingent on an area's estimated racial trajectory. This reformulation, I argue, not only opens new possibilities for studying the HOLC mapping programme but suggests that the power of these maps has almost certainly been underestimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Art Treasures of the United Kingdom and the United States: The George Scharf Papers.
- Author
-
Cottrell, Philip
- Subjects
- *
OLD Masters (Artists) , *EUROPEAN painting , *HISTORY of art collecting , *HISTORY , *NINETEENTH century - Abstract
The article focuses on the papers of the 19th-century British art connoisseur and curator George Scharf. The author notes that the papers, which are housed at the National Portrait Gallery in London, England, represent a remarkable repository of unpublished information regarding hundreds of old master paintings. Particular focus is paid to a series of papers relating to the art collections of the industrialist Abraham Darby IV and the art dealer John Watkins Brett. The paintings, which toured the U.S. in the 1830s, are related to early efforts to establish the first American national gallery. In addition, the author comments on the display of the paintings at the "Art Treasures of the United Kingdom" exhibition held in Manchester, England in 1857.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Papers, please! The effect of birth registration on child labor and education in early 20th century USA.
- Author
-
Fagernäs, Sonja
- Subjects
- *
BIRTH certificate laws , *BIRTH certificates , *UNITED States education system , *CHILD labor , *EDUCATIONAL attainment , *HISTORY , *TWENTIETH century , *HISTORY of education ,HISTORY of the United States census - Abstract
A birth certificate establishes a child's legal identity and age, but few quantitative estimates of the significance of birth registration exist. Birth registration laws were enacted by U.S. states in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Using 1910-1930 census data, this study finds that minimum working age legislation was twice as effective in reducing under-aged employment if children had been born with a birth registration law, with positive implications for school attendance. There is some evidence that registration laws also improved the enforcement of schooling laws for younger children. A retrospective analysis with the 1960 census shows that the long-term effect of registration laws was to increase educational attainment by approximately 0.1 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. CATHOLICS AND SOUTHERN HONOR: REV. PATRICK LYNCH'S PAPER WAR WITH REV. JAMES HENLEY THORNWELL.
- Author
-
TATE, ADAM
- Subjects
- *
CATHOLICS , *PRESBYTERIANS , *NATIVISM , *HONOR , *POLITICAL culture , *HISTORY , *POLITICAL culture -- History , *RELIGION , *UNITED States history - Abstract
The author examines the ability of Catholics in the American South to utilize the language of honor, a major facet of Southern political culture. The 1843 newspaper clash on the Apocrypha between Patrick Lynch (future bishop of Charleston, South Carolina) and James Henley Thornwell (influential Old School Presbyterian minister) demonstrated that Catholics in the South had adapted well to republican politics. The debate transcended doctrine and became an "affair of honor ." Catholics in the antebellum South learned to use the tools of Southern political discourse to demonstrate their sectional loyalty while rigorously defending Catholic doctrinal positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. ASAS Centennial Paper: Landmark discoveries in swine nutrition in the past century.
- Author
-
Cromwell, G. L.
- Subjects
- *
SWINE , *ANIMAL science , *RESEARCH , *ANIMAL nutrition , *ANIMAL scientists - Abstract
During this centennial year of the American Society of Animal Science (ASAS), it is of interest to look back over the history of our Society and, in particular, to the many contributions made by researchers in the area of swine nutrition. A great number of basic and applied research studies involving the nutrition of weanling, growing, and finishing pigs, and gestating and lactating sows have been conducted by swine nutritionists during the past 100 yr. Most of these studies were conducted at universities by animal scientists or by the graduate students under their leadership. Others were conducted by nutritionists in the feed and pharmaceutical industries and government scientists at ARS/USDA research centers. Contributions were also made by animal scientists beyond our borders. Much of the research was published in the Journal of Animal Science during its 66 yr of existence. Before the first issue of the journal was published in 1942, some of the earlier studies were reported in the Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Society of Animal Production, the forerunner of ASAS. These research studies have progressively led to a better understanding of the role and utilization of dietary energy, protein, AA, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and vitamins by pigs and have helped to quantify the nutrient requirements of pigs for various stages of growth, for sows during gestation and lactation, and to a limited extent, for boars. Determining the nutritional value of a wide array of feedstuffs, evaluating feeding strategies, and assessing the value of growth-promoting and carcass-enhancing agents have been important research contributions as well. To identify the particular studies that were among the most instrumental in contributing to our present knowledge of swine nutrition is, to say the least, a daunting assignment. To aid in this task, a survey of swine nutritionists was conducted in which they were asked to identify and rank the 10 most significant findings in swine nutrition during the past 100 yr. The results of that survey are presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. ASAS CENTENNIAL PAPER: Perspectives on domestication: The history of our relationship with man's best friend.
- Author
-
Case, L.
- Subjects
- *
DOMESTIC animals , *ANIMAL welfare , *PET owners , *SERVICE industries , *HYPERMARKETS - Abstract
We are a nation of dog lovers. Never before in our history have we spent more time, money, and emotional energy on a group of animals that are kept solely for companionship. Pet food sales are a multi-billion dollar industry, and pet owners are spending more than 11 billion dollars each year on veterinary care. This devotion is further illustrated by the exponential growth of the pet supply industry, including increasing numbers of pet superstores, play-parks, training centers, and doggie day care centers. During the 1980s, recognition of the human-animal bond led to serious study of the roles that dogs play in our lives. These studies have shown that pets provide significant benefits to our emotional, physical, and social well being. It is ironic then, that at a time when we recognize and appreciate our bonds with animal companions, dark elements of this relationship are equally pervasive. Animal shelters in the United States kill between 3 and 4 million dogs and cats annually. Dog fighting, although outlawed, has reached epidemic proportions in some areas of the country. Episodes of animal cruelty and neglect are reported with alarming frequency in the media; so frequently that discussions of the connection between animal cruelty and human violence have become daily parlance. How then did we come to have such paradoxical perceptions and treatment of our canine companions? This question is explored through an examination of the ancestry of the dog and the prevailing myths and facts about domestication. Historical and present-day perceptions of the wolf and the impact that these attitudes may have upon perceptions of dogs are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Anniversary Paper: The AAPM Professional Council—50th Anniversary, 2008.
- Author
-
Herman, Michael G.
- Subjects
- *
MEDICAL societies , *MEDICAL physics , *PHYSICISTS , *MEDICINE , *PHYSICS - Abstract
The following article represents a view of the professional aspects and endeavors of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) through the eyes and experiences of the current Professional Council Chair, information gathered from previous Council chairs and AAPM documents. Over its 50 year history the AAPM has made numerous contributions to the profession and practice of medical physics, through leadership and collaboration. Throughout this period the association went through growing pains and struggled to define and establish the proper level of professional responsibilities and commitment. It is likely that as medicine changes and the profession continues to evolve, that the AAPM will continue to grow, struggle, and adapt to address the future direction of medical physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. The regulation of child pornography in China and the United States: A comparative review of laws.
- Author
-
Zhou, Shuhuan
- Subjects
- *
PREVENTION of child sexual abuse , *PUNISHMENT , *SEX offenders , *PORNOGRAPHY , *GOVERNMENT regulation , *INTERNET , *ATTITUDES toward sex , *CRIMINAL justice system , *VIDEO recording , *HISTORY , *CHILDREN ,LAW & legislation - Abstract
Grounded in comparative law research, this paper compares differences in the regulation of online child pornography in China and the United States. The United States began regulating child pornography through criminal law in the 1970s, gradually refining the laws to distinguish between child pornography and obscenity and prohibit the possession of child pornography and virtual child pornography. In contrast, China treats child pornography on an equal footing with adult pornography, but imposes more lenient penalties on disseminating child pornography, which has led to the proliferation of child pornography. By comparing the two countries' policies and laws on child pornography, this review makes four recommendations for other countries: (i) define child pornography in criminal law; (ii) distinguish between obscenity and child pornography; (iii) prohibit virtual child pornography on the internet; and (iv) increase criminal penalties for child pornography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. REGULATING THE JACKALS OF THE MONETARY WORLD: BANKING AND CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM IN THE ANTEBELLUM NORTHWEST.
- Author
-
SIDDALI, SILVANA R.
- Subjects
- *
BANKING industry , *PAPER money , *FINANCIAL crises , *LAND tenure , *HISTORY of constitutional reform , *CONSTITUTIONAL conventions , *DEMOCRACY , *TERRITORIAL expansion of the United States , *HISTORY , *NINETEENTH century - Abstract
This article describes the fights over banks and paper money in state constitutional conventions in the antebellum Northwest. These debates played a central role in the development of popular self-government and democracy in the region. Citizens demanded fundamental constitutional reforms that would circumvent irresponsible legislatures and thwart undemocratic financial institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Exploring New Territory: The History of Native Americans As Revealed Through Congressional Papers...
- Author
-
Kosmerick, Todd J.
- Subjects
- *
NATIVE American history , *ETHNIC groups , *HISTORY - Abstract
Discusses the twentieth-century history of Native Americans, based on the papers at the Carl Albert Center Congressional Archives of the University of Oklahoma. Native Americans' sources of learning; Effort to protect ceremonial use of peyote; Other issues discussed by Oklahoma's Native Americans with their congressmen.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Chinese Difference and Deservingness.
- Author
-
Statz, Michele L.
- Subjects
- *
IMMIGRANTS , *PAPER sons (Chinese immigrants) , *UNDOCUMENTED immigrants , *HISTORY , *SERVICES for immigrants , *HISTORY of immigrants ,CHINESE Exclusion Act of 1882 - Abstract
Each year, approximately 1,500 youth migrate alone and clandestinely from China to the United States. If apprehended and placed in removal proceedings, these individuals and their legal advocates often prioritize specific narratives of family and age to qualify for legal relief. Such narratives are not new, of course. Shaped and arguably demanded by the law and broader ideologies of race, childhood, and citizenship, in many ways these accounts reflect both the intent and the constraints of an earlier subset of migrants, the Chinese “paper sons” who purchased family stories and identity papers to circumvent the Chinese Exclusion Act. Yet, as this article demonstrates, a meaningful divergence exists—one chiefly dependent on contemporary migrants’ status as “children.” For Chinese youth designated Unaccompanied Alien Children, establishing the vulnerability worthy of protection largely relies on a complex tale of cultural obligation and coercive, exploitative parents. As a result, instead of selecting one family over another as a century ago, today a specific and considerably more damaging image of the migrant’s family is put forth. Moving between the “paper sons” at the start of the 20th century and those daughters and sons at the end, this article critically explores the role that relatedness, either fictitious or filtered, plays in establishing legal relief in the United States. It likewise examines the unsettling of valued ties that occurs when actual, intimate relationships are silenced or diminished in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. State Redemption of the Continental Dollar, 1779-90.
- Author
-
Grubb, Farley
- Subjects
- *
MONEY , *PAPER money , *MONETARY policy , *REMITTANCES , *HISTORY , *HISTORY of money - Abstract
The article discusses the continental dollar, the currency issued by U.S. Congress to fund the American Revolutionary War, focusing on redemption by U.S. states in the period 1779 to 1790. It examines the question of state compliance with the remittance schedule set by Congress. The author comments on depreciation, the anti-paper money attitudes of Federalists, and the question of governmental monetary powers. Other topics include reports by Continental treasurer Michael Hillegas, registrar of the U.S. treasury Joseph Nourse, and U.S. treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. The Stamp Act of 1765.
- Subjects
- *
HISTORY of taxation , *TARIFF on paper , *PAPER , *POSTAGE stamps , *HISTORICAL source material , *COLONIAL United States, ca. 1600-1775 , *STAMP duties , *GOVERNMENT policy , *HISTORY , *COLONIES ,CAUSES of the American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783 ,BRITISH law ,ADMINISTRATION of British colonies - Abstract
The article presents the text of the Stamp Act of 1765, enacted by the British Parliament to implement stamp duties and amend other trade duties in the American colonies and plantations. A stamp duty of varying amounts was placed on each piece of paper that was used for declarations, court petitions, claims, pleas, bail, libel or renunciation in ecclesiastical matters, certificate of any university degree, writs of covenant, error, or dower, and any record or copy made of Nisi Prius or Postea. The amounts ranged from a few pence and shillings to ten pounds. The stamp duty was applied to packs of playing cards, dice, pamphlets, and newspapers. The colonists would also be taxed for learning any profession or trade.
- Published
- 2017
26. Metagovernance and policy forum outputs in Swiss environmental politics.
- Author
-
Fischer, Manuel and Schläpfer, Isabelle
- Subjects
- *
ENVIRONMENTAL policy , *ECOLOGICAL heterogeneity , *QUALITATIVE research , *LAW reform , *HISTORY ,SWISS politics & government - Abstract
Policy forums are lightly institutionalized and stable forms of governance networks that include administrative authorities, interest groups, and scientists. They are said to produce different types of outputs, from simple actor coordination to position papers and implementation documents, but their productivity has also been questioned. Metagovernance strategies can improve the capability of policy forums to produce outputs. To determine how different metagovernance strategies influence the capability of forums to produce joint position papers, 29 policy forums in the Swiss environmental sector are compared through a qualitative comparative analysis. Results indicate that metagovernance strategies such as state actors as forum members or majority decision rules need to be combined with small forum size or low actor heterogeneity. Furthermore, forum foundation by the state complicates the production of position papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Faces, machines, and voices: The fading landscape of papermaking in Holyoke, Massachusetts.
- Author
-
Jacobson-Hardy, Michael and Weir, Robert E.
- Subjects
- *
PAPER mills , *HISTORY - Abstract
Presents an essay on the fading paper mill industry in Holyoke, Massachusetts. World-class supplier of fine writing papers in the mid-nineteenth century; Raymond Beaudry, president of the paper makers union; Mills supplying jobs for newly arrived immigrants; Skill of Holyoke machine tenders; Brief history of Holyoke's paper industry.
- Published
- 1992
28. Currency, National Identity, and the American West at the Turn of the 20th Century.
- Author
-
Richardson, Margaret
- Subjects
- *
PAPER money , *PAPER money design , *BISON in art , *AMERICAN national character , *HISTORY ,WESTERN United States history, 1890-1945 ,LEWIS & Clark Expedition (1804-1806) - Abstract
The article discusses a ten dollar United States currency note issued in 1901 to commemorate the centennial of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. It notes that the bill, called the "bison note" or the "buffalo bill," featured a bison named Pablo as well as explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and was sketched by artist Charles R. Knight and engraved by artist Marcus S. Baldwin. The author comments on currency design in relation to American national identity. She also examines American interest in the idea of the "Wild West" and reflects on anxiety concerning the closure of the West as a frontier.
- Published
- 2011
29. How Paperweights Emerged from the Desk of Necessity.
- Author
-
Petroski, Henry
- Subjects
- *
PAPERWEIGHTS , *PAPER , *ENGINEERING , *INVENTIONS , *HISTORY , *EQUIPMENT & supplies , *HISTORY of inventions - Abstract
The article discusses the role that necessity played in the invention of paperweights from the late 19th century through the 1950s in the U.S., including the electrical engineer Charles P. Steinmetz's use of ad-hoc paperweights throughout his career. An overview of various items used to hold down paper, including rounded stones and horseshoes, is provided.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. The Anti-Federalists' Toughest Challenge.
- Author
-
VAN CLEVE, GEORGE WILLIAM
- Subjects
- *
ANTI-Federalism , *PAPER money , *DEBT relief , *PUBLIC opinion , *U.S. states politics & government , *HISTORY , *EIGHTEENTH century , *UNITED States history - Abstract
The article discusses the position of the U.S. political group known as the Anti-Federalists concerning Section 10 of the U.S. Constitution and its abrogation of state powers regarding the issuance of paper money and debt relief. According to the article, Anti-Federalists often opposed Section 10 but made few formal objections to Section 10 and proposed no amendments to its significant provisions in the thirteen states that ratified the U.S. Constitution. The article examines paper money laws in the various states, why the Constitution banned state paper money, and the debate over the Constitution's ratification between Federalists and Anti-Federalists.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Leo Alexander's Blueprint of the Nuremberg Code.
- Author
-
Weisleder, Pedro
- Subjects
- *
ACADEMIC medical centers , *NAZI Germany, 1933-1945 , *ONLINE databases , *CAMPUS visits , *MEDICAL research laws , *PRACTICAL politics -- History , *MEDICAL laws , *HUMAN research subjects , *HISTORY , *RESEARCH ethics , *MEDICAL ethics , *PHYSICIANS , *MEDICAL research - Abstract
Background: Nazi Germany surrendered to the Allies on May 8, 1945. Six months later, the Allies tried the surviving leaders of Nazi Germany at the first Nuremberg trial. Later, the United States conducted 12 additional trials. The first one, The Unites States of America versus Karl Brandt et al., has been dubbed the Doctors' Trial. During the trial, the prosecution relied on the testimony of Dr. Andrew Ivy and Dr. Leo Alexander. At the end of the trial, Judge Sebring enunciated 10 principles needed to conduct human subject research-the Nuremberg Code. Authorship of the Code has been the subject of dispute, with both Ivy and Alexander claiming sole authorship.Methods: In the summer of 2017, I visited Duke University Medical Center's Archives and surveyed the contents of boxes labeled "Alexander's papers." I also explored online databases with information on the Doctors' Trial. Pertinent documents were compared across collections, and against scholarly works on the topic.Results: Box 3 of Alexander's papers at Duke University Medical Center's Archives contains a three-page document with six principles that, nearly word for word, were included in what is known as the Nuremberg Code. Alexander's name and appointment are typed at the end of the document.Conclusions: Although the Nuremberg Code is likely to have been an unplanned collaboration among members of the prosecuting team and the judges, I present evidence suggesting that Alexander drafted the blueprint and was the main contributor to the final version of the Code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Cops and Counterfeiters.
- Author
-
LOPEZ, JONATHAN
- Subjects
- *
PAPER money , *COUNTERFEIT money , *ART exhibitions , *HISTORY - Abstract
The article looks at the evolution of counterfeit money, and the historical exhibition "Funny Money" at the public gallery of the American Numismatic Society at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. It describes the lack in uniformity of early U.S. paper money, the founding of the U.S. Secret Service, using photography to document counterfeit bills, and the skills and artistry involved in creating money.
- Published
- 2010
33. In Bitcoin We Trust.
- Author
-
Thompson, Clive
- Subjects
- *
BITCOIN , *MONEY , *PAPER money , *BANK notes , *COUNTERFEIT money , *CRYPTOCURRENCIES , *HISTORY , *HISTORY of money - Abstract
The article reports on the history of money in the U.S. It mentions the use of bank notes as a form of private currency, the issue of counterfeiting money, and the use of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies to get around government control of the creation of money.
- Published
- 2018
34. Costs, Evidence, Context and Values: Journalists' and Policy Experts' Recommendations for U.S. Health Policy Coverage.
- Author
-
Walsh-Childers, Kim and Braddock, Jennifer
- Subjects
- *
PRESS criticism , *HEALTH policy , *MEDICAL quality control , *COMPUTER software , *OCCUPATIONAL roles , *PROFESSIONS , *TELEPHONES , *INTERVIEWING , *QUALITATIVE research , *HEALTH , *INFORMATION resources , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *INTERPROFESSIONAL relations , *POLICY sciences , *POPULATION health , *STATISTICAL sampling , *FINANCIAL management , *PRAISE , *CONSUMERS , *HISTORY - Abstract
Health policy plays a critical role in determining a state's or nation's overall population health, and health system change has been a priority for a majority of Americans for at least a decade. News coverage can influence health policy development, but little research has examined the quality of that coverage, in part because no consensus exists regarding what information health policy stories should include. This paper describes a series of in-depth interviews with eight health policy experts and 12 experienced journalists who have covered health policy. While rejecting the notion of strict quality criteria that could be applied to all health policy stories, the interviewees agreed on several factors that would improve health policy coverage. They recommended that health policy stories should include information about financial costs to consumers, evidence that a policy will have its intended effect, historical context for the policy, and "relatable hooks" that help consumers understand which groups a policy will affect and how. In addition, the interviewees stressed the importance of building policy coverage on trustworthy sources representing multiple viewpoints and the need to recognize how audience members' values influence their acceptance and interpretation of evidence. These findings provide an important foundation for future research examining the impact of health policy reporting on both public opinion and public policy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. ROCK, PAPER, SCISSORS.
- Author
-
Lepore, Jill
- Subjects
- *
VOTING , *BALLOTS , *VOTING -- History , *SECRET ballot , *UNITED States elections , *HISTORY - Abstract
The article explores the history of voting and election ballots in the U.S. Topics explored include paper ballots, universal suffrage, secret voting, and the role of political parties in supplying ballots. The author reflects on Australian election reform that was incorporated in the U.S. to enable private voting in booths. Other topics include election officials, voter turnout, and technology and voting.
- Published
- 2008
36. Papers presented at a Festschrift on January 3, 2002, in honor of Dr. Michael J. Painter.
- Subjects
- *
HISTORY of neurology , *PEDIATRICS , *HISTORY , *NEUROLOGICAL disorders - Published
- 2003
37. An Early History of Phage Therapy in the United States: Is it Time to Reconsider?
- Author
-
Aswani, Vijay H. and Shukla, Sanjay K.
- Subjects
- *
BACTERIAL disease treatment , *VIRUSES , *BIOTHERAPY , *TREATMENT effectiveness , *TREATMENT failure , *DRUG resistance in microorganisms , *EVALUATION - Abstract
Frederick William Twort and Felix d'Hérelle independently discovered bacteriophages in 1915 and 1917, respectively. This led to the early trials of using bacteriophages to treat infectious diseases worldwide. The earliest reported use of bacteriophages therapeutically in the United States was in 1922. With the subsequent discovery of antibiotics in the 1940s, and because of disappointing results of phage therapy in the next decade, use of bacteriophages as therapeutic agents declined in western countries. This paper addresses two questions in the field: what is the historical record of the successes and failures of phage therapy in the United States and, what led to abandoning phage therapy in the United States? We examined the literature from 1915 to 1965, and we present a numerical analysis of the papers published during that period. We report key historical factors leading to a decline in the use of phage therapy in the United States by the 1950s. Since bacteriophages were first used therapeutically, several changes have occurred: increased antimicrobial drug resistance and a better knowledge of the biology of bacteriophages are important examples. Early assessments leading to the rejection of phage therapy in the United States were perhaps appropriate. However, it is time to reconsider the role of bacteriophages in treatment of bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. A Forgotten Figure: Hans L. Zetterberg at Columbia and the Transfer of Knowledge Between the United States and Sweden.
- Author
-
Velásquez, Paolo
- Subjects
- *
SOCIAL theory , *SOCIOLOGICAL research - Abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to provide a biographical sketch of the late Hans L. Zetterberg and a historical background to a translation of an essay based on a lecture given by Zetterberg in Stockholm in 1995. In it, he recounts his time at the Department of Sociology at Columbia University in the years 1953–1964. This essay is full of insights into an inspiring and formative period for Zetterberg in the United States, particularly in the stimulating milieu that was Columbia, at this time the center of American sociology led by Robert K. Merton and Paul Lazarsfeld. In the introduction to this translated essay, I give a brief overview of the establishment of sociology as a discipline in Sweden, and the transfer of knowledge between the United States and Sweden (and Europe, more broadly), embodied in Hans Zetterberg. In the post-WWII years, American sociology, which had a strong positivistic imprint, played an important role in shaping the beginnings of Swedish sociology. However, the transfer of knowledge went both ways, with Zetterberg, a semi-central and often neglected figure, being both a significant contributor to sociology at Columbia in its period of greatest prominence, and in his native Sweden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Legislating Healthcare: A Legislative History of Healthcare Equity and Access in the Mid-20th Century United States.
- Author
-
Alvarez, Jazmin
- Subjects
- *
HEALTH equity , *MEDICAL personnel , *PHYSICIAN supply & demand , *COVID-19 pandemic , *MEDICAL care - Abstract
Historically, the United States has struggled to provide accessible healthcare to all Americans. Now, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the country must rebuild its healthcare system to account for the devastating loss of healthcare personnel and the impending physician shortage. This paper discusses four U.S. laws that were intended to increase accessibility and how their history can guide the nation to better healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
40. An Investigation into the Development of Convergence Engineering.
- Author
-
Lipscomb, Michael, Tanik, Murat, and Jololian, Leon
- Subjects
- *
ENGINEERING , *PHYSICAL sciences , *TRAINING needs , *RUNNING training , *LIFE sciences - Abstract
Domain-diverse research, that research which involves more than one domain of knowledge, has driven significant advances in science and technology. Recent interest has been shown in the United States for identifying and generalizing techniques for promoting success with such work. In this paper, an exemplar history of domain-diverse research is presented. Next, several forms of domain-diverse research are identified. A spotlight is cast on a particular type, known as "convergence". Convergence is a problem-solving approach that focuses on integrating the life sciences and medicine on the one hand, with the physical sciences and engineering on the other. Next, the design process is proposed as an organizing framework for domain-diverse teamwork. Finally, the need for research and training in the forming and running of such project groups is explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. The Society of Teachers of Family Medicine presents its 2003 STFM Best Research Paper award to David Mehr, MD, MS.
- Author
-
Lindbloom, Erik J.
- Subjects
- *
AWARD presentations , *SOCIETIES , *FAMILY medicine , *MEDICAL research , *PNEUMONIA treatment , *HISTORY of research , *MEDICAL school faculty , *AWARDS , *HISTORY , *NURSING care facilities - Abstract
Reports on the presentation of the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine best research paper award to David Mehr. Subject of Mehr's research; Resources used to confirm findings; Design focus of the study.
- Published
- 2003
42. A Black and White History of Psychiatry in the United States.
- Author
-
Conrad, Jordan A.
- Subjects
- *
UNITED States history , *MENTAL health services , *HEALTH equity , *BLACK people ,PSYCHIATRIC research - Abstract
Histories of psychiatry in the United States can shed light on current areas of need in mental health research and treatment. Often, however, these histories fail to represent accurately the distinct trajectories of psychiatric care among black and white populations, not only homogenizing the historical narrative but failing to account for current disparities in mental health care among these populations. The current paper explores two parallel histories of psychiatry in the United States and the way that these have come to influence current mental health practices. Juxtaposing the development of psychiatric care and understanding as it was provided for, and applied to, black and white populations, a picture of the theoretic foundations of mental health emerges, revealing the separate history that led to the current uneven state of psychiatric care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Happy Birthday to the Journal: Best Paper of the 1980s.
- Author
-
Cobbs, Elizabeth L.
- Subjects
- *
GERIATRICS , *MEDICAL care for older people , *HISTORY - Abstract
Discusses changes that affected the care of older adults and the training of health professionals caring for older adults in the United States during the 1980s. Role of the federal government in optimizing the health care of older Americans; Role of geriatric assessment in geriatric medicine.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Wartime Trauma and the Lure of the Frontier: Civil War Veterans in Dakota Territory.
- Author
-
Hackemer, Kurt
- Subjects
- *
CENSUS , *SOCIAL networks , *FRONTIER & pioneer life , *NINETEENTH century , *HISTORY ,AMERICAN Civil War veterans - Abstract
This paper quantitatively analyzes an 1885 Dakota Territory census to draw larger conclusions about Civil War veterans who migrated to the frontier. A sample of almost 6,000 veterans suggests that a significant percentage experienced some degree of wartime trauma, needed to reestablish themselves socially and economically, and took advantage of what financial security they had when homesteading newly opened territory. They were more likely to move to newly opened counties by themselves rather than with comrades from the war, relying on prior relationships only when moving to more established regions of the frontier where those associations might prove useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
45. Southern Methodist University Football and the Stadia: Moving toward Modernization.
- Author
-
Seifried, Chad Stephen and Tutka, Patrick
- Subjects
- *
FOOTBALL stadiums , *COLLEGE football , *MODERNIZATION (Social science) , *STADIUM remodeling , *COLLEGE sports facilities , *UNIVERSITIES & colleges , *COLLEGE sports , *FINANCE , *ECONOMICS , *SPORTS , *HISTORY , *SPORTS facility design & construction , *STADIUM design & construction - Abstract
The specific information provided in this paper offers a descriptive history regarding the attempts of Southern Methodist University (SMU) to be "modern" through tracing the institution's movement from one playing field to another. Like other southern universities, SMU started football and built an on-campus stadium of concrete and steel believing their legitimacy as an institution could be enhanced through providing football as a product for consumption. However, SMU is unique among many of its contemporaries because soon after building an on-campus facility, it decided to move off campus in the pursuit of greater name recognition and revenue. Collectively, such efforts were recognized as helping to make SMU the "educational surprise of the decade, if not the century," following its opening in 1915. The modernization of SMU football stadia involves construction and renovation of facilities from Armstrong Field (1915) to Gerald J. Ford Stadium (current). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. The Intimate and the Imperial: Filipino‐American Marriages and Transnational Mobility between the US and the Philippines, 1930–46.
- Author
-
Wells, Allison
- Subjects
- *
IMMIGRATION law , *WAR brides , *INTERRACIAL marriage , *INTERNAL migration , *HISTORY ,HISTORY of United States territories & possessions ,FILIPINO Repatriation Act, 1935 (U.S.) ,UNITED States emigration & immigration ,PHILIPPINE history, 1898-1945 ,20TH century United States history - Abstract
This paper focuses on interracial Filipino-American couples attempting to migrate between the United States and the Philippines using the Repatriation Act of 1935 and the War Brides Act of 1945. The prospect of the migrating interracial couple posed new questions for US immigration bureaucracy, prompting reconsideration of policies regarding marriage, family, dependence and citizenship. Viewing the United States and the Philippines in one frame of analysis, with these two Acts as bookends, this paper considers migration a process driven by the desires and needs of couples, mediated by regimes of US border control and empire. Gendered and radicalised notions of protection influenced the implementation of these Acts, with longer term consequences for race, gender and family-based immigration policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. The Princely States of Balochistan: Its Geography, History and Religions.
- Author
-
Ahmed, Manzoor
- Subjects
- *
GEOGRAPHY , *RELIGIONS , *TRIBES , *HISTORY , *SPHERES , *POPULATION geography , *HISTORICAL geography - Abstract
Balochistan has always been a territory divided by influential tribal chieftains. A bifurcated social fabric and emergence of princely States is a result of this divided nature of political landscape of Balochistan. The geographical terrain and the history of Baloch's constant moment and migration is partly responsible for the late arrival of any kind of political arrangement among warring tribes and spheres of influences. This paper will take a closer look to Balochistan's princely States, their recent history, geography and religious profiles. The paper will examine some of available historical records and other sources such as legends and traditions to trace the historical emergence of a Baloch confederacy in the name of Khanate of Kalat and its role and relation with difference (semi)autonomous princely States. The paper will examine the relationship between the British colonial government in India and the princely States of Balochistan and will seek to understand causes of the demise of Kalat domination over the autonomous regions and princely States. In consequence of the waning power of Kalat many tribes and princely States asserted their independence and went to make separate arrangement with the British and also later on with newly independent Muslim State of Pakistan. The paper will particularly examine the situation of three major autonomous regions: Makran, Lasbela and Kharan. The paper will also shit lights on the geography and religious profiles of four princely States which later on constituted Balochistan province. The paper argues that the colonial Forward Policy and its implication helped many autonomous regions to assert their independence from Kalat. Overall, the paper will take a critical view of the Khanate and its relation with three major princely States which in consequence define the emergence of first Baloch independency and its demise. The balancing act of these States and Kalat was the key triangular relationship to maintain the first confederacy of Baloch tribes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
48. The Demise Of Stonewall Jackson: A Civil War Medical Case Study.
- Author
-
Richenbacher, Wayne E.
- Subjects
- *
HISTORY of military medicine , *SURGEONS , *DEAD , *WOUNDS & injuries , *NINETEENTH century , *HISTORY ,AMERICAN Civil War casualties - Abstract
Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, commander of the Second Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia, was wounded at the Battle of Chancellorsville, during the American Civil War. He died eight days later. The purpose of this paper is to describe the details of Jackson's wounding and death, while attempting to identify inconsistencies in published reports of this pivotal event in the War Between the States. The care and management provided to Jackson by his surgeon, Hunter Holmes McGuire, will be reviewed and placed in context with standards of medical care of that era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
49. Exploring the Utility of Collaborative Governance in a National Sport Organization.
- Author
-
Shilbury, David and Ferkins, Lesley
- Subjects
- *
ORGANIZATIONAL governance , *SPORTS administration , *NATIONAL sports teams , *BOWLS (Game) , *SPORTS , *LEADERSHIP , *ATHLETIC associations , *PUBLIC administration , *HISTORY - Abstract
This paper presents the outcomes of an 18-month developmental action research study to enhance the governance capability of a national sport organization. Bowls Australia, the national governing body for lawn bowls in Australia, includes nine independent state and territory member-associations. An intervention was designed and implemented with the Bowls Australia Board. The purpose of the intervention was to enact collaborative governance to overcome a perceived cultural malaise in the governance of the sport. This study is one of the first to examine collaborative governance in a federal sport structure. Results demonstrate the utility of collaborative governance to overcome adversarial national, member-state relations for the purpose of establishing a common and unifying vision for bowls, while also enhancing governance capability. This study identified the importance of collective board leadership in governance decision-making throughout the sport. It also highlights future research directions in relation to collective board leadership in federal governance structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Failed and Successful Party Realignments in the South.
- Author
-
Aistrup, Joseph A.
- Subjects
- *
REALIGNMENT (Political science) , *UNITED States political parties , *POLITICAL culture , *POLITICAL science research , *HISTORY ,UNITED States politics & government - Abstract
This paper focuses on the period of Southern politics when black-white Democratic coalitions dominated the political landscape. Our questions boil down to to testing three possible realignment outcomes associated with these black-white coalitions. Did they represent a separate and distinct party alignment, comparable to the New Deal and New Right alignments? Or alternatively, were they a symptom of the dealignment of New Deal party system? Or alternatively did they represent a failed party alignment? Using a vote-shares county level data for presidential and gubernatorial contests, this paper re-evaluates contested presidential and gubernatorial elections in all eleven former Confederate states between 1952 and 2012. We find that there was a failed black-white party realignment in Alabama and Mississippi, a successful black-white party realignment in Georgia, Texas, North Carolina, and South Carolina, and a long period of dealignment starting in 1964 or 1968 and ending during the Reagan presidency in Arkansas, Louisiana, Florida, Tennessee, and Virginia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.