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Aims: To provide an overview of published research on migration and health conducted in Norway and identify gaps in the research field. Methods: Applying a scoping review methodology, we searched Medline for articles on migration health in Norway published between 2008 and 2020, and assessed them according to research topic, methodology, user-involvement and characteristics of the populations studied (country or area of origin, type of migrant/immigrant status). Results: Of the 707 articles retrieved, 303 met the inclusion criteria. Most studies (77%) were within the clinical disciplines reproductive health, mental health, infectious diseases and cardiovascular diseases, or on socio-cultural aspects and the use of healthcare services. One third of the papers (36%) pulled participants from various geographic backgrounds together or did not specify the geographic background. Among those who did so, participants were mostly from The Middle East, South and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Only 14% of the articles specified the type of migrant/immigrant status and those included refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants. A total of 80% of the papers used quantitative methods, of which 15 described an intervention; 15 papers (5%) described different types of user-involvement. Conclusions: Our findings suggest gaps in research related to migrant subgroups, such as those from Eastern-Europe and labour and family reunification migrants. Future studies should further investigate the self-identified health needs of different migrant groups, and might also benefit from a methodological shift towards more intervention studies and participatory approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Qualitative health research has the potential to answer important applied health research questions to inform nutrition and dietetics practice, education and policy. Qualitative health research is a distinct subdiscipline of qualitative inquiry that purposefully draws upon the context of healthcare and emphasises health and wellness. Methods: Qualitative health research is defined by two parameters: (1) the focus of the study and (2) the methods used. When considering the methods to be used, decisions are required about the type of data to be generated (e.g., transcripts, images and notes) and the process involved in data generation (e.g., interviews, elicitation strategies and observations) to answer the research question(s). Drawing upon examples from nutrition and dietetics literature, this paper provides a framework to support decision‐making for nutrition and dietetics researchers and clinician researchers designing conducting qualitative health research. Results: The guiding questions of the framework include: What types of data will be generated? Who is involved in data generation? Where will data generation occur? When will data generation occur? How will data be recorded and managed? and How will participants' and researchers' emotional safety be promoted? Conclusion: Questions about the types of data, those involved, where and when, as well as how safety can be maintained in data generation, not only support a more robust design and description of data generation methods but also keep the person at the centre of the research. Key points: In the discipline of qualitative health research, researchers purposefully consider the person at the centre of the research; adapt methods to consider the healthcare context; and prioritise individual health, wellness and capabilities.This humanisation of research requires researchers to select strategies that minimise the burden placed on participants and to make methodological decisions informed through consideration of participants' well‐being. This includes attention to the promotion of both participants' and researchers' emotional safety.To guide data generation decision‐making in the design and conduct of qualitative health research studies, a framework is presented with practical considerations on the 'who, what, when, where and how?' associated with data collection procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the late 20th century activity spaces have mainly been perceived as a niche concept in German-speaking spatial research. Meanwhile, international research on activity spaces has developed further and gained quite some attention recently. This paper elaborates a comprehensive definition of activity spaces and presents current fields of application with special regard to research on travel behaviour, segregation and public health. Activity spaces as a concept improve estimates of the interactions between individuals and their respective social or built environments. Therefore, insights on activity spaces might ease the development of adequate planning and policy measures. In order to facilitate the systematic generation of future research questions, hypotheses, research designs and practice-oriented insights, this paper presents both a novel analytical concept and established methods for the study of activity spaces. The paper closes with considerations on possible research perspectives that lie beyond the current state of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the impacts of a Brazilian home-based programme on violent behaviour of elementary school students. To identify the causal impact, it explores the variation between schools with potentially treated students and the municipalities that implemented the programme over the years. The results suggest a reduction in verbal or physical abuse, theft or robbery, and attack or threat by more than 5 percentage points in schools with treated students. There is also evidence that the effects are greater the sooner children participate in the programme, meaning that early years interventions can be an effective policy to reduce school violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing science and policy interest in multi-sectoral action, but bridging the gap between family planning and urban development is challenging. This paper analyses the experience of integrating these sectors in sub-Saharan Africa via building research capacity. Family-planning researchers were supported to link with urban-development actors, one goal being to generate lessons on the process of getting their research into the policy domain. The urban governance sector's dynamic and complex nature was a particular challenge for family-planning researchers; in future, structured familiarisation with a sector might facilitate multi-sectoral action and better enable researchers to link with the policy world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People with dementia are often marginalized and excluded from influence, also in relation to dementia research. There is, however, a growing requirement for inclusion through Patient and Public Involvement (PPI), but there is still limited knowledge on how researchers can fully benefit from the involvement of people with dementia in the development and testing of psychosocial interventions. This paper describes the results of a pan‐European consultation with people with dementia, synthesizing their views on outcomes of psychosocial interventions. Objective: To involve people with dementia in establishing what are meaningful outcomes when participating in psychosocial interventions. Setting and participants: Consultations took place at four divergent sites across Europe, involving twenty‐five people with dementia from nine European countries. Methods: The methods used for the consultation were developed through an iterative process involving people with dementia. Data from the consultation were analysed from a thematic analysis approach. Results: The results suggested that people with dementia wish to participate in interventions that enhance their well‐being, confidence, health, social participation and human rights. This highlights a need for improvements in psychosocial research to capture these outcomes. Discussion and conclusions: Involving people with dementia in discussions of psychosocial interventions has enhanced our understanding about meaningful outcome measures in research and methods of data collection. This study suggests that new outcome measures in psychosocial research are needed where concepts of positive psychology and social health can guide innovation and outcome measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aim: A discussion of a proposed method for analysing the quality of consumer‐oriented websites that provide health‐related information. Background: The quality of health information available to consumers online varies widely in quality. In an effort to improve the quality of online information, experts have undertaken systematic reviews on selected health topics; however, no standardized comprehensive methodology currently exists for such review. Design: An eight‐step method is recommended embracing the following steps: (a) select topic; (b) determine the purpose of the analysis; (c) select search terms and engines; (d) develop and apply website inclusion and exclusion criteria; (e) develop processes and tools to manage search results; (f) specify measures of quality; (g) compute readability; (h) evaluate websites. Each of these steps is illustrated in relation to the health topic of gynaecomastia, a physical and mental health challenge for many adolescent males and young men. Implications for nursing: Although most extant analyses of consumer‐oriented websites have focused on disease conditions and their treatment, website analysis methodology would encourage analyses that fall into the nursing care domain. Conclusion: The method outlined in this paper is intended to provide nurses and others who work with specific patient populations with the tools needed for website analytic studies. Such studies provide a foundation for making recommendations about quality websites, and identifying gaps in online information for health consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to reveal the relations of risk behavior and its contextual factors, including the perception of risks that substance use may bring. Statistical analysis is based on the data from the European School Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) [2007.The 2007 ESPAD Report. Stockholm: The Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs]. It uses individual data for the 71,287 European students and identifies key behavioral patterns typical for the perception of the risk behavior among European students and the real prevalence of this risk behavior. This study provides support for understanding of adolescent substance use through the analysis of teenagers' behavior and perception applying also a new method of sociomapping. Sociomapping enables to document the scientific facts by an easy, demonstrative manner, which is comprehensible for the students of elementary schools, where the prevention of health risk behavior is essential. The conclusion of the paper draws implications for the preventive practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanitarian aid remains largely driven by anecdote rather than by evidence. The contemporary humanitarian system has significant weaknesses with regard to data collection, analysis, and action at all stages of response to crises involving armed conflict or natural disaster. This paper argues that humanitarian actors can best determine and respond to vulnerabilities and needs if they use sex- and age-disaggregated data (SADD) and gender and generational analyses to help shape their assessments of crises-affected populations. Through case studies, the paper shows how gaps in information on sex and age limit the effectiveness of humanitarian response in all phases of a crisis. The case studies serve to show how proper collection, use, and analysis of SADD enable operational agencies to deliver assistance more effectively and efficiently. The evidence suggests that the employment of SADD and gender and generational analyses assists in saving lives and livelihoods in a crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Writing on the relationships between religion and development has blossomed in the last decade or so, after years of relative neglect. Like any field of social enquiry that is both underdeveloped and closely linked to the interests of advocates and practitioners, the work available to date has encountered various pitfalls. These are outlined, to pinpoint the contribution that this special issue makes to the rapidly-evolving body of research on religion in the context of development. The paper then provides an editorial overview of the themes and papers in the special issue, which includes both research-based articles and practical notes. Religion et développement : examiner de près les perceptions et les organisations religieuses Après des années d'oubli relatif, les rapports entre la religion et le développement ont suscité une quantité croissante d'écrits durant les dix dernières années. À l'instar de tout domaine d'étude sociale qui est à la fois sous-développé et étroitement lié aux intérêts des défenseurs et des praticiens, les travaux disponibles à ce jour se sont heurtés à diverses embûches. Ils sont décrits ici, pour indiquer la contribution que ce numéro spécial apporte au corps de recherches en évolution rapide sur la religion dans le contexte du développement. Cet article présente ensuite un aperçu éditorial des thèmes et des documents du numéro spécial, lequel englobe des articles basés sur des recherches, ainsi que des notes pratiques. Religião e desenvolvimento: sujeitando as percepções e organizações religiosas a um exame detalhado Textos sobre as relações entre religião e desenvolvimento vêm surgindo na última década ou algo em torno disto, após anos de relativa negligência. Como em qualquer área de investigação social que é subdesenvolvida e está intimamente ligada aos interesses de defensores e praticantes, o trabalho disponível até o momento tem encontrado várias armadilhas. Estas armadilhas são apresentadas, para apontar a contribuição que esta edição especial oferece ao órgão de pesquisa que está rapidamente evoluindo sobre religião no contexto de desenvolvimento. O artigo, então, oferece uma visão geral editorial dos temas e artigos na edição especial, que inclui artigos baseados em pesquisa e notas práticas. Religión y desarrollo: evaluando percepciones y organizaciones religiosas Tras años de relativo desinterés, en la última década se ha escrito mucho sobre la relación entre religión y desarrollo. Como cualquier área de investigación social que ha sido poco estudiada pero que está estrechamente vinculada a los intereses de sus defensores y de quienes trabajan en el tema, los estudios realizados hasta el momento se han enfrentado con varios escollos. Estos se describen en el presente número especial como una contribución a las investigaciones en rápida evolución sobre la religión en el contexto del desarrollo. Esta introducción también ofrece una perspectiva general de los temas y los ensayos que contiene este número especial, los cuales abarcan tanto artículos académicos como notas prácticas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the first of two linked progress reports on the application of ideas from complexity theory to health geography. In this paper we focus especially on research which seeks to explain variations in human health from a geographical perspective. We mainly discuss selected studies of geographies of human health which illustrate how ideas from complexity theory are applied empirically. In order to interpret more effectively the dynamic and recursive networks of relationships anticipated by complexity theory, future research will be required to go further in breaking down the divisions that are often assumed between research using different types of empirical methods. We comment on the potential to do this by means of advanced approaches to statistical and spatial modelling and by giving greater attention to the complementarity between these methods and qualitative techniques. We also discuss the emphasis in these examples on research which adopts an interdisciplinary strategy. Our conclusions refer forward to our companion report, which focuses more on studies of geographies of health care and health policy, emphasizing that complexity theory applied to health systems underlines the connections between health, health care and health policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amid obesity problems in the young population and apparent trends of spending a significant amount of time in a stationary position, promoting healthy nutrition and physical activities to teenagers is becoming increasingly important. It can rely on different methodologies, including a paper diary and mobile applications. However, the widespread use of mobile applications by teenagers suggests that they could be a more suitable tool for this purpose. This paper reviews the methodologies for promoting physical activities to healthy teenagers explored in different studies, excluding the analysis of different diseases. We found only nine studies working with teenagers and mobile applications to promote active lifestyles, including the focus on nutrition and physical activity. Studies report using different techniques to captivate the teenagers, including questionnaires and gamification techniques. We identified the common features used in different studies, which are: paper diary, diet diary, exercise diary, notifications, diet plan, physical activity registration, gamification, smoking cessation, pictures, game, and SMS, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Systematic social observations have been gaining increasing recognition in neighborhood and health research as a way of measuring neighborhood attributes hypothesized to affect residents’ well-being. Despite the growing popularity of this methodology, there has not been a critical discussion of potential shortcomings of this approach. This paper reviews some of the challenges and limitations in the systematic social observations methodology. We especially differentiate between limitations related to the methodology itself and challenges the approach presents for researchers in the field. We conclude by offering directions for future research utilizing this technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a methodological approach to the dynamics of cognitively normal (i.e., successful) aging compared with aging accompanied by different types of cognitive impairment and dementia. Using secondary analysis of a national representative database (Canadian Study of Health and Aging, 1991–1992), the authors show that the soccurrence of an adverse event (symptom, sign, or disease), or the accumulation of a number of events, may be modeled as a logistic function of chronologic age in a population. In the cognitively normal, a linear relation between the logarithm of the odds of events and chronologic age was present for the majority of symptoms and signs. This regression represents the accumulation of each sign in a cognitively successful, aging population. The authors then estimated which ages for this cognitively unimpaired group correspond to the odds of the occurrence of symptoms found for a cognitively impaired population at any given chronologic age. This may be regarded as functional age, based upon the accumulation of a particular functional deficit in the impaired population, analogous to the concept of frailty. The dynamics of aging are a complex process of accumulation of deficits (morbidity), whereby decline from some previously healthy level of synergistically associated symptoms and signs results in distinct patterns of disease and staging. The modeling of these dynamics takes us a step further toward the definition and refinement of disease and normal aging. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 150: 1045-54. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Counselors practice in a wide range of disciplines, but also represent a distinct discipline separate from medicine, psychology, and social work. Particularly in countries like Australia, Canada, and the Asia Pacific nations, as a relatively new field, counseling is taking up the challenges of encouraging a research culture that can both critique and support clinical practice and counselor education. This paper is thus written to support novice counselor researchers, and to inspire an emerging research culture through sharing formative experiences and lessons learned during a qualitative research project exploring minority issues in counseling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives This paper outlines an approach to analysing qualitative textual data from interviews and discusses how to ensure analytic procedures are appropriately rigorous. Overview Qualitative data analysis should begin at an early stage in data collection and be highly systematic. It is important to identify issues that emerge during the data collection and analysis as well as those that the researcher may have anticipated (from reading or experience). Analysis is very time-consuming, but careful sampling, the collection of rich material and analytic depth mean that a relatively small number of cases can generate insights that apply well beyond the confines of the study. One particular approach to thematic analysis is introduced with examples from the DIPEx (personal experiences of health and illness) project, which collects video- and audio-taped interviews that are freely accessible through . Evaluation Qualitative analysis of patients' perspectives of illness can illuminate numerous issues that are important for medical education, some of which are unlikely to arise in the clinical encounter. Qualitative studies can also cover a much broader range of experiences – of both common and rare disease – than clinicians will see in practice. The DIPEx website is based on qualitative analysis of collections of interviews, illustrated with hundreds of video and audio clips, and is an innovative resource for medical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Views about correct ways of obtaining knowledge develop from socially constructed tenets and beliefs. The dominant beliefs about how health research should be conducted are derived from the biomedical model of human health. The beliefs are maintained by traditions developed in support of the orthodox model and by power relationships. This paper examines the impact of the orthodox views of the biomedical model on the research methods used to investigate population health issues. Experimental design is the “gold standard” for research in the biomedical model. Beliefs about the superiority of experimental research have affected most types of health research. The role that methods assume in maintaining the orthodoxy is examined. Acceptance in other health disciplines of the attitudes of the dominant paradigm and limited options for research and training in alternatives to the orthodoxy became major influences reinforcing orthodox beliefs about health research. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]