Search

Palatogenesis involves the initiation, growth, morphogenesis, and fusion of the primary and secondary palatal shelves from initially separate facial prominences during embryogenesis to form the intact palate separating the oral cavity from the nostrils. The palatal shelves consist mainly of cranial neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells covered by a simple embryonic epithelium. The growth and patterning of the palatal shelves are controlled by reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions regulated by multiple signaling pathways and transcription factors. During palatal shelf outgrowth, the embryonic epithelium develops a "teflon" coat consisting of a single, continuous layer of periderm cells that prevents the facial prominences and palatal shelves from forming aberrant interepithelial adhesions. Palatal fusion involves not only spatiotemporally regulated disruption of the periderm but also dynamic cellular and molecular processes that result in adhesion and intercalation of the palatal medial edge epithelia to form an intershelf epithelial seam, and subsequent dissolution of the epithelial seam to form the intact roof of the oral cavity. The complexity of regulation of these morphogenetic processes is reflected by the common occurrence of cleft palate in humans. This review will summarize major recent advances and discuss major remaining gaps in the understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling palatogenesis., (© 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor Hand2 has been implicated in the development of multiple organs, including craniofacial organs. Mice carrying Hand2 hypomorphic alleles (Hand2(LoxP/-)) display a cleft palate phenotype. A specific deletion of the Hand2 branchial arch-specific enhancer also leads to a hypoplastic mandible and cleft palate formation in mice. However, the underlying mechanism of Hand2 regulation of palate development remains unknown. Here we show that Hand2 is expressed in both the epithelium and mesenchyme of the developing palate. While mesenchymal specific inactivation of Hand2 has no impact on palate development, epithelial specific deletion of Hand2 creates a cleft palate phenotype. Hand2 appears to exert distinct roles in the anterior and posterior palate. In the anterior palate of Hand2(LoxP/-) mice, premature death of periderm cells and a down-regulation of Shh are observed in the medial edge epithelium (MEE), accompanied by a decreased level of cell proliferation in the palatal mesenchyme. In the posterior palate, a lower dose of Hand2 causes aberrant periderm cell death on the surface of the epithelium, triggering abnormal fusion between the palatal shelf and mandible and preventing palatal shelf elevation. We further demonstrate that BMP activities are essential for the expression of Hand2 in the palate. We conclude that Hand2 is an intrinsic regulator in the epithelium and is required for palate development.

Abstract: Cleft palate, including submucous cleft palate, is among the most common birth defects in humans. While overt cleft palate results from defects in growth or fusion of the developing palatal shelves, submucous cleft palate is characterized by defects in palatal bones. In this report, we show that the Bmpr1a gene, encoding a type I receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmp), is preferentially expressed in the primary palate and anterior secondary palate during palatal outgrowth. Following palatal fusion, Bmpr1a mRNA expression was upregulated in the condensed mesenchyme progenitors of palatal bone. Tissue-specific inactivation of Bmpr1a in the developing palatal mesenchyme in mice caused reduced cell proliferation in the primary and anterior secondary palate, resulting in partial cleft of the anterior palate at birth. Expression of Msx1 and Fgf10 was downregulated in the anterior palate mesenchyme and expression of Shh was downregulated in the anterior palatal epithelium in the Bmpr1a conditional mutant embryos, indicating that Bmp signaling regulates mesenchymal-epithelial interactions during palatal outgrowth. In addition, formation of the palatal processes of the maxilla was blocked while formation of the palatal processes of the palatine was significantly delayed, resulting in submucous cleft of the hard palate in the mutant mice. Our data indicate that Bmp signaling plays critical roles in the regulation of palatal mesenchyme condensation and osteoblast differentiation during palatal bone formation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Classical tissue recombination studies demonstrated that initiation of tooth development depends on activation of odontogenic potential in the mesenchyme by signals from the presumptive dental epithelium. Although several members of the Wnt family of signaling molecules are expressed in the presumptive dental epithelium at the beginning of tooth initiation, whether Wnt signaling is directly involved in the activation of the odontogenic mesenchyme has not been characterized. In this report, we show that tissue-specific inactivation of β-catenin, a central component of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, in the developing tooth mesenchyme caused tooth developmental arrest at the bud stage in mice. We show that mesenchymal β-catenin function is required for expression of Lef1 and Fgf3 in the developing tooth mesenchyme and for induction of primary enamel knot in the developing tooth epithelium. Expression of Msx1 and Pax9, two essential tooth mesenchyme transcription factors downstream of Bmp and Fgf signaling, respectively, were not altered in the absence of β-catenin in the tooth mesenchyme. Moreover, we found that constitutive stabilization of β-catenin in the developing palatal mesenchyme induced aberrant palatal epithelial invaginations that resembled early tooth buds both morphologically and in epithelial molecular marker expression, but without activating expression of Msx1 and Pax9 in the mesenchyme. Together, these results indicate that activation of the mesenchymal odontogenic program during early tooth development requires concerted actions of Bmp, Fgf and Wnt signaling from the presumptive dental epithelium to the mesenchyme. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]