1,833 results
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2. An Activity-Staining Method on Filtration Paper Enables High-Throughput Screening of Temperature-Sensitive and Inactive Mutations of Rice α-Amylase for Improvement of Rice Grain Quality
- Author
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Masaru Nakata, Takeshi Yamaguchi, Yuriko Nakata, Masaharu Kuroda, Rieko Hirai-Kimura, and Hiromoto Yamakawa
- Subjects
Paper ,0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Physiology ,Starch ,Mutant ,Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique) ,Plant Science ,medicine.disease_cause ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,01 natural sciences ,Endosperm ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Grain quality ,medicine ,Protein Isoforms ,Amylase ,Escherichia coli ,Plant Proteins ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,Temperature ,food and beverages ,Oryza ,Cell Biology ,General Medicine ,Recombinant Proteins ,High-Throughput Screening Assays ,Biotechnology ,030104 developmental biology ,Enzyme ,Biochemistry ,Mutation ,Seeds ,biology.protein ,alpha-Amylases ,business ,Filtration ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
α-Amylase is a starch-hydrolyzing enzyme (EC 3.2.1.1) indispensable for germination of cereal seeds, but it is also expressed during the ripening stage. Previous studies demonstrated that the enzyme is activated in developing rice seeds under extremely hot weather and triggers a loss of grain quality by hindering the accumulation of storage starch in the endosperm. Since inactive or, preferably, heat-labile α-amylases are preferable for breeding premium rice, we developed a method for rapid screening of inactive and temperature-sensitive mutants of the enzyme by combining the random mutagenesis by error-prone PCR and an on-filter activity test of the recombinant enzyme expressed by Escherichia coli. This technique was applied to a major α-amylase in the developing seed, Amy3D, and the activity of the isolated mutant enzymes was verified with both the bacteria-expressed recombinant proteins and the extract from the endosperm overexpressing each of them. Then, we identified several substitutions leading to loss of the activity of amino acid residues (Leu28, Asp112, Cys149, Trp201, Asp204, Gly295, Leu300 and Cys342), as well as a variety of heat-sensitive substitutions of Asp83, Asp187 and Glu252. Furthermore, variations of the heat-labile enzymes were created by combining these heat-sensitive mutations. The effects of the respective mutations and their relationship to the structure of the enzyme molecule are discussed.
- Published
- 2017
3. Lipidomics studies reveal dynamic changes in polar lipids of developing endosperm of oat and wheat varieties with differing oil contents.
- Author
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Li N, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Yang Z, Jia Q, Feng B, Taylor DC, Du C, and Zhang M
- Subjects
- Triticum, Lipidomics, Phosphatidylcholines metabolism, Endosperm metabolism, Avena metabolism
- Abstract
Polar lipids have biosynthetic pathways which intersect and overlap with triacylglycerol biosynthesis; however, polar lipids have not been well characterized in the developing endosperms of oat with high oil accumulation. The polar lipids in endosperms of oat and wheat varieties having different oil contents were analyzed and compared at different developmental stages. Our study shows that the relative contents of polar lipid by mass were decreased more slowly in wheat than in oat. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were the major phospholipids, which showed similar abundance and gradual decreases during endosperm development in oat and wheat, while lysophospholipids were noticeably higher in oat. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol showed a gradual increase in wheat and a decrease in oat during endosperm development. The relative contents of some polar lipid species and their unsaturation index were significantly different in their endosperms. These characteristics of polar lipids might indicate an adaption of oat to accommodate oil accumulation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Seed and Fruit Anatomy in Eupomatia laurina with a Discussion of the Affinities of Eupomatiaceae1)1)This paper was written when the author was a visiting Professor at the Central University of Venezuela in Caracas
- Author
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P. R. Mohana Rao
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Tegmen ,Ecology ,biology ,food and beverages ,Plant Science ,Berry ,biology.organism_classification ,Endosperm ,Fruit anatomy ,Annonaceae ,Botany ,Eupomatia laurina ,Ovule ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
Summary Seed and fruit anatomy is studied in Eupomatia laurina . The ovule is anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. The fruit is an urceolate, turbinate berry. The fruit wall is demarcated into four zones out of which the third zone forms the bulk of the fruit wall which consists of parenchymatous cells and tannin ducts. The whole of testa and the inner epidermis of tegmen persist in the mature seed. The endosperm is ruminate. The ruminations which are in the form of finger-like projections are formed by both testa and tegmen. The embryo is small. It is concluded that the Eupomatiaceae and Annonaceae arose from the same ancestral stock but in the course of evolution they deviated considerably and developed their own characters.
- Published
- 1983
5. Allelic variation in rice Fertilization Independent Endosperm 1 contributes to grain width under high night temperature stress
- Author
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Harkamal Walia, Paul E. Staswick, Gota Morota, Jaspreet Sandhu, Balpreet K. Dhatt, Larissa Irvin, Feiyu Zhu, Maria Arlene A. Adviento-Borbe, Waseem Hussain, Argelia Lorence, Hongfeng Yu, and Puneet Paul
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0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Limiting factor ,Physiology ,Mutant ,grain quality ,Locus (genetics) ,Plant Science ,Biology ,01 natural sciences ,Endosperm ,heat stress ,03 medical and health sciences ,Human fertilization ,Grain quality ,Allele ,grain development ,grain size ,2. Zero hunger ,Full Paper ,Research ,rice ,starch ,Temperature ,food and beverages ,Oryza ,Full Papers ,Grain size ,Horticulture ,030104 developmental biology ,Fertilization ,genome‐wide association analysis ,FIS‐PRC2 ,Edible Grain ,Genome-Wide Association Study ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Summary A higher minimum (night‐time) temperature is considered a greater limiting factor for reduced rice yield than a similar increase in maximum (daytime) temperature. While the physiological impact of high night temperature (HNT) has been studied, the genetic and molecular basis of HNT stress response remains unexplored.We examined the phenotypic variation for mature grain size (length and width) in a diverse set of rice accessions under HNT stress. Genome‐wide association analysis identified several HNT‐specific loci regulating grain size as well as loci that are common for optimal and HNT stress conditions.A novel locus contributing to grain width under HNT conditions colocalized with Fie1, a component of the FIS‐PRC2 complex. Our results suggest that the allelic difference controlling grain width under HNT is a result of differential transcript‐level response of Fie1 in grains developing under HNT stress.We present evidence to support the role of Fie1 in grain size regulation by testing overexpression (OE) and knockout mutants under heat stress. The OE mutants were either unaltered or had a positive impact on mature grain size under HNT, while the knockouts exhibited significant grain size reduction under these conditions.
- Published
- 2020
6. Cytogenetic events in the endosperm of amphiploid Avena magna × A. longiglumis
- Author
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Romuald Kosina and Paulina Tomaszewska
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Nuclear disorders ,food.ingredient ,Avena ,Amphiploid ,Chromosomal translocation ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Genome ,Chromosomes, Plant ,Endosperm ,Chromosome rearrangements ,food ,medicine ,Genome domains ,Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ,Genetics ,Regular Paper – Genetics/Developmental Biology ,food and beverages ,Chromosome ,Cell cycle ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Cytogenetic Analysis ,Ploidy ,Nucleus ,Genome, Plant - Abstract
This study analysed cytogenetic events occurring in the syncytial endosperm of theAvena magnaH. C. Murphy & Terrell × Avena longiglumisDurieu amphiploid, which is a product of two wild species having different genomes. Selection through the elimination of chromosomes and their fragments, including those translocated, decreased the level of ploidy in the endosperm below the expected 3n, leading to the modal number close to 2n. During intergenomic translocations, fragments of the heterochromatin-rich C-genome were transferred to the D and Al genomes. Terminal and non-reciprocal exchanges dominated, whereas other types of translocations, including microexchanges, were less common. Using two probes and by counterstaining with DAPI, theA. longiglumisand the rare exchanges between the D and Al genomes were detected by GISH. The large discontinuity in the probe labelling in the C chromosomes demonstrated inequality in the distribution of repetitive sequences along the chromosome and probable intragenomic rearrangements. In the nucleus, the spatial arrangement of genomes was non-random and showed a sectorial-concentric pattern, which can vary during the cell cycle, especially in the less stable tissue like the hybrid endosperm.
- Published
- 2021
7. A transcriptional hub integrating gibberellin–brassinosteroid signals to promote seed germination in Arabidopsis
- Author
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Xukun Li, Chunmei Zhong, Yi Tang, Xiaojing Wang, Ling Yuan, and Barunava Patra
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0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Arabidopsis thaliana ,Physiology ,Arabidopsis ,seed germination ,Germination ,Plant Science ,01 natural sciences ,Endosperm ,GASA6 ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,bHLH ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Brassinosteroids ,Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ,Brassinosteroid ,Transcription factor ,biology ,Chemistry ,AcademicSubjects/SCI01210 ,Arabidopsis Proteins ,fungi ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,food and beverages ,BEE2 ,Cell Biology ,brassinosteroids (BRs) ,biology.organism_classification ,Research Papers ,Gibberellins ,Cell biology ,030104 developmental biology ,Seeds ,HBI1 ,Gibberellin ,Signal transduction ,gibberellins (GAs) ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
A transcriptional module amplifies the gibberellin and brassinosteroid signal to accelerate endosperm rupture to promote seed germination in Arabidopsis., Seed germination is regulated by multiple phytohormones, including gibberellins (GAs) and brassinosteroids (BRs); however, the molecular mechanism underlying GA and BR co-induced seed germination is not well elucidated. We demonstrated that BRs induce seed germination through promoting testa and endosperm rupture in Arabidopsis. BRs promote cell elongation, rather than cell division, at the hypocotyl–radicle transition region of the embryonic axis during endosperm rupture. Two key basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors in the BR signaling pathway, HBI1 and BEE2, are involved in the regulation of endosperm rupture. Expression of HBI1 and BEE2 was induced in response to BR and GA treatment. In addition, HBI1- or BEE2-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants are less sensitive to the BR biosynthesis inhibitor, brassinazole, and the GA biosynthesis inhibitor, paclobutrazol. HBI1 and BEE2 promote endosperm rupture and seed germination by directly regulating the GA-Stimulated Arabidopsis 6 (GASA6) gene. Expression of GASA6 was altered in Arabidopsis overexpressing HBI1, BEE2, or SRDX-repressor forms of the two transcription factors. In addition, HBI1 interacts with BEE2 to synergistically activate GASA6 expression. Our findings define a new role for GASA6 in GA and BR signaling and reveal a regulatory module that controls GA and BR co-induced seed germination in Arabidopsis.
- Published
- 2021
8. Class XI: CBSE Warm-up! Chapterwise practice questions for CBSE Exams as per the latest pattern and syllabus by CBSE for the academic session 2024-25.
- Subjects
CARDIOVASCULAR system ,WARMUP ,MALE reproductive organs ,PLANT anatomy ,ENDOSPERM ,HIGH temperature (Weather) - Abstract
The article provides a practice paper guide for CBSE Class XI Biology students, featuring chapterwise questions and topics for the academic session 2024-25. Topics include plant morphology, anatomy, and structural organization in plants and animals. It also outlines the format and instructions for the exam, emphasizing the importance of understanding various biological systems and structures.
- Published
- 2024
9. A novel FLOURY ENDOSPERM2 (FLO2)-interacting protein, is involved in maintaining fertility and seed quality in rice
- Author
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Yoko Nonaga, Ken Taro Sekine, Hiroshi Teramura, Tetsuro Yamashita, Hiroaki Kusano, Hiroaki Shimada, Rintaro Suzuki, and Tomohiro Imamura
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0106 biological sciences ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Regulation of gene expression ,Original Paper ,0303 health sciences ,Mutant ,food and beverages ,Plant Science ,Biology ,01 natural sciences ,Cell biology ,Endosperm ,03 medical and health sciences ,Tetratricopeptide ,chemistry ,RNA interference ,Grain quality ,Storage protein ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Gene ,030304 developmental biology ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Crop plants accumulate a large amount of storage starch and storage proteins in the endosperm. Genes involved in the biosynthesis of these substances work in concert during development of the rice endosperm. The rice flo2 mutant produces aberrant seeds with reduced grain quality. FLOURRY ENDOSPERM 2 (FLO2), the causative gene of the flo2 mutant, is considered to be a regulatory protein that controls the biosynthesis of seed storage substances. FLO2 contains tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motifs that may mediate protein–protein interactions. In this study, we identified the protein that interacts with the TPR motif of FLO2. We generated a transformant that produced the FLAG-tagged fusion FLO2 protein in the flo2 mutant and used this in the shotgun proteomic analysis. A protein, which we named FLOC1, interacted with FLO2. In vitro pull-down assays indicated that the TPR motif was involved in this interaction. A knock-down transformant of FLOC1 showed significantly reducted fertility and generation of seeds with abnormal features. These findings suggest that FLOC1 is involved not only in seed fertility but also in seed quality. These phenotypes were also observed on the RNAi transformants of the flo2 mutant although the effect of the flo2 mutation remained. these findings imply that there is a difference in the functions of FLO2 and FLOC1 although both of appear to be involved in the control of seed quality during seed formation.
- Published
- 2020
10. A malectin domain kinesin functions in pollen and seed development in Arabidopsis
- Author
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Sergio Galindo-Trigo, Thomas M Grand, Christian A. Voigt, and Lisa M. Smith
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cell division ,0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Cell division ,Physiology ,Mutant ,Arabidopsis ,Kinesins ,Plant Science ,kinesin ,01 natural sciences ,Endosperm ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cytoskeleton ,biology ,AcademicSubjects/SCI01210 ,Arabidopsis Proteins ,pollen development ,food and beverages ,Cell Biology ,Subcellular localization ,biology.organism_classification ,Research Papers ,Cell biology ,malectin domain ,030104 developmental biology ,Seeds ,Pollen ,Kinesin ,seed development ,Function (biology) ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
MALECTIN DOMAIN KINESIN 2 (MDKIN2) functions in the development of pollen grains, embryos, and endosperm. Subcellular protein localization of MDKIN2 indicates a potential role in cell division., The kinesin family is greatly expanded in plants compared with animals and, with more than a third up-regulated in expression during cell division, it has been suggested that this expansion facilitated complex plant-specific cytoskeletal rearrangements. The cell cycle-regulated kinesins include two with an N-terminal malectin domain, a protein domain that has been shown to bind polysaccharides and peptides when found extracellularly in receptor-like kinases. Although malectin domain kinesins are evolutionarily deep rooted, their function in plants remains unclear. Here we show that loss of MALECTIN DOMAIN KINESIN 2 (MDKIN2) results in stochastic developmental defects in pollen, embryo, and endosperm. High rates of seed abnormalities and abortion occur in mdkin2 mutants through a partial maternal effect. No additive effect or additional developmental defects were noted in mdkin1 mdkin2 double mutants. MDKIN2 is expressed in regions of cell division throughout the plant. Subcellular localization of MDKIN2 indicates a role in cell division, with a possible secondary function in the nuclei. Our results reveal a non-essential but important role for a malectin domain kinesin during development in plants.
- Published
- 2020
11. NanoLC-MS/MS protein analysis on laser-microdissected wheat endosperm tissues: A comparison between aleurone, sub-aleurone and inner endosperm.
- Author
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Hermans W, Geisslitz S, De Bondt Y, Langenaeken NA, Scherf KA, and Courtin CM
- Subjects
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Plant Proteins genetics, Plant Proteins metabolism, Glutens metabolism, Endosperm metabolism, Triticum metabolism
- Abstract
Wheat kernel proteins are not homogeneously distributed throughout the endosperm. The goal of this study was to investigate the relative differences in protein composition between the aleurone, sub-aleurone and inner endosperm. Using laser microdissection followed by nanoLC-MS/MS, an innovative method combining high spatial specificity and analytical selectivity in sample-limited situations, 780 proteins were detected and classified by function. A higher proportion of gluten proteins was detected in the sub-aleurone than inner endosperm. Composition-wise, gluten from the sub-aleurone is relatively more enriched in ω-gliadins but impoverished in LMW-GS and γ-gliadins. While a basic set of albumins and globulins was detected in all three microdissected endosperm tissues, specific proteins, like puroindoline B, displayed a gradient. This study provides indications that both histological origin and relative positioning of the tissues drive the protein distribution. Knowledge of this protein distribution offers significant opportunities for the wheat manufacturing industry. Data available via ProteomeXchange, identifier PXD038743., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Molecular mechanism of quality changes in solid endosperm of tender coconut during room temperature storage based on transcriptome and metabolome.
- Author
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Shen X, Xiong F, Niu X, Gong S, Sun X, Xiao Y, Yang Y, and Chen F
- Subjects
- Transcriptome, Temperature, Metabolome, Endosperm metabolism, Cocos genetics, Cocos metabolism
- Abstract
Tender coconut (TC) is popular around the world. Postharvest storage of TC leads to a decline in its appearance quality and flavor in both liquid endosperm (LE) and solid endosperm (SE). While LE is the most consumed part and remains in a liquid state, SE is the only cellular tissue directly connected to LE and may be the main contributor to flavor deterioration during storage. This study focused on investigating SE changes during TC storage at 25 °C using computed tomographic technology, transcriptome and metabolome analyses. The results showed increased thickness and density, elevated protein and fat contents, and decreased reducing and soluble sugars in SE of TC during storage. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis revealed that these changes were mainly associated with the gene transcription levels involved in amino acid, carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms, along with specific metabolites. These findings offer valuable insights for controlling TC quality during storage., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Arabidopsis sucrose synthase localization indicates a primary role in sucrose translocation in phloem
- Author
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Eliana Gonzales-Vigil, Danyu Yao, and Shawn D. Mansfield
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0106 biological sciences ,Sucrose ,carbon metabolism ,Physiology ,Mutant ,Arabidopsis ,Plant Science ,phloem loading ,Phloem ,01 natural sciences ,Endosperm ,03 medical and health sciences ,sucrose synthase ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,Chemistry ,AcademicSubjects/SCI01210 ,Arabidopsis Proteins ,musculoskeletal, neural, and ocular physiology ,fungi ,Xylem ,food and beverages ,Subcellular localization ,biology.organism_classification ,musculoskeletal system ,Research Papers ,cellulose ,Cell biology ,Glucosyltransferases ,biology.protein ,Sucrose synthase ,Cellulose biosynthetic process ,Growth and Development ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Transcription Factors - Abstract
Spatiotemporal localization of Arabidopsis sucrose synthase isoforms implicates these proteins in phloem loading and unloading., Sucrose synthase (SuSy) is one of two enzyme families capable of catalyzing the first degradative step in sucrose utilization. Several earlier studies examining SuSy mutants in Arabidopsis failed to identify obvious phenotypic abnormalities compared with wild-type plants in normal growth environments, and as such a functional role for SuSy in the previously proposed cellulose biosynthetic process remains unclear. Our study systematically evaluated the precise subcellular localization of all six isoforms of Arabidopsis SuSy via live-cell imaging. We showed that yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-labeled SuSy1 and SuSy4 were expressed exclusively in phloem companion cells, and the sus1/sus4 double mutant accumulated sucrose under hypoxic conditions. SuSy5 and SuSy6 were found to be parietally localized in sieve elements and restricted only to the cytoplasm. SuSy2 was present in the endosperm and embryo of developing seeds, and SuSy3 was localized to the embryo and leaf stomata. No single isoform of SuSy was detected in developing xylem tissue of elongating stem, the primary site of cellulose deposition in plants. SuSy1 and SuSy4 were also undetectable in the protoxylem tracheary elements, which were induced by the vascular-related transcription factor VND7 during secondary cell wall formation. These findings implicate SuSy in the biological events related to sucrose translocation in phloem.
- Published
- 2019
14. Morphoanatomical and histochemical studies of the seed development of Euterpe oleracea (Arecaceae)
- Author
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João Alves Ferreira Pereira, Ítalo Antônio Cotta Coutinho, Emanoella Lima Soares, Arlete Aparecida Soares, Ana Paula de Souza Caetano, and Francisco de Assis de Paiva Campos
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,endosperma ruminado ,Future studies ,Euterpe ,QH301-705.5 ,Plant Science ,Arecaceae ,Horticulture ,Biology ,engineering.material ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Endosperm ,hipóstase ,Crop ,Biology (General) ,pachychalaza ,hypostase ,Pulp (paper) ,Botany ,food and beverages ,paquicalazal ,biology.organism_classification ,ruminate endosperm ,palmeiras ,palm trees ,QK1-989 ,embriogênese ,engineering ,embryogenesis ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Although the consumption of açaí (Euterpe oleracea) pulp has long been an important component of the diet of the peoples from the Amazon, the açaí palm tree has recently attracted economic and scientific interest because of its vast array of bioactive compounds found in the fruit pericarp. The açaí seeds are the largest byproduct after pulp extraction and have potential for use in ethanol production, but this process is hindered by limited knowledge of seed biology, chemical composition and pattern reserve deposition during seed development. The aim of this work was to describe the morphoanatomical development of the seeds, as well as to identify the main organic compounds stored in the seeds. To achieve this goal, histological and histochemical analyses were performed on developing seeds. Results showed the seed is albuminous, bitegmic and that ingrowths of the seed coat give rise to a ruminate endosperm. Moreover, the nutritive reserves of açaí seeds are found in the endosperm thickened cell walls as reserve polysaccharides. Our findings provide information for future studies dealing with reproductive biology, propagation and the improvement of this profitable crop. Resumo Embora o consumo de açaí (Euterpe oleracea) seja há tempos um importante componente da dieta dos povos amazônicos, o açaizeiro tem recentemente atraído tanto o interesse econômico quanto científico devido à presença de urna vasta gama de compostos bioativos encontrados no pericarpo de seus frutos. As sementes de açaí representam o principal subproduto após a extração da polpa e podem ser potencialmente utilizadas para a produção de etanol, mas esse processo é dificultado pelo conhecimento limitado sobre a biología das sementes, sua composição química e a deposição de reserva de padrões durante o desenvolvimento das sementes. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever o desenvolvimento morfoanatômico das sementes, bem como identificar os principais compostos orgânicos armazenados nas sementes. Para atingir esse objetivo, foram realizadas análises histológicas e histoquímicas das sementes em desenvolvimento. Os resultados revelaram que a semente é albuminosa, bitegmica e que tegumento interno da semente dá origem as ruminações do endosperma. Além disso, os resultados indicam que as reservas nutritivas das sementes de açaí são encontradas nas paredes celulares espessadas pelo endosperma na forma de polissacarídeos de reserva. Nossas descobertas fornecem informações úteis para futuros estudos sobre biología reprodutiva, propagação e melhoria de uma cultura tao lucrativa.
- Published
- 2021
15. Aberrant endosperm formation caused by reduced production of major allergen proteins in a rice flo2 mutant that confers low-protein accumulation in grains
- Author
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Hiroshi Teramura, Hiroaki Kobayashi, Hiroaki Kusano, Tsutomu Furukawa, Masato Suzuki, Kyoko Kondo, and Hiroaki Shimada
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Original Paper ,0303 health sciences ,Mutation ,Low protein ,Mutant ,food and beverages ,Plant Science ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Molecular biology ,Endosperm ,03 medical and health sciences ,Allergen ,chemistry ,RNA interference ,medicine ,Storage protein ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Gene ,030304 developmental biology ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Rice flo2 mutation produces grains showing a reduced amount of storage proteins. Using Nipponbare and the flo2 mutant, we created rice transformants that showed defective production of major allergen proteins RA14 and RA33 (14–16 kDa and 33 kDa allergen proteins, respectively) by RNAi introduction. The knock-down transformant generated using Nipponbare showed greatly reduced accumulation of both allergen proteins, normal growth, and production of a sufficient amount of normal-shaped seeds. F(1) seeds were obtained by crossing between the transformants containing RNAi genes to RA14 and RA33, and showed decreased accumulation of both proteins. However, a peculiar phenotype was observed in the flo2 transformants that lacked accumulation of RA14 or RA33. They showed significantly reduced fertility. A wrinkled grain feature was found on the transformant lacking accumulation of RA14. F(1) seeds obtained by crossing these transformants showed significantly lower fertility. F(2) seeds showed decreases in both allergen proteins but morphological abnormality with small and severely wrinkled features. These results indicated that it is hard to obtain any transformant lacking accumulation of these allergen proteins using the flo2 mutant, whereas a knock-down transformant of both allergen protein genes was obtained when a wild-type Nipponbare was used as a host. These facts strongly suggest that RA14 and RA33 have some roles in rice seeds.
- Published
- 2019
16. Development of an Efficient Technological Scheme for Triticale Grain Processing into Graded Bread Flour
- Author
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R. H. Kandrokov and G. N. Pankratov
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,GOST (hash function) ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,Plant biochemistry ,Triticale ,Pulp and paper industry ,01 natural sciences ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Endosperm ,Mathematics - Abstract
Study results of the processing of initial samples of triticale grain into graded bread flour according to the designed reduced and developed technological schemes are presented. When processing Ramses grains, the output of the T-70 grade of triticale flour (with ash content of no more than 0.70%) from the central part of the endosperm was 40% according to the reduced technological scheme and 63% according to the developed technological scheme. The total output of flour according to the developed scheme in comparison with the reduced one increased by 3.4 and amounted to 75.5%. At the same time, the output of the low-ash T-60 grade flour according to GOST 34 142-2017 according to the developed scheme was 46%, while it was not possible to get a single percent of flour according to the reduced scheme. When processing Saur grade grain, the output of the T-70 grade triticale flour from the central part of the endosperm according to both the reduced scheme and the developed scheme amounted to 77.4%. When processed according to the developed scheme, the total output of flour increased by 0.6 and amounted to 78.0% in comparison with the reduced scheme. At the same time, according to the developed processing scheme, 42% of triticale flour was obtained with ash content of no more than 0.55%, while it was not possible to obtain a single percent of triticale flour with ash content of 0.55% according to the reduced scheme. It is established that processing of triticale grain according to the developed technological scheme with the use of sizing and sieve-purifying systems allows increasing the total output of flour by 0.6–3.4% in comparison with the reduced technological scheme.
- Published
- 2019
17. Identification of Genes Involved in Lipid Biosynthesis through de novo Transcriptome Assembly from Cocos nucifera Developing Endosperm
- Author
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Anna El Tahchy, Surinder P. Singh, Christopher Blanchard, Vivien Rolland, Darren P. Cullerne, Craig C. Wood, Kyle Reynolds, and James Robertson Petrie
- Subjects
Nicotiana ,0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,food.ingredient ,FATA ,Physiology ,Oleosin ,De novo transcriptome assembly ,PDAT ,Coconut ,GPAT9 ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Triacylglycerol ,01 natural sciences ,DGAT ,Endosperm ,03 medical and health sciences ,Medium chain ,food ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Lipid biosynthesis ,Tobacco ,De novo assembly ,Food science ,Triglycerides ,Plant Proteins ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Fatty Acids ,Coconut oil ,Regular Papers ,food and beverages ,Fatty acid ,Thioesterase ,Cell Biology ,General Medicine ,Lipid Metabolism ,030104 developmental biology ,Vegetable oil ,Cocos nucifera ,chemistry ,Transcriptome ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Cocos nucifera (coconut), a member of the Arecaceae family, is an economically important woody palm that is widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions. The coconut palm is well known for its ability to accumulate large amounts of oil, approximately 63% of the seed weight. Coconut oil varies significantly from other vegetable oils as it contains a high proportion of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA; 85%). The unique composition of coconut oil raises interest in understanding how the coconut palm produces oil of a high saturated MCFA content, and if such an oil profile could be replicated via biotechnology interventions. Although some gene discovery work has been performed there is still a significant gap in the knowledge associated with coconut’s oil production pathways. In this study, a de novo transcriptome was assembled for developing coconut endosperm to identify genes involved in the synthesis of lipids, particularly triacylglycerol. Of particular interest were thioesterases, acyltransferases and oleosins because of their involvement in the processes of releasing fatty acids for assembly, esterification of fatty acids into glycerolipids and protecting oils from degradation, respectively. It is hypothesized that some of these genes may exhibit a strong substrate preference for MCFA and hence may assist the future development of vegetable oils with an enriched MCFA composition. In this study, we identified and confirmed functionality of five candidate genes from the gene families of interest. This study will benefit future work in areas of increasing vegetable oil production and the tailoring of oil fatty acid compositions.
- Published
- 2019
18. The mitochondrial pentatricopeptide repeat protein EMP12 is involved in the splicing of three nad2 introns and seed development in maize
- Author
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Xiaojie Li, Xiaoyan Zhang, Yong Wang, Xin Zhang, Zhihui Xiu, Feng Sun, Yan-Zhuo Yang, Ruicheng Jiang, Bao-Cai Tan, and Yiwei Liu
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Mitochondrial DNA ,Alternative oxidase ,RNA splicing ,Physiology ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Mitochondrion ,maize ,Zea mays ,PPR ,01 natural sciences ,Mitochondrial Proteins ,03 medical and health sciences ,mitochondrion ,Gene ,Plant Proteins ,Intron ,food and beverages ,RNA ,Research Papers ,Endosperm ,Introns ,Cell biology ,030104 developmental biology ,Seeds ,Pentatricopeptide repeat ,Growth and Development ,EMP12 ,seed development ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
The mitochondrial PPR protein EMP12 is required for the splicing of cis- and trans-introns of nad2, complex I biogenesis, and seed development in maize., Plant mitochondrial genes contain cis- and trans-group II introns that must be spliced before translation. The mechanism by which these introns are spliced is not well understood. Several families of proteins have been implicated in the intron splicing, of which the pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins are proposed to confer the substrate binding specificity. However, very few PPRs are characterized. Here, we report the function of a P-type PPR protein, EMP12, and its role in seed development. EMP12 is targeted to mitochondria. Loss-of-function mutation in Emp12 severely arrests embryo and endosperm development, causing embryo lethality. The trans-splicing of mitochondrial nad2 intron 2 and cis-splicing of nad2 intron 4 are abolished, whereas the cis-splicing of nad2 intron 1 is reduced in emp12 mutants. As a result, complex I assembly is disrupted, and its activity is strongly reduced in the mutants. The expression of the alternative oxidase and several components of other mitochondrial complexes is increased, possibly in response to the defective complex I. These results suggest that Emp12 is required for the trans-splicing of nad2 intron 2 and cis-splicing of nad2 introns 1 and 4, and is important to complex I biogenesis, and embryogenesis and endosperm development in maize.
- Published
- 2018
19. Reporter gene expression reveals precise auxin synthesis sites during fruit and root development in wild strawberry
- Author
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Yafan Han, Chunying Kang, Jia Feng, Zhongchi Liu, Huifeng Luo, and Cheng Dai
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0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Achene ,Auxin biosynthesis ,Physiology ,Plant Science ,Biology ,spatial–temporal expression ,01 natural sciences ,Fragaria ,Plant Roots ,YUCs ,Endosperm ,03 medical and health sciences ,Auxin ,Fragaria vesca ,Genes, Reporter ,Arabidopsis ,heterocyclic compounds ,Primordium ,CRISPR/Cas9 ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Reporter gene ,Base Sequence ,Indoleacetic Acids ,fungi ,Lateral root ,DR5ver2::GUS ,food and beverages ,fruit ,biology.organism_classification ,root ,Research Papers ,TARs ,Cell biology ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Growth and Development ,strawberry ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Auxin distribution revealed by DR5ver2::GUS and expression patterns of FveTARs and FveYUCs determined by the GUS reporter highlighted the endosperm as the main auxin biosynthesis site in strawberry achenes., The critical role of auxin in strawberry fruit set and receptacle enlargement was demonstrated previously. While fertilization is known to trigger auxin biosynthesis, the specific tissue source of fertilization-induced auxin is not well understood. Here, the auxin reporter DR5ver2::GUS was introduced into wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca) to reveal auxin distribution in the seed and fruit receptacle pre- and post-fertilization as well as in the root. In addition, the expression of TAR and YUCCA genes coding for enzymes catalysing the two-step auxin biosynthesis pathway was investigated using their respective promoters fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter. Two FveTARs and four FveYUCs were shown to be expressed primarily in the endosperm and embryo inside the achenes as well as in root tips and lateral root primordia. Expression of these reporters in dissected tissues provided more detailed and precise spatial (cell and tissue) and temporal (pre- and post-fertilization) information on where auxin is synthesized and accumulates than previous studies in strawberry. Moreover, we generated CRISPR-mediated knock-out mutants of FveYUC10, the most abundant YUC in seeds; the mutants had a lower free auxin level in young fruit, but displayed no obvious morphological phenotypes. However, overexpression of FveYUC10 resulted in elongated hypocotyls in Arabidopsis caused by elevated auxin level. Overall, the study revealed auxin accumulation in the chalazal seed coat, embryo, receptacle vasculature, root tip, and lateral root primordia and highlighted the endosperm as the main auxin biosynthesis site for fruit set.
- Published
- 2018
20. Insights into the Functional Components in Wheat Grain: Spatial Pattern, Underlying Mechanism and Cultivation Regulation.
- Author
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Zhong, Yingxin, Chen, Yuhua, Pan, Mingsheng, Wang, Hengtong, Sun, Jiayu, Chen, Yang, Cai, Jian, Zhou, Qin, Wang, Xiao, and Jiang, Dong
- Subjects
AGRICULTURAL productivity ,DIETARY fiber ,PROTEIN synthesis ,FOOD security ,GRAIN ,STARCH ,WHEAT - Abstract
Wheat is a staple crop; its production must achieve both high yield and good quality due to worldwide demands for food security and better quality of life. It has been found that the grain qualities vary greatly within the different layers of wheat kernels. In this paper, the spatial distributions of protein and its components, starch, dietary fiber, and microelements are summarized in detail. The underlying mechanisms regarding the formation of protein and starch, as well as spatial distribution, are discussed from the views of substrate supply and the protein and starch synthesis capacity. The regulating effects of cultivation practices on gradients in composition are identified. Finally, breakthrough solutions for exploring the underlying mechanisms of the spatial gradients of functional components are presented. This paper will provide research perspectives for producing wheat that is both high in yield and of good quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Expression of starch-binding factor CBM20 in barley plastids controls the number of starch granules and the level of CO2 fixation
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Kim H. Hebelstrup, Dong Jiang, René Gislum, Yingxin Zhong, Domenico Sagnelli, Ian M. Møller, Andreas Blennow, Harald Hasler-Sheetal, Olga Agata Andrzejczak, Kourosh Hooshmand, and Henrik Bak Topbjerg
- Subjects
Physiology ,Starch ,PROTEINS ,ENDOSPERM ,Plant Science ,METABOLISM ,AMYLOPLAST ,Carbon Cycle ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,INITIATION ,Biosynthesis ,DOMAIN ,Barley ,Amyloplast ,Plastids ,Plastid ,ENCODES ,Plant Proteins ,Hordeum vulgare ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,photosynthesis ,Carbon fixation ,food and beverages ,Hordeum ,Carbon Dioxide ,Research Papers ,Chloroplast ,Enzyme ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,starch metabolism ,GROWTH ,Barley, Hordeum vulgare, photosynthesis ,starch-protein interactions ,Photosynthesis and Metabolism ,Starch binding - Abstract
Interference in protein–starch interactions in barley by the expression of an exogenous high-affinity starch-binding factor (Carbohydrate-Binding Motif 20, CBM20) reveals a link between starch granule biosynthesis and the level of photosynthesis., The biosynthesis of starch granules in plant plastids is coordinated by the orchestrated action of transferases, hydrolases, and dikinases. These enzymes either contain starch-binding domain(s) themselves, or are dependent on direct interactions with co-factors containing starch-binding domains. As a means to competitively interfere with existing starch–protein interactions, we expressed the protein module Carbohydrate-Binding Motif 20 (CBM20), which has a very high affinity for starch, ectopically in barley plastids. This interference resulted in an increase in the number of starch granules in chloroplasts and in formation of compound starch granules in grain amyloplasts, which is unusual for barley. More importantly, we observed a photosystem-independent inhibition of CO2 fixation, with a subsequent reduced growth rate and lower accumulation of carbohydrates with effects throughout the metabolome, including lower accumulation of transient leaf starch. Our results demonstrate the importance of endogenous starch–protein interactions for controlling starch granule morphology and number, and plant growth, as substantiated by a metabolic link between starch–protein interactions and control of CO2 fixation in chloroplasts.
- Published
- 2020
22. The CLE53-SUNN genetic pathway negatively regulates arbuscular mycorrhiza root colonization in Medicago truncatula
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Clarissa Boschiero, Katrine Gram Landerslev, Magda Karlo, Gonzalo Sancho Blanco, Kirankumar S. Mysore, Jiangqi Wen, Patrick X. Zhao, Xinbin Dai, and Thomas C. de Bang
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0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,NODULATION ,Physiology ,NODULE NUMBER ,mycorrhiza ,Autoregulation ,Plant Science ,PEPTIDE SIGNALS ,Plant Roots ,01 natural sciences ,Endosperm ,SIGNALING PATHWAYS ,03 medical and health sciences ,ARABINOSYLATION ,SUNN ,Symbiosis ,Mycorrhizae ,Medicago truncatula ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,Homeostasis ,Colonization ,Mycorrhiza ,SUPPRESSION ,Peptide modification ,SUNN GENE ,biology ,AcademicSubjects/SCI01210 ,fungi ,RDN1 ,Wild type ,biology.organism_classification ,Research Papers ,Cell biology ,CLE PEPTIDES ,Arbuscular mycorrhiza ,030104 developmental biology ,Plant—Environment Interactions ,CLE peptides ,RECEPTOR KINASE ,Signal Transduction ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
CLE53 negatively regulates root colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a SUNN- and RDN1-dependent manner., Plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) engage in mutually beneficial symbioses based on a reciprocal exchange of nutrients. The beneficial character of the symbiosis is maintained through a mechanism called autoregulation of mycorrhization (AOM). AOM includes root-to-shoot-to-root signaling; however, the molecular details of AOM are poorly understood. AOM shares many features of autoregulation of nodulation (AON) where several genes are known, including the receptor-like kinase SUPER NUMERIC NODULES (SUNN), root-to-shoot mobile CLAVATA3/ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION (ESR)-RELATED (CLE) peptides, and the hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase ROOT DETERMINED NODULATION1 (RDN1) required for post-translational peptide modification. In this work, CLE53 was identified to negatively regulate AMF symbiosis in a SUNN- and RDN1-dependent manner. CLE53 expression was repressed at low phosphorus, while it was induced by AMF colonization and high phosphorus. CLE53 overexpression reduced AMF colonization in a SUNN- and RDN1 dependent manner, while cle53, rdn1, and sunn mutants were more colonized than the wild type. RNA-sequencing identified 700 genes with SUNN-dependent regulation in AMF-colonized plants, providing a resource for future identification of additional AOM genes. Disruption of AOM genes in crops potentially constitutes a novel route for improving AMF-derived phosphorus uptake in agricultural systems with high phosphorus levels.
- Published
- 2020
23. A conserved motif is essential for the correct assembly of proglutelins and for their export from the endoplasmic reticulum in rice endosperm
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Masako Fukuda, Yanping Xing, Lihong Tian, Le Qing Qu, Rong Li, Toshihiro Kumamaru, Xiangbai Dong, and Dandan Qian
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,endoplasmic reticulum export ,Glutens ,Physiology ,Immunoelectron microscopy ,protein assembly ,Sequence alignment ,Plant Science ,Endoplasmic Reticulum ,01 natural sciences ,Conserved sequence ,03 medical and health sciences ,Storage protein ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Disulfide bonds ,Peptide sequence ,Conserved Sequence ,Plant Proteins ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,rice endosperm ,Base Sequence ,Endoplasmic reticulum ,Oryza ,Cell Biology ,Research Papers ,Endosperm ,Cell biology ,Amino acid ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,sequence motif ,Sequence motif ,glutelin ,Sequence Alignment ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Characterization of a mutant that specifically accumulates the GluA precursor reveals a conserved motif in proglutelins that is essential for their proper assembly in, and their subsequent export from, the endoplasmic reticulum., Rice glutelins are initially synthesized as 57-kDa precursors at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are ultimately transported into protein storage vacuoles. However, the sequence motifs that affect proglutelin folding, assembly, and their export from the ER remain poorly defined. In this study, we characterized a mutant with nine amino acids deleted in the GluA2 protein, which resulted in specific accumulation of the GluA precursor. The deleted amino acids constitute a well-conserved sequence (LVYIIQGRG) in glutelins and all residues in this motif are necessary for ER export of GluA2. Immunoelectron microscopy and stable transgenic analyses indicated that proglutelins with deletion of this motif misassembled and aggregated through non-native intermolecular disulfide bonds, and were deposited in ER-derived protein bodies (PB-Is), resulting in conversion of PB-Is into a new type of PB. These results indicate that the conserved motif is essential for proper assembly of proglutelin. The correct assembly of proglutelins is critical for their segregation from prolamins in the ER lumen, which is essential for enabling the export of proglutelin from the ER and for the proper formation of PB-Is. We also found that the interchain disulfide bond between acidic and basic subunits is not necessary for their assembly, but it is required for proglutelin folding.
- Published
- 2018
24. Temperature and nitrogen supply interact to determine protein distribution gradients in the wheat grain endosperm
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Yongfang Wan, Stephen J. Powers, George P Savill, Paola Tosi, Peter Buchner, Adam Michalski, and Malcolm J. Hawkesford
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Nitrogen ,Physiology ,Triticum aestivum ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plant Science ,Breadmaking quality ,01 natural sciences ,Endosperm ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,Aleurone ,Storage protein ,gluten protein ,Nitrogen cycle ,Triticum ,Plant Proteins ,2. Zero hunger ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Wheat grain ,protein body size distribution ,breadmaking quality ,Temperature ,food and beverages ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Protein distribution ,Research Papers ,040401 food science ,grain protein distribution ,High-Throughput Screening Assays ,wheat endosperm ,chemistry ,Plant—Environment Interactions ,Protein body ,Biophysics ,protein distribution gradient ,wheat grain protein ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Nitrogen supply and post-anthesis temperature affect the protein distribution gradient in the wheat grain endosperm, as measured using a novel image analysis technique for light microscopy sections., Gradients exist in the distribution of storage proteins in the wheat (Triticum aestivum) endosperm and determine the milling properties and protein recovery rate of the grain. A novel image analysis technique was developed to quantify both the gradients in protein concentration, and the size distribution of protein bodies within the endosperm of wheat plants grown under two different (20 or 28 °C) post-anthesis temperatures, and supplied with a nutrient solution with either high or low nitrogen content. Under all treatment combinations, protein concentration was greater in the endosperm cells closest to the aleurone layer and decreased towards the centre of the two lobes of the grain, i.e. a negative gradient. This was accompanied by a decrease in size of protein bodies from the outer to the inner endosperm layers in all but one of the treatments. Elevated post-anthesis temperature had the effect of increasing the magnitude of the negative gradients in both protein concentration and protein body size, whilst limiting nitrogen supply decreased the gradients.
- Published
- 2018
25. An imbalanced parental genome ratio affects the development of rice zygotes
- Author
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Takashi Okamoto, Yukinosuke Ohnishi, and Erika Toda
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0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,zygote ,Egg cell ,zygotic development ,Physiology ,Oryza sativa ,Plant Science ,Biology ,parental balance ,01 natural sciences ,Genome ,Endosperm ,Polyploidy ,Double fertilization ,03 medical and health sciences ,Polyploid ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,medicine ,Genetics ,Zygote ,food and beverages ,Oryza ,Embryo ,Research Papers ,sperm cell ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Seeds ,Gamete ,Growth and Development ,Genome, Plant ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Zygotes with excess paternal genome show arrest at the developmental step of first division, whereas zygotes with excess maternal genome develop normally., Upon double fertilization, one sperm cell fuses with the egg cell to form a zygote with a 1:1 maternal-to-paternal genome ratio (1m:1p), and another sperm cell fuses with the central cell to form a triploid primary endosperm cell with a 2m:1p ratio, resulting in formation of the embryo and the endosperm, respectively. The endosperm is known to be considerably sensitive to the ratio of the parental genomes. However, the effect of an imbalance of the parental genomes on zygotic development and embryogenesis has not been well studied, because it is difficult to reproduce the parental genome-imbalanced situation in zygotes and to monitor the developmental profile of zygotes without external effects from the endosperm. In this study, we produced polyploid zygotes with an imbalanced parental genome ratio by electro-fusion of isolated rice gametes and observed their developmental profiles. Polyploid zygotes with an excess maternal gamete/genome developed normally, whereas approximately half to three-quarters of polyploid zygotes with a paternal excess showed developmental arrests. These results indicate that paternal and maternal genomes synergistically serve zygote development with distinct functions, and that genes with monoallelic expression play important roles during zygotic development and embryogenesis.
- Published
- 2018
26. A group of nuclear factor Y transcription factors are sub-functionalized during endosperm development in monocots
- Author
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Huaya Zhang, Chen Chen, Tingting Li, Sandeep Sharma, Hui Deng, Zhiguo E, Xuefeng Wei, Baixiao Niu, Lei Wang, and Zehou Liu
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Physiology ,Plant Science ,Biology ,01 natural sciences ,Endosperm ,03 medical and health sciences ,nuclear factor Y transcription factor ,Heterotrimeric G protein ,transcription factors ,Homologous chromosome ,protein interaction ,Gene ,Transcription factor ,Plant Proteins ,Systemic analysis ,rice ,fungi ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,food and beverages ,Oryza ,Research Papers ,Yeast ,Cell biology ,030104 developmental biology ,Crop Molecular Genetics ,CCAAT-Binding Factor ,phylogenic analysis ,Functional activity ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
A group of phylogenetically conserved nuclear factor Y transcription factors are preferentially expressed in the endosperm and probably play essential roles in endosperm development for rice and other monocots., Nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) is a heterotrimeric transcription factor that consists of three subunits, NF-YA, NF-YB, and NF-YC. Gene functions of NF-Ys during endosperm development are not well understood. In this study, we identified eight rice NF-Y-encoding genes, namely OsNF-YA8, OsNF-YB1,9, and OsNF-YC8,9,10,11,12, that are predominantly expressed in the endosperm. Interestingly, the close homologs of these OsNF-Ys are present only in monocot species and are also preferentially expressed in the endosperm, suggesting that they have roles in the regulation of endosperm development. A systemic analysis of interactions between rice endosperm-preferential NF-Ys in yeast revealed that OsNF-YBs and OsNF-YCs could interact with each other. We also found that the endosperm-preferential OsNF-YBs and OsNF-YCs could interact with some ethylene response factors (ERFs) of rice. Unlike OsNF-YC8,9,10, the members of OsNF-YB1,9 or OsNF-YC 11,12 showed no transcriptional activation when present alone. However, they displayed functional activity while in dimer form. In addition, OsNF-YB1-knockout lines showed significant changes in seed morphology, further confirming its role in endosperm development. Our findings provide evidence that a group of phylogenetically conserved NF-Ys is probably differentiated in monocots to regulate endosperm development.
- Published
- 2018
27. Comparative studies on nutrient content and antidiabetic effects of sugar palm (Borassus flabellifer) fruit pulp & endosperm on rats
- Author
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Shakh Ma. Rouf, Shaikh Shahinur Rahman, Shubho Nanda Chowdhury, Zubaer Hosen, Md. Salauddin, and Md. Rezaul Karim
- Subjects
Sugar palm ,biology ,Pulp (paper) ,Sodium ,Diabetes ,Phytochemicals ,food and beverages ,chemistry.chemical_element ,engineering.material ,Carbohydrate ,RC648-665 ,biology.organism_classification ,Borassus ,Endosperm ,Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nutrient ,chemistry ,Alloxan ,engineering ,Food science ,Sugar - Abstract
Nutrient contents of sugar palm (Borassus flabellifer) fruit pulp (SPFP) cultivated in Bangladesh are yet to be well-reviewed. Moreover, the nutrient contents of other popularly consumed edible portions of sugar palm fruit, i.e., immature endosperm (IE), and germinated endosperm (GE) are not studied yet. The current study showed that SPFP, IE, and GE were rich in carbohydrate, fiber, sodium, potassium, and zinc. IE contained the highest amount of fiber, while SPFP contained the highest amount of copper. Twenty-five phytochemicals having known antidiabetic effects were investigated for their presence in pulp, immature & germinated endosperm. GE contained the highest number of phytochemicals (23) followed by IE (19) and SPFP (14). Diabetic patients usually avoid edible portions of sugar palm, fearing that these may further deteriorate existing hyperglycemia. In the present study, this suspicion was investigated in alloxan-induced diabetic rats through supplementary feeding of SPFP, IE, & GE in addition to the regular diet for the nine consecutive weeks. Study results clearly showed that SPFP, IE, & GE significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels of experimental rats. GE showed maximum antidiabetic effects followed by IE and SPFP, respectively. GE, and IE returned the FBG levels within normal range by the end of the sixth week but not by the SPFP. Endosperms supplemented diabetic rats maintained the normal FBG levels even after withdrew the supplementary diets. These results suggested that supplemental feeding of the GE and IE to the experimental diabetic rats may restore alloxan damaged pancreatic β-cell function, and the reasons might be the presence of fiber, zinc and phytochemicals content of the endosperm.
- Published
- 2021
28. Action of an endo-β-1,3(4)-glucanase on cellobiosyl unit structure in barley β-1,3:1,4-glucan
- Author
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Kazufumi Tsubaki, Tsunemi Kurokawa, Hiroki Nagoya, Paul Dupree, Yoshihisa Yoshimi, Takao Kuge, Toshihisa Kotake, Naoshi Dohmae, Yoichi Tsumuraya, Theodora Tryfona, Tryfona, Theodora [0000-0002-1618-3521], Yoshimi, Yoshihisa [0000-0002-6734-6677], Dupree, Paul [0000-0001-9270-6286], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
- Subjects
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology ,Glycoside Hydrolases ,cellobiosyl unit ,Oligosaccharides ,endo-β-1,3(4)-glucanase: β-1,3:1,4-glucan ,macromolecular substances ,Polysaccharide ,7. Clean energy ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Biochemistry ,MALDI-ToF/ToF-/MS/MS ,Substrate Specificity ,Analytical Chemistry ,Endosperm ,Cell Wall ,Glycoside hydrolase ,Glucans ,Molecular Biology ,Glucan ,2. Zero hunger ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chromatography ,Hydrolysis ,Organic Chemistry ,barley ,Hordeum ,General Medicine ,Oligosaccharide ,Glucanase ,Mixed-linkage glucan ,carbohydrates (lipids) ,Paper chromatography ,chemistry ,Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ,Biotechnology - Abstract
β-1,3:1,4-Glucan is a major cell wall component accumulating in endosperm and young tissues in grasses. The mixed linkage glucan is a linear polysaccharide mainly consisting of cellotriosyl and cellotetraosyl units linked through single β-1,3-glucosidic linkages, but it also contains minor structures such as cellobiosyl units. In this study, we examined the action of an endo-β-1,3(4)-glucanase from Trichoderma sp. on a minor structure in barley β-1,3:1,4-glucan. To find the minor structure on which the endo-β-1,3(4)-glucanase acts, we prepared oligosaccharides from barley β-1,3:1,4-glucan by endo-β-1,4-glucanase digestion followed by purification by gel permeation and paper chromatography. The endo-β-1,3(4)-glucanase appeared to hydrolyze an oligosaccharide with degree of polymerization 5, designated C5-b. Based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (ToF)/ToF-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS analysis, C5-b was identified as β-Glc-1,3-β-Glc-1,4-β-Glc-1,3-β-Glc-1,4-Glc including a cellobiosyl unit. The results indicate that a type of endo-β-1,3(4)-glucanase acts on the cellobiosyl units of barley β-1,3:1,4-glucan in an endo-manner.
- Published
- 2015
29. Effect of adding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) farina with varied integrity of endosperm cell wall on dough characteristics, dried noodles quality and starch digestibility.
- Author
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Zhou H, Liu C, Shang J, and Zheng X
- Subjects
- Triticum chemistry, Flour analysis, Cooking, Cell Wall metabolism, Endosperm metabolism, Starch chemistry
- Abstract
The changes of intact endosperm cell wall in cereal food processing and its effect on starch digestibility are important for developing nutritious and healthy next generation foods, but their changes in the process of traditional Chinese cooking products such as noodles making have not been investigated. In this paper, the changes in endosperm cell wall in the process of making dried noodles by adding 60 % wheat farina with varied particle sizes were tracked, and the underlying mechanisms affecting the noodle quality and starch digestibility were revealed. With increasing particle size (150-800 μm) of farina, the contents of starch and protein, swelling index of glutenin, and sedimentation value decreased significantly and the dietary fiber increased sharply; moreover, water absorption, stability and extensibility of dough decline obviously while the resistance to extension and thermal stability were enhanced. In addition, noodles made with flour added larger-particle size farina had a lower hardness, springiness, and stretchability while a higher adhesiveness. Compared to the flour and other samples, the flour with the smaller-particle size farina (150-355 μm) showed better rheological properties of dough and cooking quality of noodles. Furthermore, the integrity of the endosperm cell wall increased with increasing particle size (150-800 μm), which was perfectly preserved during noodle processing and was an effective physical barrier to inhibit starch digestion. The starch digestibility of noodles made from mixed farina with low protein content (∼15 %) did not significantly reduce compared to that of wheat flour noodles with high protein content (∼18 %), probably due to the increased cell wall permeability of noodle processing, or the overwhelming effect of noodle structure or protein content. In conclusion, our findings will contribute to an innovative perspective for in-depth understanding of the impact of endosperm cell wall on the quality and nutrition of noodles at the cellular level, which provided a theoretical basis for the moderate processing of wheat flour and the development of healthier wheat-based food products., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest There are no financial interests or personal relationships that may affect the competing work of this report. I would like to declare on behalf of my co-authors that the work described was original research that has not been previously published and was not contemplated for publication elsewhere, in whole or in part. All the authors listed have approved the manuscript that is enclosed., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Grain yield and quality responses of wheat expressing a barley sucrose transporter to combined climate change factors
- Author
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Kai Eggert, Andreas Fangmeier, Winfriede Weschke, Jörg Fuchs, Heiko Weichert, Hans Weber, Petra Högy, Isabel Mora-Ramirez, and Peter Koehler
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,CO2 enrichment ,Hot Temperature ,Yield (engineering) ,Nitrogen ,Physiology ,Climate Change ,grain quality ,Biomass ,Plant Science ,01 natural sciences ,Endosperm ,03 medical and health sciences ,Grain quality ,Storage protein ,Fertilizers ,Triticum ,wheat yield ,Plant Proteins ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chemistry ,Crop yield ,Membrane Transport Proteins ,food and beverages ,Hordeum ,Carbon Dioxide ,Plants, Genetically Modified ,Sucrose transport ,Research Papers ,Grain size ,030104 developmental biology ,Crop Molecular Genetics ,storage proteins ,Agronomy ,sucrose transport ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
HOSUT wheat, enhanced in grain sucrose transport, has a superior performance for yield-related traits, partially phenocopies effects from CO2 enrichment, and benefits more from high N fertilization., Crop yield stability must be ensured under future climate conditions such as elevated CO2 and high temperatures. We tested ‘HOSUT’, a winter wheat line expressing a grain-targeted sucrose transporter of barley in response to combinations of CO2 enrichment, a heat wave, and high nitrogen fertilization. Compared with wild-type Certo, HOSUT had a superior performance for grain yield, aboveground biomass, and ears per plant, obviously due to transgene activity in developing grains and young vegetative sinks. HOSUT grains were larger and contained more endosperm cells. HOSUT and high CO2 effects similarly improved phenological and yield-related traits. Significant HOSUT–CO2 interactions for biomass of stems, ears, grain yield, nitrogen yield, and grain number revealed that Certo was promoted by CO2 enrichment, whereas HOSUT responded weakly. CO2 enrichment strongly reduced and HOSUT effects weakly reduced grain nitrogen, storage proteins, and free amino acids. In contrast to CO2 enrichment, HOSUT effects did not impair grain micronutrient concentrations. Significant HOSUT–nitrogen fertilization interactions for ear biomass, grain yield, grain number per plant, and harvest index indicated that HOSUT benefited more from additional nitrogen. The heat wave decreased aboveground and ear biomass, grain yield, harvest index, grain size, and starch and water use, but increased grain sucrose concentration.
- Published
- 2017
31. EMPTY PERICARP11 serves as a factor for splicing of mitochondrial nad1 intron and is required to ensure proper seed development in maize
- Author
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Zhenyuan Pan, Zuxin Zhang, Jiang Li, Junli Zhao, Hailiang Zhao, Manjun Cai, Fazhan Qiu, and Xuemei Ren
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Mitochondrial DNA ,Alternative oxidase ,Physiology ,RNA Splicing ,embryo ,Plant Science ,Biology ,01 natural sciences ,Zea mays ,Endosperm ,endosperm ,Mitochondrial Proteins ,03 medical and health sciences ,alternative oxidase ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Gene ,Plant Proteins ,Genetics ,Intron ,food and beverages ,NADH Dehydrogenase ,Group II intron ,Plants, Genetically Modified ,Research Papers ,ultrastructure ,Introns ,Mitochondria ,Complex I assembly ,030104 developmental biology ,RNA splicing ,Mutation ,Seeds ,Pentatricopeptide repeat ,Growth and Development ,Oxidoreductases ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
A new pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) gene in maize differs from previously reported genes, as it is required for splicing of all four introns of nad1., Group II introns are common in the mitochondrial genome of higher plant species. The splicing of these introns is a complex process involving the synergistic action of multiple factors. However, few of these factors have been characterized in maize. In this study, we found that the Empty pericarp11 (Emp11) gene, which encodes a P-type pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein, is required for the development of maize seeds. The loss of Emp11 function seriously impairs embryo and endosperm development, resulting in empty pericarp seeds in maize, and alteration in Emp11 expression leads to quantitative variation in kernel size and weight. We found that the emp11 mutants showed a failure in nad1 intron splicing, exhibited a severe reduction in complex I assembly and activity, mitochondrial structure disturbances, and an increase in alternative oxidase AOX2 and AOX3 levels. Interestingly, the emp11 phenotype was very severe in the W22 inbred line but could be partially recovered in B73 BC2F2 segregating ears. These results suggest that EMP11 serves as a factor for the splicing of mitochondrial nad1 introns and is required for mitochondrial function to ensure proper seed development in maize.
- Published
- 2017
32. Down-regulation of the sucrose transporters HvSUT1 and HvSUT2 affects sucrose homeostasis along its delivery path in barley grains
- Author
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Diana Weier, Winfriede Weschke, Nese Sreenivasulu, Manuela Peukert, Marc Strickert, Hans-Henning Steinbiß, Andrea Matros, David Riewe, Volodymyr Radchuk, Ruslana Radchuk, and Hans Weber
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Sucrose ,Physiology ,Down-Regulation ,Plant Science ,Vacuole ,Carbohydrate metabolism ,01 natural sciences ,Endosperm ,Assimilate transport ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Cell Wall ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,transcript profiling ,sucrose transporter ,Amino Acids ,Sugar ,starch synthesis ,Abscisic acid ,Plant Proteins ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,vacuole ,Membrane Transport Proteins ,food and beverages ,Biological Transport ,Hordeum ,Starch ,Plants, Genetically Modified ,Sucrose transport ,Research Papers ,Amino acid ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Seeds ,Carbohydrate Metabolism ,metabolite profiling ,Growth and Development ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
RNAi-repression of vacuolar HvSUT2 in transgenic barley demonstrates its indispensable role for proper grain filling and for the control of sucrose homeostasis in concert with the plasma-membrane localised HvSUT1., Sucrose transport and partitioning are crucial for seed filling. While many plasma-membrane-localised sucrose transporters (SUT1 family members) have been analysed in seeds, the functions of vacuolar SUT2 members are still obscure. In barley grains, expression of HvSUT1 and HvSUT2 overlap temporally and spatially, suggesting concerted functions to regulate sucrose homeostasis. Using HvSUT2-RNAi plants, we found that grains were also deficient in HvSUT1 expression and seemingly sucrose-limited during mid-to-late grain filling. Transgenic endosperms accumulated less starch and dry weight, although overall sucrose and hexose contents were higher. Comprehensive transcript and metabolite profiling revealed that genes related to glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, starch and amino acid synthesis, grain maturation, and abscisic acid signalling were down-regulated together with most glycolytic intermediates and amino acids. Sucrose was increased along the sucrose delivery route in the nucellar projection, the endosperm transfer cells, and the starchy endosperm, indicating that suppressed transporter activity diminished sucrose efflux from vacuoles, which generated sugar deficiency in the cytoplasm. Thus, endosperm vacuoles may buffer sucrose concentrations to regulate homeostasis at grain filling. Transcriptional changes revealed that limited endosperm sucrose initiated sugar starvation responses, such as sugar recycling from starch, hemicelluloses and celluloses together with vacuolar protein degradation, thereby supporting formation of nucleotide sugars. Barley endosperm cells can thus suppress certain pathways to retrieve resources to maintain essential cell functions.
- Published
- 2017
33. Complementary Proteome and Transcriptome Profiling in Developing Grains of a Notched-Belly Rice Mutant Reveals Key Pathways Involved in Chalkiness Formation
- Author
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Zhenghui Liu, Zunxin Wang, Ganghua Li, Yanfeng Ding, Shaohua Wang, Zhaomiao Lin, and Xincheng Zhang
- Subjects
Proteomics ,Ribosomal Proteins ,0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Proteome ,Physiology ,Mutant ,Down-Regulation ,Plant Science ,01 natural sciences ,Transcriptome ,03 medical and health sciences ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Ribosomal protein ,Storage protein ,RNA, Messenger ,Photosynthesis ,Prolamin ,Shotgun proteomics ,Gene ,Plant Proteins ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,Sequence Analysis, RNA ,Gene Expression Profiling ,Regular Papers ,food and beverages ,Oryza ,Starch ,Cell Biology ,General Medicine ,Chalkiness ,Molecular biology ,Endosperm ,Up-Regulation ,Phenotype ,030104 developmental biology ,Biochemistry ,chemistry ,Mutation ,Seeds ,biology.protein ,Rice ,Edible Grain ,White-belly mutant ,Prolamins ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Rice grain chalkiness is a highly complex trait involved in multiple metabolic pathways and controlled by polygenes and growth conditions. To uncover novel aspects of chalkiness formation, we performed an integrated profiling of gene activity in the developing grains of a notched-belly rice mutant. Using exhaustive tandem mass spectrometry-based shotgun proteomics and whole-genome RNA sequencing to generate a nearly complete catalog of expressed mRNAs and proteins, we reliably identified 38,476 transcripts and 3,840 proteins. Comparison between the translucent part and chalky part of the notched-belly grains resulted in only a few differently express genes (240) and differently express proteins (363), thus making it possible to focus on ‘core’ genes or common pathways. Several novel key pathways were identified as of relevance to chalkiness formation, in particular the shift of C and N metabolism, the down-regulation of ribosomal proteins and the resulting low abundance of storage proteins especially the 13 kDa prolamin subunit, and the suppressed photosynthetic capacity in the pericarp of the chalky part. Further, genes and proteins as transporters for carbohydrates, amino acid/peptides, proteins, lipids and inorganic ions showed an increasing expression pattern in the chalky part of the notched-belly grains. Similarly, transcripts and proteins of receptors for auxin, ABA, ethylene and brassinosteroid were also up-regulated. In summary, this joint analysis of transcript and protein profiles provides a comprehensive reference map of gene activity regarding the physiological state in the chalky endosperm.
- Published
- 2017
34. Rice aleurone layer specific OsNF-YB1 regulates grain filling and endosperm development by interacting with an ERF transcription factor
- Author
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Jing-Jing Xu, Xiao-Fan Zhang, and Hong-Wei Xue
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,grain filling ,Physiology ,endosperm development ,Plant Science ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,01 natural sciences ,Plant Roots ,Endosperm ,03 medical and health sciences ,RNA interference ,Transcription (biology) ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Aleurone ,Two-Hybrid System Techniques ,Botany ,Binding site ,OsNF-YB1 ,Transcription factor ,Aleurone layer ,In Situ Hybridization ,Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ,Plant Proteins ,Chemistry ,Sequence Analysis, RNA ,food and beverages ,GCC box ,Oryza ,Membrane transport ,Cell biology ,ChIP-sequencing ,030104 developmental biology ,ERF ,Gene Knockdown Techniques ,Seeds ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Research Paper ,Transcription Factors - Abstract
Highlight Rice transcription factor OsNF-YB1 is specifically expressed in the aleurone layer of developing endosperm and forms protein complexes consisting of OsNF-YB1, OsNF-YC and ERF to regulate grain filling and endosperm development., Grain yield and quality of rice mainly depend on grain filling and endosperm development. Here we report that a rice NUCLEAR FACTOR Y (NF-Y) transcription factor, OsNF-YB1, is specifically expressed in the aleurone layer of developing endosperm and regulates grain filling and endosperm development. Knockdown of OsNF-YB1 expression by RNAi significantly retarded grain filling, leading to small grains with chalky endosperm as well as altered starch quality. Whereas OsNF-YB1 shows subcellular localization in both the cytosol and the nucleus in roots, it was specifically targeted to the nucleus of aleurone layer cells, which was facilitated by interacting with OsNF-YC proteins preferentially expressed in the aleurone layer. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that genes related to membrane transport and ATP biosynthesis were enriched in the down-regulated category in OsNF-YB1 RNAi plants, which is consistent with the crucial role of OsNF-YB1 in rice grain filling and endosperm development. Identification of the genome-wide targets of OsNF-YB1 by ChIP sequencing showed that OsNF-YB1 directly regulates genes involved in the transport of nutrients such as sugar and amino acids. Interestingly, different from the binding sites reported for other NF-Y complexes, the GCC box, the binding motif of ERF transcription factors, was enriched in the binding peaks of OsNF-YB1. Indeed, further analyses confirmed the interaction of OsERF#115 with OsNF-YB1, and OsERF#115 directly binds to the GCC box. It is proposed that OsNF-YB1 specifically regulate the transcription of downstream genes during rice endosperm development by forming protein complexes consisting of OsNF-YB1, OsNF-YC and ERF, providing informative insights into the molecular functional mechanisms of the NF-Y factor.
- Published
- 2016
35. Comprehensive proteomic analysis of developing protein bodies in maize (Zea mays) endosperm provides novel insights into its biogenesis
- Author
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Dongsheng Yao, Gang Wang, Han Liang, Jiajia Wang, Guifeng Wang, Yulong Du, Bilian Shuai, Yuanping Tang, and Rentao Song
- Subjects
Proteomics ,protein body ,0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Physiology ,Zein ,Plant Science ,Endoplasmic Reticulum ,Zea mays ,01 natural sciences ,Endosperm ,03 medical and health sciences ,Botany ,Storage protein ,Prolamin ,proteomic ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,Endoplasmic reticulum ,Seed Storage Proteins ,food and beverages ,storage protein ,Cell biology ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Protein body ,Plant protein ,Proteome ,biology.protein ,Ribosomes ,prolamin ,Metabolic Networks and Pathways ,Research Paper ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Highlight Proteomic analysis of developing maize protein bodies (PBs) reveals an unexpected diversity and complexity of PB proteins, and provides a roadmap for the transport and translation of mRNAs of zein genes, and the assembly of PBs., Prolamins, the major cereal seed storage proteins, are sequestered and accumulated in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and are directly assembled into protein bodies (PBs). The content and composition of prolamins are the key determinants for protein quality and texture-related traits of the grain. Concomitantly, the PB-inducing fusion system provides an efficient target to produce therapeutic and industrial products in plants. However, the proteome of the native PB and the detailed mechanisms underlying its formation still need to be determined. We developed a method to isolate highly purified and intact PBs from developing maize endosperm and conducted proteomic analysis of intact PBs of zein, a class of prolamine protein found in maize. We thus identified 1756 proteins, which fall into five major categories: metabolic pathways, response to stimulus, transport, development, and growth, as well as regulation. By comparing the proteomes of crude and enriched extractions of PBs, we found substantial evidence for the following conclusions: (i) ribosomes, ER membranes, and the cytoskeleton are tightly associated with zein PBs, which form the peripheral border; (ii) zein RNAs are probably transported and localized to the PB–ER subdomain; and (iii) ER chaperones are essential for zein folding, quality control, and assembly into PBs. We futher confirmed that OPAQUE1 (O1) cannot directly interact with FLOURY1 (FL1) in yeast, suggesting that the interaction between myosins XI and DUF593-containing proteins is isoform-specific. This study provides a proteomic roadmap for dissecting zein PB biogenesis and reveals an unexpected diversity and complexity of proteins in PBs.
- Published
- 2016
36. Impact of Fractionation Process on the Technical and Economic Viability of Corn Dry Grind Ethanol Process
- Author
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Deepak Kumar, Vijay Singh, and Chinmay Kurambhatti
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,corn processing ,Bioengineering ,Fractionation ,Raw material ,lcsh:Chemical technology ,01 natural sciences ,techno-economic analysis ,Endosperm ,lcsh:Chemistry ,Grind ,010608 biotechnology ,corn fiber ,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Ethanol fuel ,lcsh:TP1-1185 ,Fiber ,Chemistry ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,Coproduct ,dry fractionation ,Pulp and paper industry ,lcsh:QD1-999 ,Cellulosic ethanol ,dry grind ,wet fractionation ,ethanol ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Use of corn fractionation techniques in dry grind process increases the number of coproducts, enhances their quality and value, generates feedstock for cellulosic ethanol production and potentially increases profitability of the dry grind process. The aim of this study is to develop process simulation models for eight different wet and dry corn fractionation techniques recovering germ, pericarp fiber and/or endosperm fiber, and evaluate their techno-economic feasibility at the commercial scale. Ethanol yields for plants processing 1113.11 MT corn/day were 37.2 to 40 million gal for wet fractionation and 37.3 to 31.3 million gal for dry fractionation, compared to 40.2 million gal for conventional dry grind process. Capital costs were higher for wet fractionation processes ($92.85 to $97.38 million) in comparison to conventional ($83.95 million) and dry fractionation ($83.35 to $84.91 million) processes. Due to high value of coproducts, ethanol production costs in most fractionation processes ($1.29 to $1.35/gal) were lower than conventional ($1.36/gal) process. Internal rate of return for most of the wet (6.88 to 8.58%) and dry fractionation (6.45 to 7.04%) processes was higher than the conventional (6.39%) process. Wet fractionation process designed for germ and pericarp fiber recovery was most profitable among the processes.
- Published
- 2019
37. Overexpression of HvCslF6 in barley grain alters carbohydrate partitioning plus transfer tissue and endosperm development
- Author
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Manuela Peukert, Rachel A. Burton, Andrea Matros, Wai Li Lim, Helen Collins, Matthew K. Aubert, Neil J. Shirley, Caitlin S. Byrt, Jelle Lahnstein, and Matthew R. Tucker
- Subjects
carbohydrate partitioning ,Sucrose ,Physiology ,Starch ,Plant Science ,cavity ,grain morphology ,Endosperm ,Cell wall ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fructan ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Aleurone ,Barley ,Plant Proteins ,starch ,food and beverages ,Biological Transport ,Hordeum ,sucrose ,Carbohydrate ,fructan ,Plants, Genetically Modified ,Research Papers ,Cell biology ,(1,3 ,1,4)-β-glucan ,chemistry ,Carbohydrate Metabolism ,Cellularization ,Growth and Development ,Edible Grain - Abstract
Overexpression of the HvCslF6 gene in hull-less barley grain perturbs sucrose uptake and allocation, and impairs transfer tissue and endosperm development, In cereal grain, sucrose is converted into storage carbohydrates: mainly starch, fructan, and mixed-linkage (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan (MLG). Previously, endosperm-specific overexpression of the HvCslF6 gene in hull-less barley was shown to result in high MLG and low starch content in mature grains. Morphological changes included inwardly elongated aleurone cells, irregular cell shapes of peripheral endosperm, and smaller starch granules of starchy endosperm. Here we explored the physiological basis for these defects by investigating how changes in carbohydrate composition of developing grain impact mature grain morphology. Augmented MLG coincided with increased levels of soluble carbohydrates in the cavity and endosperm at the storage phase. Transcript levels of genes relating to cell wall, starch, sucrose, and fructan metabolism were perturbed in all tissues. The cell walls of endosperm transfer cells (ETCs) in transgenic grain were thinner and showed reduced mannan labelling relative to the wild type. At the early storage phase, ruptures of the non-uniformly developed ETCs and disorganization of adjacent endosperm cells were observed. Soluble sugars accumulated in the developing grain cavity, suggesting a disturbance of carbohydrate flow from the cavity towards the endosperm, resulting in a shrunken mature grain phenotype. Our findings demonstrate the importance of regulating carbohydrate partitioning in maintenance of grain cellularization and filling processes.
- Published
- 2019
38. Pentatricopeptide repeat protein DEK40 is required for mitochondrial function and kernel development in maize
- Author
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Wen Ting Zhang, Yi Ming Wei, Xian Sheng Zhang, Xiaoduo Lu, Lin Zhang, Ya Jie Zhao, Chunyi Zhang, Li Li Wang, Xiang Yu Zhao, and Ru Chang Ren
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid ,RNA editing ,Protein family ,Positional cloning ,Physiology ,Mutant ,Apoptosis ,Plant Science ,Mitochondrion ,Biology ,maize ,01 natural sciences ,Zea mays ,Kernel development ,03 medical and health sciences ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Gene expression ,mitochondrion ,RNA, Messenger ,Plant Proteins ,Base Sequence ,RNA ,Research Papers ,Endosperm ,Cell biology ,Mitochondria ,030104 developmental biology ,Phenotype ,Crop Molecular Genetics ,pentatricopeptide repeat protein ,Mutation ,Pentatricopeptide repeat ,Reactive Oxygen Species ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Pentatricopeptide repeat protein DEK40 functions in processing of cox3, nad2, and nad5 transcripts and is required for mitochondrial function in maize., Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins are one of the largest protein families, which consists of >400 members in most species. However, the molecular functions of many PPR proteins are still uncharacterized. Here, we isolated a maize mutant, defective kernel 40 (dek40). Positional cloning, and genetic and molecular analyses revealed that DEK40 encodes a new E+ subgroup PPR protein that is localized in the mitochondrion. DEK40 recognizes and directly binds to cox3, nad2, and nad5 transcripts and functions in their processing. In the dek40 mutant, abolishment of the C-to-U editing of cox3-314, nad2-26, and nad5-1916 leads to accumulated reactive oxygen species and promoted programmed cell death in endosperm cells due to the dysfunction of mitochondrial complexes I and IV. Furthermore, RNA sequencing analysis showed that gene expression in some pathways, such as glutathione metabolism and starch biosynthesis, was altered in the dek40 mutant compared with the wild-type control, which might be involved in abnormal development of the maize mutant kernels. Thus, our results provide solid evidence on the molecular mechanism underlying RNA editing by DEK40, and extend our understanding of PPR-E+ type protein in editing functions and kernel development in maize.
- Published
- 2019
39. Semisolid culture medium improves mycelial recovery of Agaricus subrufescens cryopreserved in cereal grains
- Author
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Juliana Silveira do Valle, Ana Daniela Lopes, Giani Andrea Linde, Miria Benetati Delgado Bertéli, Henrique Susumu Tanaka, Nelson Barros Colauto, and Fábio Aparecido Cordeiro
- Subjects
Glycerol ,food.ingredient ,Cryoprotectant ,Water activity ,Cell Survival ,Agaricus ,Microbiology ,Cryopreservation ,Endosperm ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,food ,Cryoprotective Agents ,Media Technology ,Agar ,Food science ,Mycelium ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,030306 microbiology ,Chemistry ,food and beverages ,biology.organism_classification ,Culture Media ,Fungal and Bacterial Physiology - Research paper ,Agaricus subrufescens ,Edible Grain - Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the solid and semisolid culture medium on the mycelial viability of A. subrufescens after 5-year cryopreservation at − 70 °C. Mycelia were grown in three types of whole or ground grains, with or without 5% glycerol addition in the substrate and/or in a cryotube. After 5 years of cryopreservation at − 70 °C, every treatment was thawed and recovered in malt extract culture medium with 15 (solid culture medium) or 5 g L(−1) (semisolid culture medium) of agar. The semisolid recovery culture medium increased the mycelial viability recovery capacity of A. subrufescens cryopreserved for 5 years in grains with glycerol only in the cryotube, and specifically with medium-hard wheat grain without glycerol addition at all. Agar-based substrates such as malt extract agar, agar-ground grain, or the one with glycerol addition to the substrate were not effective to keep the mycelial viability, regardless of the recovery culture medium consistency. Hard and medium-hard endosperm wheat grains or hard endosperm rye grains with addition of glycerol as cryoprotectant only to the cryotube were effective to cryopreserve the fungus for 5 years without cryoprotectant addition in the substrate.
- Published
- 2019
40. NF-YC12 is a key multi-functional regulator of accumulation of seed storage substances in rice
- Author
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Yufei Xiong, Jialing Yao, Xiaolong Huang, Ye Ren, Fengsheng Wu, Wang Li, and Wenjie Yang
- Subjects
Grain filling ,Physiology ,Starch ,Mutant ,Plant Science ,rice (Oryza sativa) ,Endosperm ,seed specific expression ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Aleurone ,Storage protein ,transcriptional regulation ,Transcription factor ,Plant Proteins ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,NF-Y factor ,food and beverages ,Promoter ,Oryza ,Research Papers ,Yeast ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,CCAAT-Binding Factor ,Crop Molecular Genetics ,Seeds ,storage substance accumulation ,Transcription Factors - Abstract
Starch and storage proteins, the primary storage substances of cereal endosperm, are a major source of food for humans. However, the transcriptional regulatory networks of the synthesis and accumulation of storage substances remain largely unknown. Here, we identified a rice endosperm-specific gene, NF-YC12, that encodes a putative nuclear factor-Y transcription factor subunit C. NF-YC12 is expressed in the aleurone layer and starchy endosperm during grain development. Knockout of NF-YC12 significantly decreased grain weight as well as altering starch and protein accumulation and starch granule formation. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that in the nf-yc12 mutant genes related to starch biosynthesis and the metabolism of energy reserves were enriched in the down-regulated category. In addition, starch and protein contents in seeds differed between NF-YC12-overexpression lines and the wild-type. NF-YC12 was found to interact with NF-YB1. ChIP-qPCR and yeast one-hybrid assays showed that NF-YC12 regulated the rice sucrose transporter OsSUT1 in coordination with NF-YB1 in the aleurone layer. In addition, NF-YC12 was directly bound to the promoters of FLO6 (FLOURY ENDOSPERM6) and OsGS1;3 (glutamine synthetase1) in developing endosperm. This study demonstrates a transcriptional regulatory network involving NF-YC12, which coordinates multiple pathways to regulate endosperm development and the accumulation of storage substances in rice seeds., NF-YC12, which encodes a rice nuclear factor-Y transcription factor subunit C, plays a key regulatory role in the accumulation of storage substances during grain filling in rice.
- Published
- 2019
41. Arabidopsis UMAMIT24 and 25 are amino acid exporters involved in seed loading
- Author
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Jean-Christophe Avice, Stanislav Vitha, Chengsong Zhao, Guillaume Pilot, Julien Besnard, Sakiko Okumoto, Ayumi Hyodo, Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions (EVA), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Office of the Vice President for Research at Texas AM University, National Science Foundation MCB1052048 MCB1519094, Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Hatch Program of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture VA-160037 VA-135882 VA-135908, Texas A&M University Agrilife research
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Physiology ,Nitrogen ,Saccharomyces cerevisiae ,Arabidopsis ,UMAMIT ,Plant Science ,Vacuole ,Transporter ,01 natural sciences ,Membrane export ,Endosperm ,03 medical and health sciences ,Phloem transport ,[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology ,Amino acid export ,Gene ,2. Zero hunger ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,Seed ,Gene Expression Profiling ,food and beverages ,biology.organism_classification ,Research Papers ,Yeast ,3. Good health ,Amino acid ,030104 developmental biology ,Biochemistry ,chemistry ,Seeds ,Amino acids ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Photosynthesis and Metabolism - Abstract
UMAMIT24 and UMAMIT25 are expressed in distinct seed tissue during Arabidopsis embryogenesis, and are both involved in amino acid transfer to the seed., Phloem-derived amino acids are the major source of nitrogen supplied to developing seeds. Amino acid transfer from the maternal to the filial tissue requires at least one cellular export step from the maternal tissue prior to the import into the symplasmically isolated embryo. Some members of UMAMIT (usually multiple acids move in an out transporter) family (UMAMIT11, 14, 18, 28, and 29) have previously been implicated in this process. Here we show that additional members of the UMAMIT family, UMAMIT24 and UMAMIT25, also function in amino acid transfer in developing seeds. Using a recently published yeast-based assay allowing detection of amino acid secretion, we showed that UMAMIT24 and UMAMIT25 promote export of a broad range of amino acids in yeast. In plants, UMAMIT24 and UMAMIT25 are expressed in distinct tissues within developing seeds; UMAMIT24 is mainly expressed in the chalazal seed coat and localized on the tonoplast, whereas the plasma membrane-localized UMAMIT25 is expressed in endosperm cells. Seed amino acid contents of umamit24 and umamit25 knockout lines were both decreased during embryogenesis compared with the wild type, but recovered in the mature seeds without any deleterious effect on yield. The results suggest that UMAMIT24 and 25 play different roles in amino acid translocation from the maternal to filial tissue; UMAMIT24 could have a role in temporary storage of amino acids in the chalaza, while UMAMIT25 would mediate amino acid export from the endosperm, the last step before amino acids are taken up by the developing embryo.
- Published
- 2018
42. Phytosiderophores determine thresholds for iron and zinc accumulation in biofortified rice endosperm while inhibiting the accumulation of cadmium
- Author
-
Teresa Capell, Raviraj Banakar, Javier Abadía, Paul Christou, Pablo Díaz-Benito, Ana Alvarez Fernandez, European Research Council, Universidad de Lleida, and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España)
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,2′-deoxymugenic acid (DMA) ,Physiology ,Iron ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plant Science ,Genetically modified crops ,Zinc ,01 natural sciences ,GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS ,Endosperm ,Metal ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Dry weight ,Plant-Environment Interactions ,Botany ,Metal transporters ,Food science ,Nicotianamine ,GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries) ,2. Zero hunger ,Cadmium ,rice ,fungi ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,food and beverages ,nicotianamine ,Oryza ,Plants, Genetically Modified ,iron and zinc homeostasis ,Genetically modified rice ,Research Papers ,3. Good health ,030104 developmental biology ,Iron and zinc homeostasis ,chemistry ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,metal transporters ,Azetidinecarboxylic Acid ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
13 Pags.- 7 Figs. This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details), Nicotianamine (NA) and 2′-deoxymugenic acid (DMA) are metal-chelating ligands that promote the accumulation of metals in rice endosperm, but it is unclear how these phytosiderophores regulate the levels of different metals and limit their accumulation. In this study, transgenic rice plants producing high levels of NA and DMA accumulated up to 4-fold more iron (Fe) and 2-fold more zinc (Zn) in the endosperm compared with wild-type plants. The distribution of Fe and Zn in vegetative tissues suggested that both metals are sequestered as a buffering mechanism to avoid overloading the seeds. The buffering mechanism involves the modulation of genes encoding metal transporters in the roots and aboveground vegetative tissues. As well as accumulating more Fe and Zn, the endosperm of the transgenic plants accumulated less cadmium (Cd), suggesting that higher levels of Fe and Zn competitively inhibit Cd accumulation. Our data show that although there is a strict upper limit for Fe (~22.5 µg g−1 dry weight) and Zn (~84 µg g−1 dry weight) accumulation in the endosperm, the careful selection of strategies to increase endosperm loading with essential minerals can also limit the accumulation of toxic metals such as Cd, thus further increasing the nutritional value of rice., We acknowledge support from the European Research Council IDEAS Advanced Grant Program (BIOFORCE) to PC. RB was supported by a PhD fellowship from the University of Lleida, Spain. PD-B was supported by a PhD fellowship from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Spain.
- Published
- 2017
43. Preparation and XRD Analysis of Cellulose from Merbau (Intsia bijuga)
- Author
-
Noriean Azraaie, Nur Ain Ibrahim, Nur Amira Mamat Razali, Nurul Aimi Mohd Zainul Abidin, Saadah Abdul Rahman, and Fauziah Abdul Aziz
- Subjects
Materials science ,biology ,General Engineering ,food and beverages ,Raw material ,Pulp and paper industry ,biology.organism_classification ,Endosperm ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Hardwood ,Lignin ,Acid hydrolysis ,Extraction methods ,Cellulose ,Intsia - Abstract
Hardwood is from angiosperm trees. The characteristic of woods include flower, endosperm within seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. This paper aim is to discuss the preparation and characterization the cellulose obtained from hardwood and the analysis of the cellulose from x-ray diffraction result. The hardwood Merbau (Intsia bijuga) was chosen as raw material in this study. Ethanol toluene, lignin and holocellulose extraction methods were used for the preparation of cellulose while acid hydrolysis was used to produce the cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). The untreated (pure hardwood Merbau) and cellulose samples were characterized using XRD. The final products from all samples were then compared.
- Published
- 2014
44. Mapping nano-scale mechanical heterogeneity of primary plant cell walls
- Author
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Monika S. Doblin, Gleb E. Yakubov, Huaying Chen, Michael J. Gidley, Antony Bacic, Jason R. Stokes, and Mauricio R. Bonilla
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Materials science ,nanoindentation ,Physiology ,Arabidopsis ,Plant Science ,Microscopy, Atomic Force ,Atomic force microscopy ,03 medical and health sciences ,cell mechanics ,Cell Wall ,Microscopy ,Botany ,Lolium ,Nanoscopic scale ,Elastic modulus ,Cells, Cultured ,multiflorum ,Surface force ,suspended culture ,Nanoindentation ,primary cell walls ,Endosperm ,Characterization (materials science) ,Plant Leaves ,030104 developmental biology ,Nanometre ,Stress, Mechanical ,Deformation (engineering) ,Biological system ,Research Paper - Abstract
Highlight Micromechanical maps on three plant systems universally reveal ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ domains on the cell wall surface; the observed micrometre-level spatial heterogeneity may be significant for cell growth and morphogenesis., Nanoindentation experiments are performed using an atomic force microscope (AFM) to quantify the spatial distribution of mechanical properties of plant cell walls at nanometre length scales. At any specific location on the cell wall, a complex (non-linear) force–indentation response occurs that can be deconvoluted using a unique multiregime analysis (MRA). This allows an unambiguous evaluation of the local transverse elastic modulus of the wall. Nanomechanical measurements on suspension-cultured cells (SCCs), derived from Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) starchy endosperm, show three characteristic modes of deformation and a spatial distribution of elastic moduli across the surface. ‘Soft’ and ‘hard’ domains are found across length scales between 0.1 µm and 3 µm, which is well above a typical pore size of the polysaccharide mesh. The generality and wider applicability of this mechanical heterogeneity is verified through in planta characterization on leaf epidermal cells of Arabidopsis thaliana and L. multiflorum. The outcomes of this research provide a basis for uncovering and quantifying the relationships between local wall composition, architecture, cell growth, and/or morphogenesis.
- Published
- 2016
45. Fertilization Independent Endospermgenes repressNbGH3.6and regulate the auxin level during shoot development inNicotiana benthamiana
- Author
-
Qi Ding, Jun Zeng, Hiroo Fukuda, and Xin-Qiang He
- Subjects
Nicotiana ,0301 basic medicine ,Physiology ,viruses ,Nicotiana benthamiana ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Genes, Plant ,Plant Viruses ,Endosperm ,03 medical and health sciences ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Xylem ,Auxin ,Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ,Axillary bud ,Tobacco ,Botany ,Arabidopsis thaliana ,Gene Silencing ,benthamiana, shoot development ,Cloning, Molecular ,FIE ,Plant Proteins ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Base Sequence ,Indoleacetic Acids ,Auxin homeostasis ,Sequence Analysis, RNA ,fungi ,food and beverages ,GH3.6 ,biology.organism_classification ,Cell biology ,Phenotype ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Fertilization ,Shoot ,Plant Shoots ,Research Paper - Abstract
Highlight Fertilization Independent Endosperm genes control shoot branching and secondary xylem differentiation in Nicotiana benthamiana by tuning auxin homeostasis, possibly by repressing the NbGH3.6 gene through the histone methylation mark H3K27me3., The Fertilization Independent Endosperm (FIE) gene is required to restrict endosperm development without fertilization, and it represses flowering during embryo and seedling development in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the regulatory mechanism of the FIE gene in postembryonic shoot development is not well understood. Silencing of Nicotiana benthamiana homologues of the FIE gene, NbFIE1 and NbFIE2, resulted in the enhanced outgrowth of axillary buds and the impairment of secondary xylem differentiation. RNA sequencing analysis found that one of the auxin-responsive GRETCHEN HAGEN 3 (GH3) family genes, NbGH3.6, was upregulated and maintained a high expression during the time course of silencing NbFIE genes. Chromatin immunoprecipiation (ChIP)-PCR results showed a lack of H3K27me3 marks on NbGH3.6 chromatin in NbFIE-silenced plants compared with negative control plants, indicating that NbGH3.6 was a direct target of NbFIE genes during postembryonic shoot development. Moreover, the free IAA content was reduced significantly in NbFIE-silenced plants, which might cause the enhanced outgrowth of axillary buds as well as impaired secondary xylem differentiation. These results clearly indicated that NbGH3.6 was a primary target of NbFIE genes during postembryonic shoot development, and NbFIE genes regulated axillary bud growth and secondary xylem formation through tuning endogenous auxin homeostasis, possibly by regulating the expression of the NbGH3.6 gene.
- Published
- 2016
46. OsMPK6 plays a critical role in cell differentiation during early embryogenesis in Oryza sativa
- Author
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Dong-Yeon Lee, Yang-Seok Lee, Jong-Seong Jeon, Gynheung An, Jakyung Yi, and Man-Ho Cho
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,DNA, Bacterial ,Physiology ,Cellular differentiation ,Mutant ,education ,Morphogenesis ,Plant embryogenesis ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Genes, Plant ,01 natural sciences ,Marker gene ,03 medical and health sciences ,Auxin ,Axis formation ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Phytoalexins ,Chromosome Segregation ,globular embryo ,Plant Proteins ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Genetics ,phytoalexin ,OsMPK6 ,Gene Expression Profiling ,Embryogenesis ,food and beverages ,Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ,Embryo ,rice ,Cell Differentiation ,Oryza ,Endosperm ,Cell biology ,Biosynthetic Pathways ,Mutagenesis, Insertional ,030104 developmental biology ,Phenotype ,chemistry ,Mutation ,embryogenesis ,Diterpenes ,Sesquiterpenes ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Research Paper - Abstract
Highlight The MAP kinase cascade controls early embryogenesis prior to axis formation., The formation of body axes is the basis of morphogenesis during plant embryogenesis. We identified embryo-lethal mutants of rice (Oryza sativa) in which T-DNAs were inserted in OsMPK6. Embryonic organs were absent because their development was arrested at the globular stage. Similar to observations made with gle4, shootless, and organless, the osmpk6 mutations affected the initial step of cell differentiation. Expression of an apical–basal axis marker gene, OSH1, was reduced in the mutant embryos while that of the radial axes marker genes OsSCR and OsPNH1 was not detected. The signal for ROC1, a protodermal cell marker, was weak at the globular stage and gradually disappeared. Transcript levels of auxin and gibberellin biosynthesis genes were diminished in osmpk6 embryos. In addition, phytoalexin biosynthesis genes were down-regulated in osmpk6 and a major diterpene phytoalexin, momilactone A, did not accumulate in the mutant embryos. These results indicate that OsMPK6 begins to play a critical role during early embryogenesis, especially when the L1 radial axis is being formed.
- Published
- 2016
47. Evidence for maternal control of seed size in maize from phenotypic and transcriptional analysis
- Author
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Candice N. Hirsch, Xia Zhang, Rajandeep S. Sekhon, Natalia de Leon, and Shawn M. Kaeppler
- Subjects
maternal effect ,0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Transcription, Genetic ,Nucleosome assembly ,Physiology ,Reciprocal cross ,seed size ,Plant Science ,Biology ,maize ,Genes, Plant ,Zea mays ,01 natural sciences ,Endosperm ,03 medical and health sciences ,Inbred strain ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Gene Regulatory Networks ,Inbreeding ,Ovule ,Gene ,Crosses, Genetic ,Hybrid ,Genetics ,Gene Expression Profiling ,Maternal effect ,food and beverages ,Organ Size ,Phenotype ,030104 developmental biology ,Seeds ,gene expression ,Hybridization, Genetic ,seed development ,Research Paper ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Highlight An integrative study combining phenotypic and transcriptional analysis reveals extensive maternal control of seed size in maize, contributing to a better understanding of the developmental and molecular basis of seed size regulation., Seed size is an important component of grain yield and a key determinant trait for crop domestication. The Krug Yellow Dent long-term selection experiment for large and small seed provides a valuable resource to dissect genetic and phenotypic changes affecting seed size within a common genetic background. In this study, inbred lines derived from Krug Large Seed (KLS) and Krug Small Seed (KSS) populations and reciprocal F1 crosses were used to investigate developmental and molecular mechanisms governing seed size. Seed morphological characteristics showed striking differences between KLS and KSS inbred lines, and the reciprocal cross experiment revealed a strong maternal influence on both seed weight and seed size. Quantification of endosperm area, starchy endosperm cell size, and kernel dry mass accumulation indicated a positive correlation between seed size, endosperm cell number, and grain filling rate, and patterns of grain filling in reciprocal crosses mirrored that of the maternal parent. Consistent with the maternal contribution to seed weight, transcriptome profiling of reciprocal F1 hybrids showed substantial similarities to the maternal parent. A set of differentially expressed genes between KLS and KSS inbreds were found, which fell into a broad number of functional categories including DNA methylation, nucleosome assembly, and heat stress response. In addition, gene co-expression network analysis of parental inbreds and reciprocal F1 hybrids identified co-expression modules enriched in ovule development and DNA methylation, implicating these two processes in seed size determination. These results expand our understanding of seed size regulation and help to uncover the developmental and molecular basis underlying maternal control of seed size in maize.
- Published
- 2016
48. More than the main structural genes: Regulation of resistant starch formation in rice endosperm and its potential application.
- Author
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Tiozon RJN, Fettke J, Sreenivasulu N, and Fernie AR
- Subjects
- Humans, Amylose, Resistant Starch analysis, Amylopectin, Starch analysis, Endosperm genetics, Endosperm chemistry, Oryza genetics, Oryza chemistry
- Abstract
In the past decade, research on resistant starch has evoked interest due to the prevention and inhibition of chronic human diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, and obesity. Increasing the amylose content (AC) and resistant starch (RS) has been pivotal in improving the nutritional benefit of rice. However, the exact mechanism of RS formation is complex due to interconnected genetic factors regulating amylose-amylopectin variation. In this review, we discussed the regulatory factors influencing the RS formation centered on the transcription, post-transcriptional, and post-translational processes. Furthermore, we described the developments in RS and AC levels in rice compared with other high RS cereals. Briefly, we enumerated potential applications of high RS mutants in health, medical, and other industries. We contest that the information captured herein can be deployed for marker-assisted breeding and precision breeding techniques through genome editing to improve rice varieties with enhanced RS content., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier GmbH.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Pericarp starch metabolism is associated with caryopsis development and endosperm starch accumulation in common wheat.
- Author
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Zhuo J, Wang K, Wang N, Xing C, Peng D, Wang X, Qu G, Kang C, Ye X, Li Y, Yan Y, and Li X
- Subjects
- Triticum metabolism, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Sucrose metabolism, Endosperm metabolism, Starch metabolism
- Abstract
The wheat pericarp is the main component of the caryopsis at the early development stage and ultimately converts into a tissue that covers the mature caryopsis. A large number of starch granules are accumulated in the pericarp, but the production of and the role of starch granules in caryopsis development remain- elusive. In the present study, the relationship between accumulated starch granules and starch metabolism-related genes in wheat pericarp was investigated using paraffin section observations, expression analysis, and mutant analysis. Starch synthesis is initiated before anthesis and is dependent on a sucrose uptake and conversion system similar to that in the endosperm. TaPTST2 is required to initiate the production of pericarp starch granules. Pericarp starch granules gradually disappeared at the filling stage with high expression levels of genes encoding β-amylase, sucrose-phosphate synthase, and sucrose-phosphate phosphatase. As a maternal tissue adjacent to the endosperm and embryo, the pericarp plays a temporary reservoir for excess nutrients delivered into the caryopsis during the early development stage and exported at the filling stage. The pericarp contributes to the development of the endosperm and embryo as well as the accumulation of endosperm starch. The metabolism of pericarp starch may affect the weight of the wheat caryopsis., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Proteomic profiling of maize opaque endosperm mutants reveals selective accumulation of lysine-enriched proteins
- Author
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Shangang Jia, Chi Zhang, David R. Holding, and Kyla Morton
- Subjects
Proteomics ,0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Proteome ,Physiology ,Zein ,Lysine ,Plant Science ,Biology ,maize ,Zea mays ,01 natural sciences ,Endosperm ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cluster Analysis ,Prolamin ,Secretory pathway ,Amino acid synthesis ,Plant Proteins ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Principal Component Analysis ,Endoplasmic reticulum ,food and beverages ,Molecular Sequence Annotation ,Transport protein ,030104 developmental biology ,opaque ,Biochemistry ,chemistry ,Mutation ,non-zein ,stress ,biology.protein ,Research Paper ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Highlight Proteome-wide assessment across an isogenic collection of cloned opaque endosperm mutants caused by different and well-characterized mutations provided biological insight into proteome rebalancing and favorable amino acid compositional changes., Reduced prolamin (zein) accumulation and defective endoplasmic reticulum (ER) body formation occurs in maize opaque endosperm mutants opaque2 (o2), floury2 (fl2), defective endosperm*B30 (DeB30), and Mucronate (Mc), whereas other opaque mutants such as opaque1 (o1) and floury1 (fl1) are normal in these regards. This suggests that other factors contribute to kernel texture. A liquid chromatography approach coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) proteomics was used to compare non-zein proteins of nearly isogenic opaque endosperm mutants. In total, 2762 proteins were identified that were enriched for biological processes such as protein transport and folding, amino acid biosynthesis, and proteolysis. Principal component analysis and pathway enrichment suggested that the mutants partitioned into three groups: (i) Mc, DeB30, fl2 and o2; (ii) o1; and (iii) fl1. Indicator species analysis revealed mutant-specific proteins, and highlighted ER secretory pathway components that were enriched in selected groups of mutants. The most significantly changed proteins were related to stress or defense and zein partitioning into the soluble fraction for Mc, DeB30, o1, and fl1 specifically. In silico dissection of the most significantly changed proteins revealed novel qualitative changes in lysine abundance contributing to the overall lysine increase and the nutritional rebalancing of the o2 and fl2 endosperm.
- Published
- 2015
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