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African‐Americans shoulder an excessive burden of unemployment, precarious employment, and low paying jobs in the United States, which may help explain why they experience some of the worst health outcomes among U.S. citizens. This paper presents a conceptual framework describing this phenomenon. The social determinants of health as described by this framework include racism, social and public policy formation, socioeconomic status, and conditions of employment. The intermediate determinants of health, which include the ability to afford health behavior, depression and addiction, environmental exposures, and access to primary care, are informed by conditions of employment, which leads to poor health outcomes for African‐Americans. This paper will explore in detail these relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lone parents and their children experience higher than average levels of adverse health and social outcomes, much of which are explained by high rates of poverty. Many high income countries have attempted to address high poverty rates by introducing employment requirements for lone parents in receipt of welfare benefits. However, there is evidence that employment may not reduce poverty or improve the health of lone parents and their children.Methods: We conducted a systematic review of qualitative studies reporting lone parents' accounts of participation in welfare to work (WtW), to identify explanations and possible mechanisms for the impacts of WtW on health and wellbeing. Twenty one bibliographic databases were searched. Two reviewers independently screened references and assessed study quality. Studies from any high income country that met the criteria of focussing on lone parents, mandatory WtW interventions, and health or wellbeing were included. Thematic synthesis was used to investigate analytic themes between studies.Results: Screening of the 4703 identified papers and quality assessment resulted in the inclusion of 16 qualitative studies of WtW in five high income countries, USA, Canada, UK, Australia, and New Zealand, covering a variety of welfare regimes. Our synthesis found that WtW requirements often conflicted with child care responsibilities. Available employment was often poorly paid and precarious. Adverse health impacts, such as increased stress, fatigue, and depression were commonly reported, though employment and appropriate training was linked to increased self-worth for some. WtW appeared to influence health through the pathways of conflict and control, analytical themes which emerged during synthesis. WtW reduced control over the nature of employment and care of children. Access to social support allowed some lone parents to manage the conflict associated with employment, and to increase control over their circumstances, with potentially beneficial health impacts.Conclusion: WtW can result in increased conflict and reduced control, which may lead to negative impacts on mental health. Availability of social support may mediate the negative health impacts of WtW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The employment landscape for multiply marginalized people with disabilities presents significant challenges, exacerbated by intersecting identities such as race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, poverty, and geography. Recent studies highlight the compounded employment disparities faced by this group, including discriminatory hiring practices, inadequate accommodations, and uneven gains in employment during the COVID-19 public health emergency. Methods: Our study employed a three-round Delphi process with 20 diverse experts across 14 states across the United States (U.S.) to formulate recommendations for improving employment experiences for multiply marginalized people with disabilities. The panel's insights were gathered through surveys administered online, with each round designed to refine the collective recommendations. This iterative process aimed to build a consensus on the most effective policy and practice recommendations for improving employment outcomes within this population. Results: The Delphi study identified key areas for strategic focus, including emergency preparedness, education and training, transportation, assistive technology, workplace accommodations, and combating discrimination and stigma. Notable recommendations included improving emergency preparedness training, enhancing employment education, increasing funding for accessible transportation and assistive technology, and promoting inclusive hiring practices. The study also emphasized the need for policies supporting telework and simplifying disability-related benefits. Discussion: The findings highlight the critical role of tailored strategies to address employment challenges faced by people with disabilities from marginalized communities. Meaningfully and fully implementing these recommendations would create a more inclusive environment that improves employment outcomes for multiply marginalized people with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shared decision-making (SDM) is an essential component of patient-centered healthcare and disease management. However, the association of SDM with healthcare resource utilization and patient-reported outcomes among multimorbid individuals is not well understood. This study sought to evaluate the association of SDM with healthcare resource utilization and patient-reported outcomes among United States (US) adults with multimorbidity. Data were collected from the 2020 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) for this cross-sectional study. Eligible participants were US adults with two or more comorbidities. The predictor variable was SDM (optimal versus not optimal). The outcome variables were healthcare resource utilization and patient-reported outcomes. Logistic regression models, adjusted for demographic characteristics, assessed associations with SDM for each healthcare resource utilization and patient-reported outcome variable. The analysis maintained the complex survey data and was weighted to produce nationally representative estimates. Individuals who reported optimal SDM in adjusted analyses utilized more healthcare resources compared to those who reported not optimal SDM. Individuals with optimal SDM had more than one outpatient visit (odds ratio OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.03–1.47), emergency room visit (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.17–2.06), and inpatient discharge (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.05–1.96). Additionally, these individuals had higher odds of reporting limitations in their ability to work or engage in other activities due to their physical health in the past four weeks (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.01–1.60). This study indicated evidence of increased healthcare resource utilization among patients who participate in SDM with their providers, which should be explored in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There has been rapid growth of chiropractors pursuing career opportunities in both public and private hospitals and other integrated care settings. Chiropractors that prosper in integrated care settings deliver patient-centered care, focus on the institutional mission, understand and adhere to organizational rules, and are proficient in navigating complex systems. The Council on Chiropractic Education Accreditation Standards do not outline specific meta-competencies for integrated care clinical training. Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop preliminary integrated health care competencies for DC programs to guide the advancement of clinical chiropractic education. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed. Articles were screened for eligibility and extracted in duplicate. Domains and seed statements were generated from this literature, piloted at a conference workshop, and evaluated via a modified Delphi consensus process. Of 42 invited, 36 chiropractors participated as panelists. Public comment period yielded 20 comments, none resulting in substantive changes to the competencies. Results: Of 1718 citations, 23 articles met eligibility criteria. After 2 modified Delphi rounds, consensus was reached on all competency statements. A total of 78 competency statements were agreed upon, which encompassed 4 domains and 11 subdomains. The 4 domains were: 1) Collaboration, (2) Clinical Excellence, (3) Communication, and (4) Systems Administration. Conclusion: We identified 78 preliminary competencies appropriate for preparing DC students and early career chiropractors for clinical practice in integrated healthcare settings. Educational programs may consider these competencies for curricular design and reform to strengthen DC program graduates for integrated practice, advanced training, and employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policing domestic violence (DV) poses significant challenges in China due to cultural, legal, and organizational complexities. Policing DV in China favors mediation over assertive interventions, complicating law enforcement's role. While previous research has focused on coercive interventions by Chinese police, there is limited information on non-coercive, supportive approaches. This study investigates the relationship between police officers' knowledge and training regarding the Anti-DV law and their willingness to provide supportive services to DV victims in China. It also considers various individual and organizational factors. The data used in this study are derived from the Policing DV in China project, with a sample of 1,353 respondents who had experience dealing with DV cases within the past 3 years. The study focuses on three dependent variables representing supportive approaches to DV cases: Referral, Counseling, and Protection orders. Independent variables include officers' knowledge of the Anti-DV law and agency training. Control variables include the use of body-worn cameras (BWC) and attitudes toward Violence Tolerance, Male Dominance, and Gender Equality. Additionally, demographic variables, working environment, length of service, and police rank are considered. The analytical approach involves a three-step strategy, incorporating descriptive, bivariate analyses, and regression analyses. The results are interpreted using odds ratios and average marginal effects, and statistical software such as SPSS by IBM and R by Open-Source Model is utilized for data analysis. Key findings indicate that more than half of the officers referred intimate partner violence survivors to shelters and assisted victims in filing protection orders. Counseling practices varied across provinces and between male and female officers. Agency training and the use of BWC were positively associated with non-coercive and supportive approaches, while knowledge of the DV Act, male dominance score, and gender equality score did not predict the use of such approaches. Demographic characteristics, including police rank, length of service, and province of employment, influenced the utilization of non-coercive and supportive approaches. This study examines the challenges faced by Chinese police officers when responding to DV cases and their willingness to provide supportive interventions. The study highlights the complexities surrounding the initiation of protection orders due to officers' legal knowledge and discretion. The study emphasizes the importance of police support in addressing DV in China and the role of agency training in promoting non-coercive responses. It highlights regional variations in police support and underscores the need for addressing disparities in service provision across different provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on Marcelo Veracierto and Fernando Alvarez's (1999) study of the extent in which differences in employment and unemployment across economies can be generated by differences in labor-market policies in the U.S. Problem with elasticities; Distortionary effect of a minimum wage; Criticisms on the general approach taken in the study; Evaluation of the models' prediction in light of the available evidence.

Background: Attention-deficit/hyper-activity disorder's (ADHD) prevalence rate has been increasing during the last decade. Evidence from different studies suggests that the effect of ADHD on earnings and employment could be more detrimental than other disorders such as depression or anxiety. Although it is widely known that these mental disorders can coexist with ADHD, none of these studies has considered the joint evaluation of ADHD and its comorbidities., Objective: In this paper, we evaluate whether ADHD is a more severe disorder than three other comorbid mental disorders -- learning disabilities, depression, and anxiety -- regarding their effects on earnings and employment., Methods: We use the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health to estimate regression models of earnings and employment. We consider the use of the sampling weights, school fixed effects, and multiple imputation of missing values. Robustness checks include a more exogenous measure of depression., Results: On average, an individual with ADHD or depression (but not both) has around 20% lower earnings than those without any of these disorders. The earnings gap for learning disabilities is around 25%. The probability of being employed is 5 percentage points lower for an individual who has any of these disorders. Anxiety is not associated with lower earnings. Females with learning disabilities have an earnings gap that is 20 percentage points larger than males. The employment gap for females or African Americans with learning disabilities is 8%., Discussion and Limitations: In contrast to existing evidence, we find that ADHD is not more serious than learning disabilities or depression. Although the magnitude of each employment gap is not substantial, the fact that these are comorbid disorders indicates that their joint occurrence could be detrimental for employment. Females and African Americans with learning disabilities could face more adverse labor market outcomes. Even though our results are robust to a more exogenous measure of depression, the potential endogeneity of the diagnosis of ADHD or anxiety could still bias the estimates. However, baseline results are also robust when individuals with an age of diagnosis equal to the year of the interview are dropped from the estimations., Implications for Health Policy and for Future Research: The increasing number of Supplemental Security Income beneficiaries with ADHD is in line with the observed tendency to screen for ADHD more frequently than for other comorbid disorders, and with the evidence of ADHD overdiagnosis. Since our study shows that other disorders are equally or potentially more disabling than ADHD in terms of labor market outcomes, mental health policies should be reoriented to prevent policies targeting ADHD from crowding out those for other mental disorders. It would be interesting to verify our findings using a more recent cohort with a higher rate of ADHD diagnosis. Since we show that there are unexplained gender and race differences that persist after controlling for educational attainment or the number of hours worked, more research is needed to determine the reason behind these differences. Further research about the positive school effect on the adulthood performance of ADHD children is needed.

In 2014, the USA spent $3 trillion dollars in health care the most per capita in the world. However, the USA lacks universal health coverage, and lags behind other highly developed and wealthy countries in life expectancy (even some "non wealthy" countries have better outcomes). The USA also has deficits in other health outcome measures. Health care costs in the USA continue to rise annually and many patients receive only mediocre care. In addition, clear disparities exist across different communities, socioeconomic groups, and race and ethnicity groups. As a result, individuals with mental illness are at an increased risk of being homeless, committing suicide, and having problems maintaining a job. This paper will address mental health disparities and review the efforts some states are taking to improve the lifesaving services offered to citizens with mental illness, in order for them to recover and reach their full potentials.

Rationale: Previous studies have observed a positive association between automation risk and employment loss. Based on the job insecurity-health risk hypothesis, greater exposure to automation risk could also be negatively associated with health outcomes., Objective: The main objective of this paper is to investigate the county-level association between prevalence of workers in jobs exposed to automation risk and general, physical, and mental health outcomes., Methods: As a preliminary assessment of the job insecurity-health risk hypothesis (automation risk → job insecurity → poorer health), a structural equation model was used based on individual-level data in the two cross-sectional waves (2012 and 2014) of General Social Survey (GSS). Next, using county-level data from County Health Rankings 2017, American Community Survey (ACS) 2015, and Statistics of US Businesses 2014, Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) regression models were fitted to predict county-level health outcomes., Results: Using the 2012 and 2014 waves of the GSS, employees in occupational classes at higher risk of automation reported more job insecurity, that, in turn, was associated with poorer health. The 2SLS estimates show that a 10% increase in automation risk at county-level is associated with 2.38, 0.8, and 0.6 percentage point lower general, physical, and mental health, respectively., Conclusion: Evidence suggests that exposure to automation risk may be negatively associated with health outcomes, plausibly through perceptions of poorer job security. More research is needed on interventions aimed at mitigating negative influence of automation risk on health., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Common Components Analysis (CCA) summarizes the results of program evaluations that utilize randomized control trials and have demonstrated effectiveness in improving their intended outcome(s) into their key elements. This area of research has integrated and modified the existing CCA approach to provide a means of evaluating components of programs without a solid evidence-base, across a variety of target outcomes. This adapted CCA approach (a) captures a variety of similar program characteristics to increase the quality of the comparison within components; (b) identifies components from four primary areas (i.e., content, process, barrier reduction, and sustainability) within specific programming domains (e.g., vocation, social); and (c) proposes future directions to test the extent to which the common components are associated with changes in intended program outcomes (e.g., employment, job retention). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the feasibility of this adapted CCA approach. To illustrate the utility of this technique, researchers used CCA with two popular employment programs that target successful Veteran reintegration but have limited program evaluation - Hire Heroes USA and Hire Our Heroes. This adapted CCA could be applied to longitudinal research designs to identify all utilized programs and the most promising components of these programs as they relate to changes in outcomes., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This paper estimates the impact of the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2014 on the decision to be self-employed. Using data from the Current Population Survey, we employ two identification strategies. Utilizing prereform variation in state nongroup health insurance market regulations, we find that the ACA did not increase self-employment overall in states that lacked similar provisions in their nongroup markets prior to 2014. In specifications that utilize variation across individuals in characteristics that could make it harder for them to purchase insurance if they left their current employer, we also do not find that the ACA differentially increased self-employment. However, in states that lacked the ACA nongroup market provisions, we do find a statistically significant increase in the second year of implementation (when individuals had more time to adjust behavior and the exchanges functioned properly) among individuals eligible for insurance subsidies, suggesting that a combination of time to adjust, low uncertainty and low insurance costs may be necessary for nongroup health insurance reforms to impact self-employment., (Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Comments on an article investigating the effects of real-exchange-rate movements on net and gross job allocation in the United States. Importance of reallocation as an aspect of job flows; Exchange-rate movements as key source of reallocation; Assessment of the use of open-economy real-business-cycle models.

This paper investigates the connection between the heterogeneity of establishment-level employment changes and aggregate fluctuations at business cycle frequencies. Our empirical work exploits a rich data set with approximately 860,000 annual observations and 3.4 million quarterly observations on 160,000 manufacturing establishments to calculate rates of gross job creation, gross job destruction, and their sum, gross job reallocation. Three central messages emerge from the research in this paper: First, establishment-level employment changes exhibit tremendous heterogeneity, even within narrowly defined sectors of the economy. This heterogeneity manifests itself in terms of high rates of gross job creation, destruction, and reallocation. Furthermore, the magnitude of this heterogeneity varies significantly over time; most of the variation is due to time variation in the idiosyncratic component of establishment growth rates, and the variation is significantly countercyclical. Second, our theoretical model of employment reallocation and business cycles is suggestive of how both aggregate and allocative disturbances can drive fluctuations in job creation, job destruction, unemployment, productivity, and output. Third, our empirical analysis of the joint dynamics of job creation and destruction supports the view that allocative disturbances were a major driving force behind movements in job creation, job destruction, job reallocation, and net employment growth in the U.S. manufacturing sector during the 1972 to 1986 period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines various hypotheses set forth to explain the procyclicality of labour productivity in the context of highly disaggregated data for United States car assembly plants. The focus of the paper is the role that employment may play in the observed fluctuations of labour productivity. Using estimates derived from an employment demand equation, the following findings emerge. First, evidence consistent with increasing returns was found for some of the observations. In particular, plants operating at lower linespeeds display statistically significant increasing returns. The results indicate that these gains are exhausted as linespeeds increase. The institutional support for this finding, for car assembly plants, relates to specialisation gains as the linespeed is changed: workers become less specialised as the linespeed decreases, and thus one would expect their productivity to decrease. The findings thus lend support to the hypothesis that specialisation gains are a potentially important source of increasing returns in the car industry. Empirical support was also found in favour of the labour hoarding hypothesis. This is consistent with the notion that work effort decreases during downturns: the fact that more workers are employed than is necessary to run the line at a given linespeed may reflect a decrease in work effort in these plants during downturns. On the other hand, the finding may reflect the assignment of non-assembly line tasks which are deferred to periods of slack demand. In either case, it does not appear that increasing returns alone can explain the contribution of employment fluctuations to the procyclicality of labour productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents commentaries and discussion on the paper Public Employment as Fiscal Policy, by Michael Wiseman. According to R. A. Gordon, Wiseman's evaluation of U.S. experience with public-service employment during the last five years, as of 1976, is a welcome addition to a growing literature. He said that it is carefully done; the relevant literature and data have been reviewed; on the whole, the important issues are covered; and the various topics considered are treated with analytical sophistication. Wiseman considers public-service employment only in terms of its possible role in coping with a cyclical rise in unemployment. This emphasis leads him in his concluding recommendations to propose that public-service employment be limited to a fixed tenure that would permit a counter-cyclical program to be closed within a year. Wiseman frequently refers to the goal of returning to a normal unemployment rate, and early in his paper he refers to normal or full-employment rates as synonymous. Also, Wiseman provides a careful and very useful analysis of the distribution of public-service jobs by age, sex, race, and education. This analysis leads to a mixed set of conclusions. According to James Tobin, he sees three major sets of criteria against which public-service employment programs might be evaluated. First, they might be considered as distributive and allocative policies, with micro rather than macro implications. A second major set of criteria would view public-service employment as a measure of fiscal policy, stressing the size of its multiplier. The third set of criteria concerns the usefulness of public-service employment as a measure for improving the Phillips-curve tradeoff between inflation and unemployment and lowering the non-accelerating-inflation rate of unemployment.

This article explores the employment instability and unemployment rates in the U.S. In this article, the author systematically evaluates flows between all possible labor-market states and concludes that employment outflows are the main cause of high unemployment rates among nonwhites, women and teenagers. The author then seeks to determine the cause of the instability--in particular, the degree to which it can be associated with the characteristics of people and with the characteristics of their jobs. This paper makes an effort to sort out the causes of unemployment within the context of a dynamic labor market, examining labor flows that are overlooked in the narrow context of a two-state labor market. The further decomposition of unemployment flows in this paper allows a closer view of the behavioral relations that initiate unemployment spells and prevent reemployment. The model provides a framework in which to discuss unemployment in concrete terms such as quits, layoffs, and job accessions, terms that relate directly to the decisions of firms and workers. The excess of unemployment reported for nonwhites, women, and teenagers is found to result mostly from excessive job losses and quits, rather than from any special difficulty in finding jobs. Employed women are found to have a high propensity to leave the labor force, apparently for noneconomic reasons. A great many teenagers separate from their jobs, some leaving the labor force and others becoming unemployed. In contrast to the unemployment of special population groups, cyclical unemployment occurs because firms close the hiring window. Cyclical changes in unemployment aside, the analysis reveals a striking dominance of personal characteristics in explaining high job turnover.

The central concept of microeconomic theories of fertility is opportunity cost--the product of wife's employment lost due to childbearing and the value of her employment. This paper presents a model for analyzing opportunity cost using panel data. The average loss of employment attributable to a second- or higher-order birth, calculated at around age 2, is over 400 hours per year. This time cost represents an income loss of about $1050 in 1969 dollars. Time cost is independent of such demographic factors as birth order and age of oldest sibling. Neither does time cost depend on husband's wage rate or wife's education or potential wage rate. This indicates that many microeconomic models of fertility have been seriously misspecified. The paper also compares results from static and dynamic models, explores possible problems due to simultaneity bias, investigates the relationship between changes in employment (including time cost) and initial employment level, and identifies the difficulties of theorizing about opportunity cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses a radically different methodology to address the question of the impacts of minimum wage laws on employment and earnings. This methodology uses the adult wage structure which exists prior to a change in the federal minimum wage to identify the members of the subminimum wage population. This allows the parameterization of the disemployment effects of the minimum wage amendment on the subminimum population and the spillover employment effects on the above-minimum population. The members of the subminimum population are found to experience considerably reduced employment probabilities and annual hours worked (conditional on employment). Some evidence of above-minimum spillover effects is also found. The paper evaluates the impact of the minimum on the earnings distribution and concludes that the burden of the minimum wage falls most severely on females. This effect on adult females is surprisingly neutral with respect to race. The greatest beneficiaries of the minimum among the adult population are union members. Once again, this effect is relatively neutral with respect to race. This paper has developed a radically different methodology for evaluating the economic impacts of minimum wage laws. It employed micro-observations to identify the wage structure which would have prevailed in the absence of a minimum wage and compared the wage predicted by this structure with the legally established minimum wage to identify the members of the subminimum population. It was found that the subminimum population is disproportionately composed of blacks, females, restricted individuals, residents of small cities, those with low education, the old, and non-union members. After the members of the subminimum population were identified, the probability of a person belonging to this population was parameterized as a probit function. The disemployment effects on the subminimum population were then identified at both the extensive margin (the probability of wor... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the major findings of a buyer's survey of the 1985-86 academic market for beginning Ph.D. economists based on a stratified random sample of all economics departments ranked in the top 20 (ECON20)[2] and 380 other economics departments (ECONOTHER).[3] Its purpose is to increase the level of information available to buyers and particularly sellers in this market. Sellers in this job market are typically graduate students in the final stages of their doctoral dissertations and represent the latest vintage of economists graduating from the 115 universities that grant a Ph.D. They will find answers to questions like: Will a phone call from a candidate or faculty advisor increase the probability of securing a job interview? How many weeks before the AEA meetings are requests for interviews sent out? How long does a typical job interview last and what criteria are applied? How soon after the meetings interview is a candidate likely to be invited to give a seminar at a school? Are elements of the job offer such as salad, teaching load, and summer research money negotiable? How long does a candidate have to accept or reject an offer?
In an effort to increase the stock of information available to sellers and buyers in the academic job market for beginning Ph.D. economists, this paper has presented the findings of a survey of the 1985-86 hiring process by economics departments. 1. There are three sub-markets operating within the overall job market. The "meetings market" sorts and clears rather quickly: over 90 percent of all job offers in this market are made in January and February. The ECON20 departments are major players in a "preemptive market" that occurs before the "meetings market" begins and is aimed primarily at the very top candidates in the market. In contrast, the ECON20 departments do not participate in a "secondary market" which primarily sorts during and after the clearing of the meetings market. 2. The October and November issues of... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the impact of business cycle fluctuations on a labor market segmented into a unionized primary sector and a "competitive" secondary sector. Either permanent or temporary changes in real aggregate demand are shown to widen the intersectoral wage differential in recession and, under reasonable specifications of key parameters, to cause greater fluctuations of primary-sector employment than secondary-sector employment. This pattern agrees with the stylized facts of the U. S. economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on spatial mismatch often focuses on a mismatch within cities or local labour markets. This paper looks at the spatial mismatch between local labour markets. Using US data, we study the evolution of inter-regional mismatch between 1980 and 2010 and how this evolution varies across skill levels. Since we expect the spatial structure of supply and demand in the labour market to play a central role at this geographical level, we develop an extension of the spatial mismatch index, as the standard version does not take this spatial structure into account. Our results indicate that spatial mismatch has been increasing over the past decades, an increase that is largely attributable to spatial structure effects. The inter-regional spatial mismatch mainly affects low-skilled jobs and workers: our findings suggest that the degree of the spatial mismatch for low-skilled, relative to high-skilled workers, increased from a ratio of two in 1980 to almost four in 2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how tax changes for different income groups affect aggregate economic activity. I construct a measure of who received (or paid for) tax changes in the postwar period using tax return data from NBER's TAXSIM. Variation in the income distribution across US states and federal tax changes generate variation in regional tax shocks that I exploit to test for heterogeneous effects. I find that the positive relationship between tax cuts and employment growth is largely driven by tax cuts for lower-income groups and that the effect of tax cuts for the top 10 percent on employment growth is small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new theoretical framework aimed at understanding the link between technological change, skill premium, and employment. We build an endogenous growth model of directed technological change with vertical research and development (R&D) in which low-skilled workers might be organized in a trade union. This union can act as a monopoly seller of labor and decide unilaterally the low-skilled wage, or as a managerial union that bargains wage and employment with the employers' federation, i.e., firms. Our results suggest that (i) the impacts of trade unions on technological-bias and on the level of (un)employment crucially depend on their type and preferences; and (ii) trade unions can actually increase low-skilled wages and employment if they have some bargaining power and are employment-oriented. Furthermore, our framework provides some highlights to explain the relationship between wage dispersion and the deunionization process that occurred in the United Kingdom and the United States during the 1980s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the dynamic interrelationship between the presence of big‐box retailers and retail employment and wages in the United States at county level for 1986–2005 using panel vector autoregressions (Panel VAR). The Panel VAR approach addresses endogenous interactions among the variables in the system. In other words, this approach takes into account the fact that the presence of big‐box retailers can have an impact on retail employment and wages and at the same time, retail employment and wages can influence the presence of big‐box retailers. Results indicate that the presence of big‐box retailers has a positive effect on employment but a negative effect on wages. The effect on wages is relatively greater and is more prolonged than the effect on employment. Both employment and wages have an instant (first year) positive effect on the presence of big‐box retailers, which implies that big‐box stores are located in areas where the economy is growing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tests the effects of children and childcare on women's employment and entrepreneurial outcomes at the county level for the United States. Given that policies and economic development strategies are often implemented across local and regional jurisdictions, this regional study contributes to the literature by considering access to childcare in relation to locally aggregated female labour market outcomes by sector. The results, which address potential endogeneity, indicate that young children and childcare affect female employment differently depending on the sector. The results are consistent with women choosing the public sector and self-employment over the private sector to accommodate the demands of childrearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to to understand Burmese refugees' resilience in the USA, as well as to explore the potential contributions of arts- or movement-based interviews (movement elicitation (ME)) to the exploration of the immigration experience.Design/methodology/approach A qualitative case study was used for this pilot study (n=3), with verbal interviews combined with a ME procedure. ME is guided expressive movement that is engaged within verbal interviews. Utilizing ME involved probing interview responses to clarify and deepen the themes related to the resilience of Burmese refugees. Further, thematic analysis was conducted to identify themes within the interviews as related to the resilience of Burmese refugees.Findings Eight themes emerged from analysis of verbal interviews. Four themes pertained to adversities faced during the resettlement experience: financial and employment-based problems; racial issues and discrimination; challenges in adjustment and acculturation; and rough, unsafe neighborhoods. Four themes described the elements promoting Burmese refugees' resilience: acquiring functional skills; drawing upon personal qualities; finding a sense of identity in family and beliefs; and accepting social support.Originality/value This study describes the resilience of refugees from Burma in the USA, with additional focus on how body and movement may serve as resources for coping, and thus provides information on the development of a framework for mental health assessment and intervention during refugees' integration in their resettlement country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how Peruvian migrants fare economically in two historically and culturally distinct host countries, Japan and the US, drawing upon a survey and interviews conducted in both countries. Peruvian migrants surveyed share similar socio-economic backgrounds and migrated to both countries for similar reasons roughly around the same time. Yet, over time, they achieved more occupational upward mobility in the US than in Japan. Japan has not done quite as well as the US in providing immigrants with occupational opportunities due to its less diversified immigrant labor market, limited entrepreneurship opportunities, and restricted modes of immigrant incorporation. Does it mean, however, that Peruvian migrants are less successful in Japan than the US? Although occupational mobility is a commonly used measure of social mobility, the definitions and meanings of 'success' are context-dependent. Peruvians in the US do experience more occupational mobility, but diverge more greatly in economic achievement amongst themselves. In Japan, on the other hand, while they experience little occupational mobility, they have had more economic equality with relatively stable and high wages. The paper examines Peruvian migrants' distinct economic trajectories over time, focusing on their occupational mobility. We conclude that occupational mobility matters, not necessarily because it accompanies higher income, but because it shapes migrants' aspirations. In the context where immigrants' destinations have become more diverse in the world, the paper provides insights into how immigrants 'make it' and what it means to 'make it' in recent destinations, such as Japan, in comparison to more traditional immigrant countries, such as the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper quantifies the impact on U.S. employment from imports and exports during 1995–2011, using the World Input–Output Database. We find that the growth in U.S. exports led to increased demand for 2 million jobs in manufacturing, 0.5 million in resource industries, and a remarkable 4.1 million jobs in services, totaling 6.6 million. Two‐thirds of those service sectors jobs are due to the export of services themselves, whereas one‐third is due to the intermediate demand from manufacturing and resource—or merchandise—exports, so the total labor demand gain due to merchandise exports was 3.7 million jobs. In comparison, U.S. merchandise imports from China led to reduced demand of 1.4 million jobs in manufacturing and 0.6 million in services (with small losses in resource industries), with total job losses of 2.0 million. It follows that the expansion in U.S. merchandise exports relative to imports from China over 1995–2011 created net demand for about 1.7 million jobs. Comparing the growth of U.S. merchandise exports to merchandise imports from all countries, we find a fall in net labor demand due to trade, but comparing the growth of total U.S. exports to total imports from all countries, then there is a rise in net labor demand because of the growth in service exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the early 1970's it has become increasingly apparent that labor productivity growth in the U.S. private sector has slowed appreciably. Although long-run trends in productivity growth are difficult to identify, given that productivity varies considerably over the business cycle, productivity growth rates have been low for about ten years, spanning almost two complete business cycles. The evidence for slower growth in the past decade is now incontrovertible. Although a large body of research has been devoted to discovering the sources of productivity growth in the U.S., relatively few studies have focussed on the productivity slowdown since the mid-1960's. Most of these analyzed the effect of sectoral shifts in the composition of employment and output. However, the accumulated evidence of ten years indicates that intersectoral shifts of employment can explain only a fraction of the productivity slowdown. This paper investigates capital stock growth as a possible cause for slower growth, and estimates its contribution to the reduction in productivity growth in the United States since 1965. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article comments on another article in this issue concerning the effects of a contract compliance program designed to ensure equal employment in the U.S. Primarily, it focuses on several different resource allocation problems associated with this program. Using these resource allocation problems as a starting point, the author then broadens his argument to include a general overview of the program's weaknesses. Finally, the article, taking into account these weakness, focuses on the implementation method of the program.

Using a shift-share analysis on March CPS data, this paper estimates the degree to which changes in labor earnings, employment, and marriage patterns account for household income inequality growth in the United States since 1979. The factors contributing to the rapid rise in income inequality in the 1980s differ substantially from those contributing to its slower increase since that time. Unlike findings for the 1980s when changes in the correlation of spouses' earnings accounted for income inequality growth, this factor is no longer a major contributor toward its continued increase. Additionally, the 2000s business cycle is the first full business cycle in at least 30 years where changes in earnings of male household heads accounted for declines in income inequality. Instead, the continued growth in income inequality in the 2000s was accounted for primarily by increases in female earnings inequality and declines in both male and female employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]