295 results
Search Results
2. Research paper. Effects of the economic crisis on smoking prevalence and number of smokers in the USA.
- Author
-
Gallus, Silvano, Ghislandi, Simone, and Muttarak, Raya
- Subjects
- *
SMOKING & psychology , *ECONOMICS , *SMOKING , *EMPLOYMENT , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *REGRESSION analysis , *RESEARCH funding , *TIME , *DISEASE prevalence , *CROSS-sectional method , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Objective Scanty and controversial information is available on the impact of macroeconomic fluctuations on smoking behaviour. No study has quantified the effects of fiscal crises on smoking prevalence. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the 2007-2008 economic crisis on smoking prevalence and number of smokers in the USA. Methods Using data from the repeated Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) surveys in pre-crisis (2005-2007) and post-crisis (2009-2010) periods on a total of 1 981 607 US adults, we separated the expected (after allowance for the demographic growth of the US population, secular smoking prevalence trends and changes in sociodemographic characteristics) from the unexpected (assumed attributable to the economic crisis) changes in the number of smokers across different employment statuses. Results Joinpoint regression analysis revealed no significant changes in smoking prevalence trends over the period 2005-2010. The crisis resulted in an increase in the number of smokers in the US by 0.6 million. This is largely due to an unexpected decrease of 1.7 million smokers among employed and an increase of 2.4 million smokers among unemployed individuals, whose smoking prevalence also remains extremely high in the post-crisis period (32.6%). Conclusions The 2008 financial crisis had a weak effect on smoking prevalence. The pro-cyclical relationship (ie, the crisis results in a lower number of smokers) found among the employed is offset by the counter-cyclical relationship (ie, the crisis results in a higher number of smokers) found among unemployed individuals. Public health interventions should specifically target those in unemployment, particularly in hard times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. The "dirty work" of last responders: Occupational stigma risk and protective factors.
- Author
-
Kibbi, Ramzi, Afifi, Rima A., Pham, Hahn, Sewell, Daniel K., Teahen, Peter P., and Vander Weg, Mark W.
- Subjects
- *
JOB stress prevention , *RISK assessment , *CROSS-sectional method , *RESEARCH funding , *FUNERAL industry , *SEX distribution , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *SURVEYS , *RACE , *JOB stress , *SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors , *COMPARATIVE studies , *SOCIAL stigma , *INDUSTRIAL hygiene , *EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
Last responders constitute an occupational category that includes all those who are involved in the postmortem care of deceased persons and their families. The work of last responders is often considered "dirty work" and, as a result, stigmatized. Last responders are aware of this stigma, and stigma consciousness has been associated with negative health outcomes. Despite the wide acknowledgment of stigma among last responders, specific risk, or protective factors for experiencing stigma have not been investigated. This paper aims to identify determinants of stigma among last responders in the United States. The data for this study were obtained from a national cross-sectional survey of last responders. The survey included a measure of stigma and multiple sociodemographic characteristics. A hurdle model was used to assess the association between the characteristics of last responders and their perceived stigma. Respondents were predominantly male (55.1%), White non-Hispanic (90.2%), and employed full-time (96%). Seventy-seven percent reported having experienced at least one form of occupation-related stigma. There was no significant association between the experience of stigma and any socio-demographic variables. The experience of stigma is nearly ubiquitous among last responders—>75% of last responders in the sample experienced at least one form of stigma. Another aspect of its ubiquitous nature is the lack of evidence that stigma was experienced differentially across sex, race/ethnicity, employment type, and length of years as a last responder. Interventions are needed to decrease stigma among last responders and to support last responders in managing the consequences of the stigma they experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Fabricating and positioning refugees as workers in the United States.
- Author
-
Koyama, Jill
- Subjects
- *
REFUGEES , *UNDOCUMENTED immigrants , *HUMANITARIAN assistance , *OCCUPATIONAL training - Abstract
In this paper, which draws on two years of qualitative research, I examine the ways in which refugees are positioned and position themselves in job training programs and in their initial US jobs. I provide examples of how 'factishes', a combination of facts and fetishes, are fabricated and position the refugees, and those working with them, in discourses associated with migration. Moving from notions of humanitarian aid to economic utility, trainers and employers position the refugees as economic stabilizers, capable of performing low-skill jobs, which US-born workers do not often choose, and which undocumented Mexican migrants do not 'deserve'. In doing so, they also position themselves as helpful humanitarians. The positioning is useful in securing initial employment for the refugees but not in longer term career advancement. Some of the refugees challenge the positioning, modifying the factishes to improve their employment prospects and possibly their long-term integration into society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Barriers and facilitators to healthcare for people without documentation status: A systematic integrative literature review.
- Author
-
Clifford, Namuun, Blanco, Nancy, Bang, So Hyeon, Heitkemper, Elizabeth, and Garcia, Alexandra A.
- Subjects
- *
ONLINE information services , *CINAHL database , *PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems , *HEALTH policy , *HEALTH services accessibility , *SYSTEMATIC reviews , *RESEARCH methodology , *COMMUNITY health services , *LANGUAGE & languages , *DOCUMENTATION , *HEALTH literacy , *QUALITY assurance , *HEALTH insurance , *SOCIAL classes , *EMPLOYMENT , *CULTURAL competence , *GOVERNMENT policy , *MEDLINE , *HEALTH equity , *THEMATIC analysis , *PSYCHOLOGICAL resilience - Abstract
Aims: To identify the barriers and facilitators to healthcare for people without documentation status. Design: We conducted a systematic integrative literature review following the Whittemore and Knafl methodology. Methods: Literature search was conducted to identify studies addressing barriers or facilitators to healthcare for people without documentation status in the United States between 2012 and 2022. Studies were critiqued for quality, with results analysed thematically using the social‐ecological model. Data Sources: Searches were conducted in PubMed, PAIS, Web of Science, CINAHL and Psych Info in October 2022. Results: The review incorporated 30 studies (19 qualitative and 11 quantitative). People without documentation status encountered numerous healthcare barriers such as intrapersonal (lack of financial resources and health insurance, fear), interpersonal (language and cultural discrepancies, discrimination), community (bureaucratic requirements, anti‐immigrant rhetoric) and policy‐related barriers. Conversely, linguistically and culturally competent care, empathetic and representative staff, health navigators, safety‐net clinics and supportive federal policies emerged as key facilitators. Conclusion: These findings illuminate the complex healthcare disparities experienced by people without documentation status and underscore facilitators enhancing care accessibility. Future research is needed to explore interventions to increase access to care for this population. Impact: This paper provides a comprehensive examination of the complex barriers and facilitators to healthcare for people without documentation status in the United States. The findings support the value of universal healthcare access, a priority of the World Health Organization, and can inform healthcare policies and practices worldwide. Reporting Method: The review was reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses framework. Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution was needed. Trial and Protocol Registration: The study protocol was registered with the PROSPERO database (registration number: CRD42022366289). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Some strategies for enhancing career advancement prospects: A reactant paper.
- Author
-
Walter, Gerard G.
- Subjects
- *
EMPLOYMENT of deaf people , *HEARING impaired , *EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
Reflects on the restricted access of the deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals to the occupational spectrum. Strategies in enhancing the mobility of deaf individuals in the workplace; Improvement of the quality of education and rehabilitation services provided to deaf individuals.
- Published
- 1993
7. Dynamic resource‐acquisition strategies: Analysis of survivor betweenness centrality relationships after downsizing.
- Author
-
Moore, Ozias A., Susskind, Alex M., and Margolin, Drew
- Subjects
- *
EMPLOYEE psychology , *WORK environment , *EMPLOYEE attitudes , *SOCIAL networks , *SOCIAL capital , *DOWNSIZING of organizations , *PSYCHOLOGY , *T-test (Statistics) , *COMMUNICATION , *INTERPERSONAL relations , *INDUSTRIAL psychology , *THEORY , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *EMPLOYMENT , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
This paper investigates dynamic changes in instrumental (i.e., work‐related) tie‐seeking patterns and the structure of a communication network following a downsizing event—whereby many employees are simultaneously eliminated from a network. Our analysis spans a two‐year period and applies a resource‐ and network‐change approach to examine how survivors develop revised resource‐acquisition strategies while repositioning themselves after a downsizing. Our results demonstrate that two temporary logics of tie formation—a suspension of within‐unit homophily and a preference for seeking ties with long‐tenured employees—help employees acquire betweenness centrality during the disruption period. Specifically, we find that disruption initiates a transitional period after downsizing in which new tie‐making logics are employed, including seeking out ties with long‐tenured employees and employees outside of one's department. We observed post‐disruption, during the stabilization period after downsizing, where logics used for tie‐making in the disruption period were abandoned, pre‐disruption tie‐making logics were resumed, and betweenness centrality remained relatively constant. We discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of these results and suggest future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Vocational rehabilitation service delivery: Technical assistance needs of vocational rehabilitation professionals.
- Author
-
Tansey, Timothy N., Bishop, Malachy, Iwanaga, Kanako, Zhou, Kaiqi, and Chan, Fong
- Subjects
- *
MEDICAL quality control , *RESEARCH funding , *MEDICAL care , *REHABILITATION counselors , *REHABILITATION , *TELEREHABILITATION , *ALLIED health personnel , *VOCATIONAL rehabilitation , *NEEDS assessment - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Americans with disabilities have historically faced substantial barriers to employment participation. The state-federal vocational rehabilitation (VR) program has played an important role in increasing the employment opportunities of Americans with disabilities through the provision of services and supports designed to lead to high-quality employment, independence, self-sufficiency, and full integration into the community. OBJECTIVE: The Vocational Rehabilitation Technical Assistance Center for Quality Employment (VRTAC–QE) was designed to bring together the broad range of existing quality employment strategies and supporting practices, identify and implement new ones, and incorporate them into an integrated training and technical assistance plan, consistent with the circumstances and priorities of each State VR agency that requests technical assistance. METHOD: In the present paper, we present the results of a needs assessment survey conducted among State VR rehabilitation counselors and professionals in cooperating rehabilitation agencies and services. RESULTS: The purpose of the present study was to determine technical assistance and training needs of State VR counselors in four practice domains: (a) outreach services, (b) pre-employment transition services, (c) vocational rehabilitation services, and (d) employment services. CONCLUSION: Implications and future directions are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Is It Human Service Cartels or the Power Elite That Promote Societal Control and Repression? A Reaction to David Stoesz's Human Services Cartels Article.
- Author
-
Cabin, William
- Subjects
- *
PROFESSIONAL practice , *ECONOMIC status , *GOVERNMENT policy , *CHILD welfare , *INTERPROFESSIONAL relations , *EMPLOYMENT , *SOCIAL classes , *POLICY sciences , *SOCIAL services , *PROFESSIONALISM , *MENTAL health services , *SOCIAL case work , *SOCIAL responsibility - Abstract
This article is a reaction paper to the article in this journal issue entitled Human Service Cartels: The Soft Repression of the Mediocracy by David Stoesz. As such, it addresses two significant questions about the Stoesz article. One question is as follows: Are we really talking about a cartel? The other question is as follows: Isn't it the power elite that promotes societal control and repression? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Beyond the annual averages: Impact of seasonal temperature on employment growth in US counties.
- Author
-
Nguyen, Ha Minh
- Subjects
- *
EMPLOYMENT , *ATMOSPHERIC temperature , *PRIVATE sector , *CLIMATE change - Abstract
Using quarterly temperature and employment data between 1990 and 2021, this paper uncovers nuanced evidence on the impact of seasonal temperature within US counties: higher winter temperature increases private sector employment growth while higher summer temperature decreases it. The impacts of higher temperature in milder seasons, fall and spring, are statistically insignificant. Moreover, the negative impact of higher summer temperature persists while the positive impact of higher temperature in the winter is more short-lived. The negative effects of a hotter summer are pervasive and persistent in many sectors: most significantly in "Construction" and "Leisure and Hospitality" but also in "Trade, Transport, and Utilities" and "Financial Activities". In contrast, the positive effects of a warmer winter are less pervasive. The employment effect of a hotter summer has been more severe in recent decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Gendered exposures: exploring the role of paid and unpaid work throughout life in U.S. women's cardiovascular health.
- Author
-
Ahonen, Emily Q., Fujishiro, K., Brown, S., Wang, Y., Palumbo, A.J., and Michael, Y.L.
- Subjects
- *
CARDIOVASCULAR diseases risk factors , *DISMISSAL of employees , *STATISTICS , *AGE distribution , *SELF-evaluation , *INTERVIEWING , *EXPERIENCE , *SEX distribution , *RISK assessment , *LABOR supply , *EMPLOYMENT , *RESEARCH funding , *POSTMENOPAUSE , *PARITY (Obstetrics) , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *INDUSTRIAL hygiene , *EMPLOYMENT reentry , *DATA analysis software , *DATA analysis , *WOMEN employees , *PROPORTIONAL hazards models , *LONGITUDINAL method , *EDUCATIONAL attainment - Abstract
The paper explores how paid and unpaid labor history over the life course influence women's cardiovascular disease. U.S. women comprise about 50% of the paid workforce and perform the majority of unpaid labor. However, the influence of women's work on their health is under-researched. Our sample was drawn from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, a cohort of post-menopausal women in the U.S. aged 50–79 at recruitment. Women were categorized into five groups according to paid labor history: worked in paid jobs consistently throughout adult life; left the workforce early; entered the workforce later; discontinuous work history; never worked outside the home. Live birth history (none, at least one, missing) served as a proxy for unpaid labor in prime age. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the hazard ratio of CVD associated with different paid work histories. We then assessed the effect of unpaid labor on the relation between paid labor and CVD. Paid labor participation was not associated with CVD risk among women without unpaid labor after adjusting for age, education, and birth cohort. Among those with unpaid demands, leaving the workforce early or having discontinuous work history was protective. In this U.S. sample, the association between paid work participation history and CVD risk depends on the presence of unpaid labor. Our results demonstrate the necessity of including work – paid and unpaid – in consideration of women's health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Applying the CDC Science Impact Framework to the results of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the Bureau of Labor Statistics 2001 survey of respirator use and practices.
- Author
-
Yoon, Nami, Ari, Mary, Yorio, Patrick, Iskander, John, and D'Alessandro, Maryann
- Subjects
- *
PUBLIC health surveillance , *WORK environment , *LABOR unions , *INDUSTRIAL safety , *RESEARCH methodology , *INTERVIEWING , *CONCEPTUAL structures , *RESPIRATORY protective devices , *SURVEYS , *QUALITATIVE research , *EMPLOYMENT , *GOVERNMENT agencies , *CONTENT analysis , *ELECTRONIC publications , *DIFFUSION of innovations - Abstract
During 2001–2002, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), at the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, collaborated with the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) at the United States Department of Labor to conduct a voluntary survey of U.S. employers regarding the use of respiratory protective devices. In 2003, the survey results were jointly published by NIOSH and BLS. This study highlights and evaluates the scientific impact of the 2001–2002 survey by using the Science Impact Framework which provides a historical tracking method with five domains of influence. The authors conducted interviews with original project management as well as a thorough document review and qualitative content analysis of published papers, books, presentations, and other relevant print media. A semi-structured and cross-vetted coding was applied across the five domains: Disseminating Science, Creating Awareness, Catalyzing Action, Effecting Change, and Shaping the Future. The 2001–2002 survey findings greatly enhanced understanding and awareness of respirator use in occupational settings within the United States. It also led to similar surveys in other countries, regulatory initiatives by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and Mine Safety and Health Administration, and ultimately to a renewed partnership between NIOSH and BLS to collect contemporary estimates of respirator use in the workplace within the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. "A center for trans women where they help you": Resource needs of the immigrant Latinx transgender community.
- Author
-
Gonzalez, Kirsten A., Abreu, Roberto L., Rosario, Cristalís Capielo, Koech, Jasmine M., Lockett, Gabriel M., and Lindley, Louis
- Subjects
- *
IMMIGRANTS , *COMMUNITY life , *HEALTH services accessibility , *HISPANIC Americans , *TRANS women , *RESEARCH methodology , *INTERVIEWING , *COMMUNITY support , *QUALITATIVE research , *INTERSECTIONALITY , *EMPLOYMENT , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *THEMATIC analysis , *HOMELESSNESS , *ENDOWMENTS , *NEEDS assessment , *MEDICAL needs assessment - Abstract
Background: Immigrant Latinx transgender people often migrate to the United States because of a desire for increased safety and more opportunities. However, after migrating to the United States, immigrant Latinx transgender people often struggle to access basic needs, including health care, jobs, and stable finances. These struggles are exacerbated for undocumented immigrant Latinx transgender people. There is a gap in the literature regarding needed resources for immigrant Latinx transgender community members living in the United States. Aims: Utilizing a critical intersectionality framework, the aim of the present study was to investigate the resource needs of immigrant Latinx transgender community members living in the United States. Methods: A community sample of 18 immigrant Latinx transgender people living in a large metropolitan city in Florida participated in individual semi-structured interviews to explore their community resource needs. Results: Thematic analysis revealed five themes related to resources that participants needed including: 1) Transgender healthcare/resources, 2) Public education, 3) Financial aid resources, 4) Homelessness resources, and 5) Addictions care. Two resource need-related themes were identified that pertain specifically to undocumented immigrant Latinx transgender people, including: 1) Documentation papers for access, and 2) Legal aid. Conclusions: Findings suggest that immigrant Latinx transgender community members in this study provided guidance about broad resources needed to enhance their wellness and safety, and promote liberation of community members. Participants' resource needs suggest the importance of policy and structural level changes from institutions with power that consider and enhance the wellness of immigrant Latinx transgender people. Findings also suggest the need for more tailored interventions and case work to better support immigrant Latinx transgender people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. The changing U.S. Latinx immigrant population: demographic trends with implications for employment, schooling, and population Integration.
- Author
-
Durán, Richard
- Subjects
- *
HISPANIC Americans , *IMMIGRANTS , *EMPLOYMENT , *EDUCATIONAL attainment , *OCCUPATIONAL mobility - Abstract
This paper provides descriptive information regarding the composition of the Latinx population of the United States. I note differences in educational attainment and occupational mobility confirming findings by other authors–Latinix individuals continue to experience a stalled mode of incorporation in America. The paper also discusses policy implications, giving special attention to the changing character of the American economy. For Latinix people to advance socially and financially, they will need greater access to specialized technical skills. Without deliberate action on the part of government, the prospects seem dismal. Limited progress in educational institutions and the labour market threatens the future of children and grandchildren of Latinx immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Evaluation of the local employment impacts of enterprise zones: A critique.
- Author
-
Chaudhary, Nidhi and Potter, Jonathan
- Subjects
- *
EMPLOYMENT , *ENTERPRISE zones , *JOB creation , *UNEMPLOYMENT , *TAX incentives , *EMPLOYEE benefits - Abstract
Enterprise zone policy is a potential tool for the regeneration of distressed areas, based primarily on tax incentives to businesses locating in the target areas. The tool has been tested in several countries over more than 35 years but there is no consensus on whether or not it is effective and efficient in creating jobs and reducing unemployment in targeted localities. This paper reviews seminal enterprise zone evaluations in the UK, USA and France. More than one-half of the studies reported local employment benefits but the others reported none and information is limited on what affects policy success. The paper argues that typically narrow-focus research designs and a-theoretical evaluation have contributed to the lack of consensus and policy insight, potentially exacerbated by non-exact data. It proposes richer evaluations with explicit theoretical frameworks, such as the one presented in the paper, more comparative work and the use of more accurate data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. The network of US airports and its effects on employment.
- Author
-
Sheard, Nicholas
- Subjects
- *
EMPLOYMENT statistics , *LABOR supply , *AIRPORT expansion , *EMPLOYMENT , *AIRPORTS - Abstract
This paper estimates the effects of airport infrastructure on employment and the distribution of the labor force in US metropolitan areas. The analysis is based on models for the air network and for its effects on employment, which are estimated using US data. Air traffic is found to have a positive effect on the population of the local area, with an elasticity of 0.010, so airport improvements induce a reallocation of workers between regions. Air traffic is also found to have a positive effect on employment in the local area with an elasticity of 0.036 and a weakly positive effect on the employment rate in other places within 400 miles. Simulations suggest that for each job created in the local area by an airport expansion, two and a half jobs are created elsewhere in the United States due to the changes in the air network and the distribution of employment. Expanding the average airport adds one job in the United States for roughly each $78,000 invested. The results further suggest that the US air network is less centralized than would be optimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. The Impact of Parental and Medical Leave Policies on Socioeconomic and Health Outcomes in OECD Countries: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature.
- Author
-
NANDI, A. R. I. J. I. T., JAHAGIRDAR, D. E. E. P. A., DIMITRIS, M. I. C. H. E. L. L. E. C., LABRECQUE, J. E. R. E. M. Y. A., STRUMPF, E. R. I. N. C., KAUFMAN, J. A. Y. S., VINCENT, I. L. O. N. A., ATABAY, E. F. E., HARPER, S. A. M., EARLE, A. L. I. S. O. N., and HEYMANN, S. J. O. D. Y.
- Subjects
- *
CINAHL database , *ECONOMICS , *PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems , *LEAVE of absence , *EVALUATION of medical care , *MEDLINE , *PARENTAL leave , *RESEARCH funding , *SYSTEMATIC reviews , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Policy Points: Historically, reforms that have increased the duration of job‐protected paid parental leave have improved women's economic outcomes. By targeting the period around childbirth, access to paid parental leave also appears to reduce rates of infant mortality, with breastfeeding representing one potential mechanism. The provision of more generous paid leave entitlements in countries that offer unpaid or short durations of paid leave could help families strike a balance between the competing demands of earning income and attending to personal and family well‐being. Context: Policies legislating paid leave from work for new parents, and to attend to individual and family illness, are common across Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) countries. However, there exists no comprehensive review of their potential impacts on economic, social, and health outcomes. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the peer‐reviewed literature on paid leave and socioeconomic and health outcomes. We reviewed 5,538 abstracts and selected 85 published papers on the impact of parental leave policies, 22 papers on the impact of medical leave policies, and 2 papers that evaluated both types of policies. We synthesized the main findings through a narrative description; a meta‐analysis was precluded by heterogeneity in policy attributes, policy changes, outcomes, and study designs. Findings: We were able to draw several conclusions about the impact of parental leave policies. First, extensions in the duration of paid parental leave to between 6 and 12 months were accompanied by attendant increases in leave‐taking and longer durations of leave. Second, there was little evidence that extending the duration of paid leave had negative employment or economic consequences. Third, unpaid leave does not appear to confer the same benefits as paid leave. Fourth, from a population health perspective, increases in paid parental leave were consistently associated with better infant and child health, particularly in terms of lower mortality rates. Fifth, paid paternal leave policies of adequate length and generosity have induced fathers to take additional time off from work following the birth of a child. How medical leave policies for personal or family illness influence health has not been widely studied. Conclusions: There is substantial quasi‐experimental evidence to support expansions in the duration of job‐protected paid parental leave as an instrument for supporting women's labor force participation, safeguarding women's incomes and earnings, and improving child survival. This has implications, in particular, for countries that offer shorter durations of job‐protected paid leave or lack a national paid leave entitlement altogether. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. The Impact of 9/11 on the Self-Employment Outcomes of Arab and Muslim Immigrants.
- Author
-
Wang, Chunbei
- Subjects
- *
MUSLIM Americans , *SEPTEMBER 11 Terrorist Attacks, 2001 , *SELF-employment , *FOREIGN workers , *ARABS , *EMPLOYMENT ,UNITED States emigration & immigration - Abstract
This paper examines the effects of 9/11 on the self-employment outcomes of Arab and Muslim immigrants. Using CPS Data 2000–2005 and a difference-in-differences approach, I analyze the changes in their self-employment entry/exit decisions and earnings after 9/11 using native whites as the main comparison group. I find that the Arab and Muslim immigrants are less likely to enter self-employment after 9/11, especially into industries that require higher levels of capital investment. However, there is no evidence that 9/11 has negative impacts on their exit decisions or earnings. The paper further documents a shift of Arab and Muslim immigrants’ businesses toward industries such as construction, finance/real estate/insurance services, and professional services after 9/11, areas in which they have performed well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Does Albinism Fit Within the Legal Definition of Disability in the Employment Context? A Comparative Analysis of the Judicial Interpretation of Disability under the SA and the US Non-Discrimination Laws.
- Author
-
Mswela, M.
- Subjects
- *
ALBINOS & albinism , *EMPLOYMENT , *ANTI-discrimination laws - Abstract
South Africans with albinism are among the most marginalised and vulnerable citizens yet very little attention is paid to protecting them from human rights violations. There have been several calls by people with albinism in South Africa to be classified as disabled. The question of whether albinism is classified as a disability or not is a controversial legal one, which does not always have a straightforward answer. A literature search indicates that in South Africa no comprehensive and analytical study has been carried out on the subject of albinism and disability, whereas this has already been addressed in court cases in the United States of America. This paper anticipates addressing this gap within a legal perspective. The objective of such an analysis is to understand the construction of disability under the Employment Equity Act in order to shed light on whether people with albinism qualify for the protection, which is afforded to people with disabilities in the work place. Foreign case law and international human rights law could shed new light on this longstanding grey area or stimulate the development of novel legal analytical strategies. This paper reviews the nature of disability claims in the workplace on grounds of albinism in the United States context, including factors contributing to disability claims; assessing the degree of impairment and the guidelines in assessing albinism related disability. Prior to this discussion, the paper explores the current working definition of disability in South Africa, which stems from the IMATU case, which relied significantly on a foreign precedent; the Sutton v United Airlines case as there was no indigenous precedent in South Africa to fall back on. It will be argued that the Sutton v United Airlines decision, referred to in the IMATU case is based on an insufficiently inclusive definition of disability. Specific cases that relied on the Sutton v United Airlines decision as a persuasive authority in determining whether albinism is a disability or not, will also be examined. While the United States of America has struck down the decision in the Sutton v United Airlines and amended its legislation to include a broader and less restrictive definition of disability, which includes present as well as past conditions and a subjective component of perceived disability, the South African definition of disability still remains narrow and less inclusive. The United States of America's amended legislation does not contain an exhaustive definition of disability; rather, an equality-based framework was chosen which considers changing biomedical, social and technological developments. This new definition highlights the fact that the emphasis must be on whether discrimination occurred rather than adherence to a strict definition of disability. Such a framework of disability includes a socio-political aspect, which places emphasis on human dignity, respect and the right to equality. Against this background, the comparative analysis raises specific issues that deserve attention, in particular that the unique disadvantages and negative stereotyping suffered by people with albinism should be recognised as unlawful conduct against people with disabilities as defined by legislation. Put differently, the discussion calls for a broader approach to viewing disability, which includes both a social and a human rights perspective. In taking the position that albinism related discrimination is socially constructed, the article also explores the mandate of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in as far as it relates to the social construction of disability. The paper argues that the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities affords a direction for an analysis of the discrimination faced by persons with albinism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. The End of the Nuclear Era: Nuclear Decommissioning and Its Economic Impacts on U.S. Counties.
- Author
-
Haller, Melissa, Haines, Michael, and Yamamoto, Daisaku
- Subjects
- *
NUCLEAR reactor decommissioning , *NUCLEAR industry , *ELECTRIC power production , *EMPLOYMENT , *ECONOMIC development , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Between 1957 and 1990, nearly 100 nuclear reactors were constructed throughout the U.S., and nuclear power currently accounts for 20 percent of electricity production nationwide. Nuclear plants are often constructed in small communities for which they constitute a large source of employment and income. To date, 24 nuclear reactors have undergone decommissioning, and more are expected in the future, particularly as nuclear reactors age and face increasingly strict regulations. This paper examines the effects of nuclear decommissioning over time at the county-level on measures of employment, income, and population using difference-in-differences regression and propensity score matching. Panel data are obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, and cover the years 1975-2014. The analysis finds that nuclear decommissioning is associated with positive and statistically significant increases in employment and per capita income over time. Results suggest that nuclear decommissioning may actually be a positive force in regional economic development, and concludes with limitations of the approach and implications for future research. As an emerging area of research, this paper is meant to build on previous work, as well as to provide a basis for further discussion and debate on the economic future of nuclear host communities and regional economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Cohort Trends in Working Life Expectancies at Age 50 in the United States: A Register-Based Study Using Social Security Administration Data.
- Author
-
Dudel, Christian and Myrskylä, Mikko
- Subjects
- *
QUALITY of work life , *AGE distribution , *EMPLOYMENT , *ETHNIC groups , *NATIVE Americans , *LIFE expectancy , *LONGITUDINAL method , *SEX distribution - Abstract
Objectives Little is known about the length of working life, even though it is a key indicator for policy-makers. In this paper, we study how the length of working life at age 50 has developed in the United States from a cohort perspective. Methods We use a large longitudinal sample of U.S. Social Security register data that covers close to 1.7 million individuals of the cohorts born from 1920 to 1965. For all of these cohorts, we study the employment trajectories and working life expectancy (WLE) at age 50 by gender and nativity (native-born/foreign-born). For the cohorts with employment trajectories that are only incompletely observed, we borrow information from older cohorts to predict their WLE. Results The length of working life has been increasing for the native-born males and females, and the younger cohorts worked longer than the older cohorts. However, WLE might soon peak, and then stall. The gap in WLE between the native-born and the foreign-born has increased over time, although latter group might be able to catch up in the coming years. Discussion Our findings show that studying employment from a cohort perspective reveals crucial information about patterns of working life. The future development of the length of working life should be a major concern for policy-makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Are Nonprofits More Equitable than For-Profits? An Estimate of the Gender Pay Gap in the U.S. Human Services Field.
- Author
-
Zhao, Rong
- Subjects
- *
EMPLOYMENT discrimination , *EMPLOYMENT , *PROPRIETARY health facilities , *LABOR market , *LABOR supply , *MOTIVATION (Psychology) , *NONPROFIT organizations , *REGRESSION analysis , *SEX discrimination , *SURVEYS , *WAGES , *ECONOMIC status , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Using a nationally representative dataset, this paper examines the nonprofit/for-profit difference in the gender pay gap specifically within the human services field. This industry-specific analysis is necessary because nonprofit organizations are concentrated in these fields. Unlike the conventional finding (based on economy-wide analyses) that the gender pay gap is smaller in nonprofits, this study does not find a significant nonprofit/for-profit difference in the gender pay gap within the human services. In addition, it examines the nonprofit pay differential for both female and male human services workers relative to their for-profit counterparts and finds an overall wage premium for nonprofit men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Risks of opioid abuse among uninsured primary care patients utilizing a free clinic.
- Author
-
Kamimura, Akiko, Panahi, Samin, Rathi, Naveen, Weaver, Shannon, Pye, Mu, Sin, Kai, and Ashby, Jeanie
- Subjects
- *
SUBSTANCE abuse risk factors , *IMMIGRANTS , *SUBSTANCE abuse , *CLINICS , *EMPLOYMENT , *HEALTH facilities , *HISPANIC Americans , *HEALTH policy , *NARCOTICS , *PRIMARY health care , *RISK assessment , *SELF-evaluation , *SURVEYS , *WAITING rooms , *EDUCATIONAL attainment , *MEDICALLY unexplained symptoms - Abstract
The annual number of opioid prescriptions for pain relief has been increasing in the United States. This increase has raised concerns about prescription opioid abuse and overdose. The purpose of this study was to examine opioid risks (risk factors that increase the chance of opioid abuse) among uninsured primary care patients utilizing a free clinic. Data were collected using a self-administered paper survey in the waiting room of the free clinic from May to July 2017 (N = 506). Higher levels of somatic symptoms were associated with higher levels of opioid risks. U.S.-born English speakers had higher levels of opioid risk than non–U.S.-born English speakers and Spanish speakers. Being employed was associated with higher levels of opioid risk while attending college or being postcollegiate was related to lower levels of opioid risk. Research surrounding best practices, prescription trends, and population risk is vital in driving health and social policy. Further research would benefit from examining where people are obtaining opioids. In addition, further research on opioid abuse among Hispanic populations would be beneficial. Finally, future studies should examine how prescribing practices are different among free clinic health professionals in comparison to health care professionals working in-patient or at for-profit clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. The evolution of inter-regional spatial mismatch in the USA: The role of skills and spatial structure.
- Author
-
Theys, Tobias, Deschacht, Nick, Adriaenssens, Stef, and Verhaest, Dieter
- Subjects
- *
LABOR market , *CITIES & towns , *LABOR supply , *LABOR demand , *URBANIZATION , *ECONOMIES of agglomeration - Abstract
The literature on spatial mismatch often focuses on a mismatch within cities or local labour markets. This paper looks at the spatial mismatch between local labour markets. Using US data, we study the evolution of inter-regional mismatch between 1980 and 2010 and how this evolution varies across skill levels. Since we expect the spatial structure of supply and demand in the labour market to play a central role at this geographical level, we develop an extension of the spatial mismatch index, as the standard version does not take this spatial structure into account. Our results indicate that spatial mismatch has been increasing over the past decades, an increase that is largely attributable to spatial structure effects. The inter-regional spatial mismatch mainly affects low-skilled jobs and workers: our findings suggest that the degree of the spatial mismatch for low-skilled, relative to high-skilled workers, increased from a ratio of two in 1980 to almost four in 2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Heterogeneity in the local employment multipliers in the United States.
- Author
-
Osei, Michael J. and Sengupta, Shruti
- Subjects
- *
STANDARD metropolitan statistical areas , *EMPLOYMENT forecasting , *LABOR market , *EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
Recent studies have found evidence of a local employment multiplier's effect. For the most part, these studies provide an average estimate for all labor markets. In this paper, we examine how the average local employment multiplier, the effect of an exogenous increase in employment in the tradable sector on total employment, depends on the characteristics of the local labor market. Specifically, we estimate the average multipliers for coastal, noncoastal, large, and small metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) across different time periods using the data of 333 US MSAs. Overall, we find a reduced form of local employment multiplier ranging from 1.38 to 2.24, which is within the range of typically estimated local employment multipliers. In addition, the characteristics of the local labor market matter. The local multipliers appear larger in noncoastal and large MSAs. For small and coastal metros, the multiplier is closer to 1.5 than to 2.0 while in the case of large and noncoastal metros, it is closer to 2.0 than to 1.5. The local multipliers are also sensitive to the time period considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. The role of informed choice in advancing competitive integrated employment.
- Author
-
Moore, Ruby and Friedman, Mark
- Subjects
- *
EMPLOYMENT of people with disabilities -- Law & legislation , *CIVIL rights , *DECISION making , *DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION , *INSTITUTIONAL care , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *GOVERNMENT policy , *GOVERNMENT regulation - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Recent laws, regulations, court cases and policies have included the requirement that people with disabilities be provided the opportunity to exercise informed choice in decision-making to promote inclusion and integration into society. These contemporary developments build on principles established in the early deinstitutionalization litigation, including rights to habilitation and to community settings as a remedy for unnecessary institutionalization. OBJECTIVE: This policy paper examines these regulatory, legal and policy changes to better understand the legal mandate for informed choice and its application to promote competitive integrated employment. METHODS: This policy paper analyzes the foundation of informed choice as presented in the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA), the Home and Community Based Services (HCBS) Settings Final Rule, two landmark Department of Justice (DOJ) court cases (Oregon and Rhode Island) regarding shelteredworkshops, the Olmstead decision by the Supreme Court and recent interpretations of the Americans with Disabilities Act. The paper includes interpretations of informed choice from key civil rights lawyers in key court cases, reviews of case law, statutes, regulations, policy initiatives, executive orders, state Employment First initiatives and landmark settlement agreements. RESULTS: It is the authors' finding that, in combination, these laws, regulations and policies form a mandate for informed choice and create an affirmative obligation on the part of government entities to provide opportunities for people with disabilities to experience competitive integrated employment outside of sheltered workshops and other segregated settings as integral to making informed choices. CONCLUSIONS: The article posits that informed choice and the resulting affirmative obligation it embodies has not been sufficiently implemented by governmental and other private entities, and additional affirmative steps are needed to fully secure the legally mandated right to informed choice regarding employment services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Waiting for the R train: Public transportation and employment.
- Author
-
Tyndall, Justin
- Subjects
- *
EMPLOYMENT , *PUBLIC transit , *EMPLOYMENT policy (Economic theory) , *LABOR laws , *LABOR market , *HURRICANE Sandy, 2012 - Abstract
Expanding employment opportunities for citizens has become an increasingly central goal of public policy in the United States. Prior work has considered that the inability of households to spatially access jobs may be a driver of unemployment. The provision of public transportation provides a viable policy lever to increase the number of job opportunities available to households. Previous research has yielded mixed results regarding whether household location is an important factor in determining employment status. Several papers have identified mobility as a limiting factor for obtaining a job, particularly in regards to private vehicle ownership. The location of economically developed neighbourhoods and the citing of public transportation are conceivably codetermined, presenting an endogenous relationship. It is therefore unclear if public transportation access is actually contributing to neighbourhood job market outcomes. This paper will use the incidence of Hurricane Sandy striking New York City on 29 October 2012 and the resulting exogenous reduction in public transit access to particular neighbourhoods as a natural experiment to test for the effect of public transportation on employment outcomes. This study identifies a significant causal effect linking public transportation access to neighbourhood unemployment rates, particularly amongst subgroups dependent on public transit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Leaving Poor Women Behind, Welfare Reform: Politics, Power, and Elections.
- Author
-
Harkness, S. Suzan J.
- Subjects
- *
PUBLIC welfare , *SERVICES for the poor , *EMPLOYMENT , *POVERTY - Abstract
The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) enacted in 1996 and commonly referred to as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) was a high priority item on the 107th Congressional calendar for reauthorization. While the law received hearings in both chambers, and House and Senate members introduced several pieces of legislation, it was not reauthorized and expired on September 30th 2002. Since expiring, several Continuing Resolutions (CR’s) have ensured its funding, but the legislation still has not been reauthorized. Several problems result from Congresses failure to reauthorize TANF. Beyond the policy limitations and damage to the program and its recipients, political struggles and partisan politics divide the issue resulting in inaction and an elevation of controversy. This paper examined key pieces of legislation in both the House and the Senate that were proposed and marked-up, it also examined committee and floor statements, voting records, press releases, public interviews and statements, and published political agendas proposed by Congress. Politics, while very much a part of legislating appear to be the primary factor in explaining why TANF was not reauthorized. In this paper, an argument will be made demonstrating how Senator Daschle constrained votes in the Senate in light of midterm elections as an attempt to maintain party power. The author will argue that politics took priority over poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Adjusted Employment-to-Population Ratio as an Indicator of Labor Market Strength.
- Author
-
Hotchkiss, Julie L.
- Subjects
- *
EMPLOYMENT , *POPULATION , *LABOR supply , *LABOR market , *UNEMPLOYMENT - Abstract
As a measure of labor market strength, the raw employment-to-population ratio (EPOP) confounds employment outcomes with labor supply behavior. Movement in the EPOP depends on the relative movements of the employment rate (one minus the unemployment rate) and the labor force participation rate. This paper proposes an adjustment to the calculation of the EPOP using individual microdata to account for both individual characteristics and the probability of labor force participation, which can used to assess the strength of the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
30. A pilot study of PEERS® for Careers: A comprehensive employment-focused social skills intervention for autistic young adults in the United States.
- Author
-
Moody, Christine T., Factor, Reina S., Gulsrud, Amanda C., Grantz, Caroline J., Tsai, Katherine, Jolliffe, Morgan, Rosen, Nicole E., McCracken, James T., and Laugeson, Elizabeth A.
- Subjects
- *
AFFINITY groups , *PILOT projects , *AUTISM , *EMPLOYMENT , *SOCIAL skills - Abstract
Background: Autistic young adults are at elevated risk for poor employment/internship outcomes, despite having many strengths relevant to the workplace. Currently, very few employment interventions for this population comprehensively promote skills development and success across the various stages of employment.Aims: To address this gap, the current study aimed to test the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of a novel college to career intervention program, PEERS® for Careers.Methods and Procedures: Twelve autistic young adults (19-30 years old) were enrolled and matched to a career coach. The pilot program consisted of 90-minute sessions delivered twice per week, for 10 weeks, covering content relevant to obtaining, maintaining, and thriving in employment/internship settings.Outcomes and Results: Results indicated that young adults showed a significant improvement in employment-related social skills knowledge, p < .001. Participants also reported significant improvements in their feelings of preparedness for employment over the course of the study, p = .009, with all young adults self-identifying as "somewhat prepared" or "very prepared" post-intervention. Additionally, in only a brief 10-week intervention, a slight increase in participants who secured or maintained internship/employment-related activities was observed. Overall, lesson content and coaching were perceived as helpful. No significant changes were observed in self-reported autism symptomatology.Conclusions and Implications: In sum, the PEERS® for Careers program shows promise as a college to career intervention program for autistic young adults.What This Paper Adds: There is a dearth of evidence-based interventions for autistic young adults, despite significant need for supports to bolster vocational and relational success. This paper is the first to evaluate the PEERS® for Careers intervention in a pilot study by exploring feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of this novel college to career intervention program, which teaches ecologically valid employment-related skills using a strengths-based approach. Results suggest PEERS® for Careers shows significant potential as a comprehensive intervention to address the multi-faceted needs of autistic individuals in the workplace through didactic lessons, behavioral rehearsals to practice skills, and out of group assignments. Autistic young adult participants reported a high level of satisfaction with the program and lessons surrounding employment-related social skills. They also endorsed increased feelings of internship/employment readiness and increased knowledge of workplace etiquette, with most participants maintaining or securing employment. This study supports PEERS® for Careers as a feasible intervention that likely benefits autistic individuals' vocational outcomes, which emerge as a strong correlate of well-being in adulthood. This work is essential to furthering the development and provision of effective services to meet needs of the autism community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. BIG‐BOX RETAILERS, RETAIL EMPLOYMENT, AND WAGES IN THE US.
- Author
-
Peralta, Denis and Kim, Man‐Keun
- Subjects
- *
BIG box stores , *WAGES , *EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
This paper examines the dynamic interrelationship between the presence of big‐box retailers and retail employment and wages in the United States at county level for 1986–2005 using panel vector autoregressions (Panel VAR). The Panel VAR approach addresses endogenous interactions among the variables in the system. In other words, this approach takes into account the fact that the presence of big‐box retailers can have an impact on retail employment and wages and at the same time, retail employment and wages can influence the presence of big‐box retailers. Results indicate that the presence of big‐box retailers has a positive effect on employment but a negative effect on wages. The effect on wages is relatively greater and is more prolonged than the effect on employment. Both employment and wages have an instant (first year) positive effect on the presence of big‐box retailers, which implies that big‐box stores are located in areas where the economy is growing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. The Effects of Undocumented Immigration on the Employment Outcomes of Low-Skill Natives in the United States.
- Author
-
Schultz, Russell, Shields, Martin, and Weiler, Stephan
- Subjects
- *
LABOR supply , *EMIGRATION & immigration , *UNDOCUMENTED immigrants , *EMPLOYMENT statistics , *EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
Although international immigrations' impacts on domestic workers are well studied in the United States, data paucity means most researchers have yet to isolate the specific effects of undocumented immigration. Despite limited empirical evidence, many policymakers presuppose undocumented immigrants adversely impact native workers to justify stringent immigration laws. In this paper, we examine the validity of this supposition, offering two contributions. First, we create annual, state-level estimates of the U.S. undocumented population for the period 1994 to 2010 by emulating a methodology adopted by notable demographers. Second, we incorporate these estimates into a fixed-effect, dynamic model to isolate how undocumented immigrants impact low-skill native labor force participation rates and unemployment rates. Overall, we find the total number of international immigrants has a relatively small impact on both. Omitting undocumented immigrants indicates that documented immigrants alone have no significant impact on natives. However, the effects of undocumented immigrants are themselves statistically indistinguishable from the impact of all immigrants. This suggests that neither immigrant group separately has substantive impacts on low-skill natives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
33. From Chinatown to Every Town: New Patterns of Employment for Low-Skilled Chinese Immigrants in the United States.
- Author
-
Liang, Zai, Li, Jiejin, Deane, Glenn, Li, Zhen, and Zhou, Bo
- Subjects
- *
SEMISKILLED labor , *UNSKILLED labor , *CHINESE people , *EMPLOYMENT , *FOREIGN workers , *UNEMPLOYMENT , *EMPLOYMENT statistics , *CHINATOWNS - Abstract
Building on the growing literature on new immigrant destinations, this paper examines new employment patterns of low-skilled Chinese immigrants in the United States. We identify an important channel of employment in new destinations for the case of Chinese low-skilled immigrants: employment agencies in New York City's Chinatown. We carried out two surveys of employment agencies during 2010–2011. Our findings suggest that there has been a profound change in settlement patterns of low-skilled immigrants: moving away from traditional Chinatowns in major American cities toward non-gateway destinations and rural areas. These new settlement locations are characterized by a low unemployment rate and low crime rate. Contrary to predictions from ethnic economy and mainstream economic perspectives, Chinese restaurant jobs tend not to be in places with a high concentration of Chinese immigrants, but rather in places with a high proportion of non-Hispanic whites. In addition, the farther the jobs are from New York City, the higher the salary. We discuss the implications of this fundamental change for re-conceptualizing the immigrant labor market and immigrant socioeconomic mobility in American society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Coal Waste, Socioeconomic Change, and Environmental Inequality in Appalachia: Implications for a Just Transition in Coal Country.
- Author
-
Greenberg, Pierce
- Subjects
- *
ENVIRONMENTAL degradation , *ANTHROPOGENIC effects on nature , *COAL mine waste , *EMPLOYMENT , *SOCIOECONOMICS - Abstract
Resource-dependent communities are subject to both unstable economic patterns and environmental degradation associated with extractive industries. However, few studies have empirically analyzed these dynamics in tandem and over time. This paper explores whether Appalachian neighborhoods closer to coal waste impoundments experienced steeper poverty changes from 1990 to 2000. Impoundment failures have resulted in some of the largest environmental disasters in U.S. history and scientists have expressed concerns over their growing heights and risks. Spatial regression models show that neighborhoods closer to impoundments have higher poverty increases on average, even after controlling for mining employment and other variables. These findings highlight the need for a deeper consideration of the environmental inequalities associated with the continued downturn of coal production and employment in the United States. Further, discussions about just transitions must recognize the legacy hazards and externalities associated with extractive industries - and their impacts on communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. ASSESSING THE GIG ECONOMY IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE: HOW PLATFORM WORK CHALLENGES THE FRENCH AND AMERICAN LEGAL ORDERS.
- Author
-
Pilaar, Jeremy
- Subjects
- *
GIG economy , *EMPLOYMENT , *JUSTICE administration , *MINIMUM wage , *UNEMPLOYMENT insurance - Abstract
Both the gig economy's critics and supporters tend to assume that it represents an assault on current employment structures. Comparative theory, however, emphasizes that legal regimes are durable in the face of new challenges. Fortunately, the gig economy's prevalence throughout the world gives scholars the chance to evaluate this tension. This paper analyzes whether platform work undermines existing legal systems by testing two comparative theories in the United States and France. The first predicts that French law should mobilize against platform firms to protect producers' livelihoods and that American law should embrace these services for lowering consumer prices. The second forecasts that French welfare institutions should more aggressively safeguard gig workers' wellbeing than their American counterparts. Surprisingly, the results show that neither hypothesis holds. Though France initially fought companies like Uber to preserve taxi drivers' advantages, it began adopting a more consumer-friendly stance toward the sector after its 2017 elections. The United States, meanwhile, has become a site of mounting resistance to the way platform firms treat their workers. Furthermore, while U.S. social programs have done little to shield platform workers from market forces, those in France have evinced similar features; both countries have denied these laborers basic assurances such as a minimum wage, unemployment insurance, and workers' compensation. These findings suggest that the gig economy embodies a significant challenge to long-standing legal regimes-one that could even cause dissimilar nations to converge in the coming years. Lawmakers will need to devote more attention to the plight of workers caught in what appears to be a fundamental legal reordering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
36. The welfare/self-sufficiency gap among single mothers through theoretical lenses.
- Author
-
Joseph, Rigaud
- Subjects
- *
EMPLOYMENT , *ENDOWMENTS , *FAMILIES , *HEALTH care reform , *POLICY sciences , *POVERTY , *PUBLIC welfare , *RACE , *SELF-efficacy , *SINGLE parents , *SOCIAL control , *WORK , *PATIENT participation , *MOTHERS , *GOVERNMENT policy , *SOCIAL constructionism , *HUMAN services programs , *SOCIAL history - Abstract
Poverty has been a recurring issue in America since time immemorial and become the target of a panoply of corrective measures from the federal government. One of these measures is, of course, the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), the key welfare policy under the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. Since its inception, TANF has constantly been the subject of vehement controversies among politicians, lawmakers, community advocates, social researchers, and government officials. Indeed, there has been a growing concern about the effectiveness of the program in galvanizing economically disadvantaged families toward economic self-sufficiency. This paper presents a historical overview of the political context that led to the passage of the TANF policy, identifies barriers associated with TANF implementation, explains the concept of self-sufficiency, and critically analyzes the gap between welfare receipt and economic self-sufficiency through the lenses of four theoretical benchmarks: policy design and social construction, culture of poverty, racial classification, and social control. Implications for research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Black Jobs Matter: Racial Inequalities in Conditions of Employment and Subsequent Health Outcomes.
- Author
-
Doede, Megan Sarah
- Subjects
- *
EVALUATION of medical care , *RACISM , *SOCIAL determinants of health , *UNEMPLOYMENT , *SUBSTANCE abuse , *HEALTH services accessibility , *EDUCATION , *INDUSTRIAL safety , *PRISONERS , *CONCEPTUAL structures , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *PRIMARY health care , *EMPLOYMENT , *GOVERNMENT policy , *HEALTH behavior , *MENTAL depression , *HOUSING , *PUBLIC welfare , *POVERTY , *AFRICAN Americans , *ENVIRONMENTAL exposure , *TRANSPORTATION , *COMMUNITY health nursing - Abstract
African‐Americans shoulder an excessive burden of unemployment, precarious employment, and low paying jobs in the United States, which may help explain why they experience some of the worst health outcomes among U.S. citizens. This paper presents a conceptual framework describing this phenomenon. The social determinants of health as described by this framework include racism, social and public policy formation, socioeconomic status, and conditions of employment. The intermediate determinants of health, which include the ability to afford health behavior, depression and addiction, environmental exposures, and access to primary care, are informed by conditions of employment, which leads to poor health outcomes for African‐Americans. This paper will explore in detail these relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. A Comparison of University Career Services in China and the United States.
- Author
-
Chao Wei, Akos, Patrick, Xia Jiang, and Harbour, Sue
- Subjects
- *
VOCATIONAL guidance , *COLLEGE students , *UNIVERSITIES & colleges , *GRADUATES , *EMPLOYMENT , *EDUCATIONAL objectives - Abstract
University career services play an important role in helping students recognize their own characteristics and reach employment goals. The United States, and more recently China, have invested in career services to enable graduates to contribute and thrive. This paper utilizes the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Wuhan University of Technology as a case comparison sample to compare career services. This paper demonstrates substantial differences between the SCC and UCS, in terms of student enrollment, annual financing, staff number, annual number of career counseling sessions conducted in the career center, and area of dedicated space. Data suggested that similar career theories were utilized to guide career counseling; however, significant differences were observed in the resources and modalities employed. We speculate that these differences are primarily based on the history and culture of the two countries and we offer some implications for the future of university career services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Employability in people with epilepsy: A systematic review.
- Author
-
Wo, Monica Chen Mun, Lim, Kheng Seang, Choo, Wan Yuen, and Tan, Chong Tin
- Subjects
- *
PEOPLE with epilepsy , *EMPLOYMENT agencies , *SPASMS , *PSYCHOLOGICAL factors , *COMPARATIVE studies - Abstract
Objectives People with epilepsy were (PWE) reported to have poorer employment rate. However, the methodologies used differ greatly from one study to another, making global comparison difficult. We aimed to determine the employment rate of PWE globally using a unified definition of employment rate and to summarize the reported positive and negative factors affecting employability in PWE, using a systematic review. Methods All studies reporting employment rate of PWE were independently assessed. Employment rate was recalculated according to the standard definition by the Bureau of Labor statistics (BLS) of United States and the International Labour Organization i.e. employment rate is the percentage of employed person over the labor force. Results Of 95 papers reported on employment status of PWE, adjusted employment rate (aER) was shown to be as low as 14% to as high as 89% with a mean adjusted employment rate of 58%. No significant differences in mean of aER was found between continents, or among Asian countries. Employment rate of people with uncontrolled seizures were reported in 16 papers, with a mean adjusted employed rate of 58%. Psychological factors were less frequently reported as compared to clinical and socio-demographical factors, seen in a total of 25 (26%) out of 97 studies. The positive factors leading to successful career in PWE were understudied and needed to be further explored. Conclusion Employability is multifactorial, including clinical, psychological and social factors. The adjusted employment rate of people with uncontrolled seizures is comparable to those with controlled seizures, supporting the need to explore non-clinical factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Linking individual medicare health claims data with work-life claims and other administrative data.
- Author
-
Horner, Elizabeth Mokyr, Cullen, Mark R., and Mokyr Horner, Elizabeth
- Subjects
- *
SOCIAL epidemiology , *MEDICARE claims administration , *HEALTH insurance claims , *PRODUCTIVE life span , *BIOMETRY , *EMPLOYER-sponsored health insurance , *CHRONIC diseases , *EMPLOYMENT , *HEALTH , *MEDICARE , *WORK - Abstract
Background: Researchers investigating health outcomes for populations over age 65 can utilize Medicare claims data, but these data include no direct information about individuals' health prior to age 65 and are not typically linkable to files containing data on exposures and behaviors during their worklives. The current paper is a proof-of-concept, of merging employers' administrative data and private, employment-based health claims with Medicare data. Characteristics of the linked data, including sensitivity and specificity, are evaluated with an eye toward potential uses of such linked data. This paper uses a sample of former manufacturing workers from an industrial cohort as a test case. The dataset created by this integration could be useful to research in areas such as social epidemiology and occupational health.Methods: Medicare and employment administrative data were linked for a large cohort of manufacturing workers (employed at some point during 1996-2008) who transitioned onto Medicare between 2001-2009. Data on work-life health, including biometric indicators, were used to predict health at age 65 and to investigate the concordance of employment-based insurance claims with subsequent Medicare insurance claims.Results: Chronic diseases were found to have relatively high levels of concordance between employment-based private insurance and subsequent Medicare insurance. Information about patient health prior to receipt of Medicare, including biometric indicators, were found to predict health at age 65.Conclusions: Combining these data allows for evaluation of continuous health trajectories, as well as modeling later-life health as a function of work-life behaviors and exposures. It also provides a potential endpoint for occupational health research. This is the first harmonization of its kind, providing a proof-of-concept. The dataset created by this integration could be useful for research in areas such as social epidemiology and occupational health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Intra-year employment instability and economic well-being among urban households: Mitigating effects of the social safety net.
- Author
-
Cai, Julie Y., Wimer, Christopher, Berger, Lawrence, and Maury, Matthew
- Subjects
- *
UNEMPLOYMENT , *ECONOMIC impact , *JOB descriptions , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *INCOME , *EMPLOYMENT , *METROPOLITAN areas , *LABOR market , *POVERTY - Abstract
• Stably nonemployment is most strongly associated with low income and poverty but not material hardship. • Unstably employed households, particularly those that experience only job losses are more likely to have material hardship than consistently employed households. • The safety net as a whole appears to be more effective for nonworking households than for unstably working households. • In-kind transfers appear more important for unstably employed households, particularly those that are single-adult headed households facing job losses. • Cash transfers effectively buffer against the negative impact of stably nonemployment. Labor market structures and job characteristics have changed in the United States over the last few decades – often making work more unpredictable. Employment instability, or job churning, may have distinct consequences for households' economic well-being. Meanwhile, American social policies have shifted from cash-based benefits toward in-kind and work-conditioned programs. Yet, we know little about how social programs buffer the financial hardships imposed by economic shocks due to job churning. This paper harnesses novel data collected at 3-month intervals to study the associations between household members' employment trajectories and (1) household income packages, (2) poverty status, and (3) material hardships, paying particular attention to whether government benefit receipt buffers against the adverse financial consequences of unstable employment. We find that consistent unemployment is most strongly associated with low income and poverty but not material hardship. Unstably employed households, particularly those that are single-adult headed households and experienced only job losses are significantly more likely to experience material hardship than consistently employed households. Our results also suggest that cash transfers effectively buffer against the negative impact of persistent unemployment, while in-kind transfers appear more important for unstably employed households, particularly those that are single-adult headed households. Together, these results highlight the roles and extent of impacts of cash, in-kind benefits, and the tax system, which can inform future policy recommendations in an age of high levels of economic insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. How Contexts of Reception Matter: Comparing Peruvian Migrants' Economic Trajectories in Japan and the US.
- Author
-
Takenaka, Ayumi and Paerregaard, Karsten
- Subjects
- *
OCCUPATIONAL mobility , *PERUVIANS , *IMMIGRANTS , *OCCUPATIONAL achievement , *EMPLOYMENT , *ECONOMIC history ,PERUVIAN economy - Abstract
This paper examines how Peruvian migrants fare economically in two historically and culturally distinct host countries, Japan and the US, drawing upon a survey and interviews conducted in both countries. Peruvian migrants surveyed share similar socio-economic backgrounds and migrated to both countries for similar reasons roughly around the same time. Yet, over time, they achieved more occupational upward mobility in the US than in Japan. Japan has not done quite as well as the US in providing immigrants with occupational opportunities due to its less diversified immigrant labor market, limited entrepreneurship opportunities, and restricted modes of immigrant incorporation. Does it mean, however, that Peruvian migrants are less successful in Japan than the US? Although occupational mobility is a commonly used measure of social mobility, the definitions and meanings of 'success' are context-dependent. Peruvians in the US do experience more occupational mobility, but diverge more greatly in economic achievement amongst themselves. In Japan, on the other hand, while they experience little occupational mobility, they have had more economic equality with relatively stable and high wages. The paper examines Peruvian migrants' distinct economic trajectories over time, focusing on their occupational mobility. We conclude that occupational mobility matters, not necessarily because it accompanies higher income, but because it shapes migrants' aspirations. In the context where immigrants' destinations have become more diverse in the world, the paper provides insights into how immigrants 'make it' and what it means to 'make it' in recent destinations, such as Japan, in comparison to more traditional immigrant countries, such as the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. A Systems Safety Approach to Occupational Electrical Safety.
- Author
-
Floyd, H. Landis
- Subjects
- *
SYSTEM safety , *INDUSTRIAL safety , *SYSTEMS engineering , *WORK-related injuries , *FORTUNE 500 companies - Abstract
For the past decade, the discussion of occupational electrical safety in the U.S. has largely focused on compliance with NFPA70E,
Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace . Without taking away from the importance of the requirements in the standard, this paper describes a more comprehensive solution, based on proven concepts derived from systems safety engineering. This paper provides an overview of systems safety engineering and includes a 20 $+$ year case history of a global Fortune 500 company's effort to change the electrical safety culture in its operations to demonstrate results of applying systems safety techniques to electrical safety. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. The Mobility Bank: Increasing Residential Mobility to Boost Economic Mobility.
- Author
-
Ludwig, Jens and Raphael, Steven
- Subjects
- *
GEOGRAPHIC mobility , *EMPLOYEE relocation , *BANK loans , *EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
The paper proposes the creation of a "mobility bank" at a government cost of less than $1 billion per year to help finance the residential moves of U.S. workers relocating either to take offered jobs or to search for work, and to help them learn more about the employment options available in other parts of the country. Whereas those with college degrees and savings are much more likely to move in response to job loss and to improve their job market outcomes, those with less skills and no savings may have difficulty financing such transitions. The government should target mobility bank loans toward displaced, unemployed, and underemployed people in depressed areas of the country and should help to insure people against job-outcome uncertainty by making repayment terms contingent on the borrower's postmove employment and income. This proposal extends government support for work-related moves that already are included in the U.S. tax code but that primarily benefit higher-income households. Calculations suggest that the benefits compare favorably with the costs from alternative federal efforts. Perhaps more importantly, our proposal helps address a persistent market failure that limits the ability of low-income families to borrow against future earnings to "invest" in job-promoting residential moves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
45. ASYMMETRIES IN THE RESPONSES OF REGIONAL JOB FLOWS TO OIL PRICE SHOCKS.
- Author
-
Karaki, Mohamad B.
- Subjects
- *
PETROLEUM sales & prices , *JOB creation , *MANUFACTURING industries , *PRICE increases , *DATA mining , *EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
This paper studies the effect of oil price innovations on manufacturing job flows across U.S. states. First, I estimate a nonlinear structural equation model and compute impulse response functions by Monte Carlo integration. I find asymmetries in the responses of job flows to positive and negative oil price innovations. Yet, these asymmetries do not pass a test of symmetry on the impulse responses, especially after accounting for data mining. Third, I use a test for the absence of job reallocation to evaluate whether an unexpected increase in the real price of oil price triggers an important change in job reallocation. I find that oil price shocks have limited regional allocative effects. (JEL E24, E32, Q43) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. US Metropolitan Area Resilience: Insights from dynamic spatial panel estimation.
- Author
-
Doran, Justin and Fingleton, Bernard
- Subjects
- *
METROPOLITAN areas , *STANDARD metropolitan statistical areas , *FINANCIAL crises , *EMPLOYMENT , *COUNTERFACTUALS (Logic) - Abstract
In this paper, we show that the economic crisis commencing in 2007 had different impacts across US Metropolitan Statistical Areas, and seek to understand why differences occurred. The hypothesis of interest is that differences in industrial structure are a cause of variations in response to the crisis. Our approach uses a state-of-the art dynamic spatial panel model to obtain counterfactual predictions of Metropolitan Statistical Area employment levels from 2008 to 2014. The counterfactual employment series are compared with actual employment paths in order to obtain Metropolitan Statistical Area-specific measures of crisis impact, which then are analysed with a view to testing the hypothesis that resilience to the crisis was dependent on Metropolitan Statistical Area industrial structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Laboring Until Labor: The Prevalence and Correlates of Antenatal Maternity Leave in the United States.
- Author
-
Goodman, Julia M.
- Subjects
- *
WORKING mothers , *PARENTAL leave , *CHI-squared test , *CHILDBIRTH , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *DECISION making , *EMPLOYMENT , *DISABILITY insurance , *INTERVIEWING , *LEGISLATION , *MANAGEMENT , *HEALTH policy , *MULTIVARIATE analysis , *PRENATAL care , *REGRESSION analysis , *SURVEYS , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Introduction Most women in the U.S. are employed during pregnancy and work until the month of childbirth. For many, working throughout pregnancy poses little threat to their health; however, women experiencing difficult pregnancies and/or working in strenuous or inflexible jobs may benefit from taking time from work as they approach childbirth, but almost no empirical evidence examines antenatal leave (ANL).Methods Using a national survey of English-speaking women, this paper offers the first national description of ANL and examines state policy predictors of uptake.Results Thirty-seven percent of employed women worked until the week their baby was due. After controlling for characteristics of women and their jobs, living in a state with any or multiple leave laws increased the probability of ANL by 14 and 23% points, respectively. Women living in states with multiple leave laws stopped work almost 2 weeks earlier than women in states without a policy.Discussion Paid leave policies currently being considered at the federal, state, and local levels should consider the potential impact on antenatal leave, in addition to postnatal leave, and how they influence population health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. The shale revolution and entrepreneurship: An assessment of the relationship between energy sector expansion and small business entrepreneurship in US counties.
- Author
-
Tsvetkova, Alexandra and Partridge, Mark
- Subjects
- *
ENERGY industries , *BUSINESS expansion , *SMALL business , *ENTREPRENEURSHIP , *EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
The shale revolution led to a sharp increase in the US oil and gas production. Although the long-term consequences of this process are yet to be assessed, existing evidence points to both positive and negative effects. The shale revolution has increased employment and income in resource-rich communities, but also contributed to pollution, higher crime rates and lower educational attainment. The job-creating effects, however, may conceal differing impacts on paid employment and self-employment, where crowding out the latter is in line with one mechanism of the resource curse hypotheses. In this paper, we examine the previously undocumented impact of energy sector expansion on small business entrepreneurship. Using SUR and IV approaches and a differencing strategy, we estimate the effects of growth in oil and gas extraction industry on self-employment growth in metropolitan and rural US counties during the 2001–2013 period. The results suggest that after three years, oil and gas sector expansion appears to crowd out self-employment elsewhere in the economy, or, at the very least, has few net positive self-employment spillovers. This pattern may lead to a resource curse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. From Movement to Mainstream: A Battered Women's Shelter Evolves (1976-2017).
- Author
-
Fleck-Henderson, Ann
- Subjects
- *
ABUSED women , *HOUSING , *COMMUNITIES , *ECONOMICS , *EMPLOYMENT , *ENDOWMENTS , *DOMESTIC violence , *FEMINISM , *INTERPROFESSIONAL relations , *ORGANIZATIONAL change , *PRACTICAL politics , *POVERTY , *PROFESSIONAL employee training , *SOCIAL services , *GOVERNMENT aid , *GOVERNMENT policy , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *HISTORY of women's rights , *WOMEN'S rights , *HISTORY - Abstract
This is a case study of Transition House in Cambridge, MA, a pioneering feminist agency founded in 1976. Transition House has survived and is, today, a thriving agency. Based on interviews with and papers collected from those involved in founding and running it, as well as a few guests/clients, I argue that Transition House's evolution was impelled by three major forces shared with other early domestic violence agencies: changes in the culture due in part to successes of the battered women's movement in the early years, changes in the larger political-economic context due to national policies and economic trends, which make getting out of poverty in 2017 more difficult than it was in the 1970s, and learning from survivors and from evolving research on domestic violence. In 1976, the immediate focus was on women "battered" by their partners, and the agency was strongly identified with the women's movement. In 2017, the focus is on women who are battered by economic and social conditions as much as by their partners, and the agency is seen as a partner with the city and with other nonprofit agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. A Snapshot of the AOM Profession in America: Demographics, Practice Settings and Income.
- Author
-
Ward-Cook, Kory, Reddy, Bill, and Mist, Scott D.
- Subjects
- *
ACUPUNCTURE , *BUSINESS , *DEMOGRAPHY , *EMPLOYMENT , *INCOME , *RESEARCH methodology , *ASIAN medicine , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *USER charges , *ALTERNATIVE medicine specialists , *PROFESSIONAL practice , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,LABOR supply statistics - Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Since 2008, the National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine has performed job analyses on its member Diplomates by collecting relevant data, including demographics and income profiles as well as practice patterns and environment. These data have significantly contributed to the profession's application to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics requesting that "Acupuncturists" be assigned an independent Standard of Occupational Classification. As a result of the applications submitted in 2008 and 2016, a new code for Acupuncturists, SOC - 29-1291, will be included in the next edition of the BLS Occupational Handbook, which will be published in 2018. In addition to the demographic and clinical practice characteristics data identified by the periodic NCCAOM job analyses, the NCCAOM began collecting similar data from NCCAOM Diplomates during their 4-year recertification cycle. METHODS: Data collected from recertifying Diplomates (n=1047) collectively for the years 2014, 2015 and 2016 were analyzed for trends and to provide a benchmark for the profession. Upon completion of their recertification application, Diplomates were asked to voluntarily complete a 28-item survey questionnaire. RESULTS: The outcomes of these surveys demonstrated that the acupuncture and Oriental medicine workforce is 70% female, averaging 52 years of age and approximately 13 years of experience. Responding Diplomates were from 49 states and two territories, including a small sample from other countries. Initial evaluation and treatment fees averaged $112 among the respondents, with an average return visit costing $78. Roughly 45% of the respondents worked more than 32 hours per week and 26.1% worked less than 20 hours per week. The average Diplomate treated 24 patients per week. The median income of Diplomates was reported to be between $40,000 and $60,000 per year. DISCUSSION: This descriptive research paper summarizes selected demographic, economic and practice setting characteristics for NCCAOM Diplomates each year, between 2014 and 2016, at the time of recertification. While the demographic profile of the Diplomates remained consistent (70% women, an average of 13 years in practice, and the majority in solo practice), there were some subtle changes that occurred between 2014 and 2016. One change indicated a greater number of practitioners working in other practice settings besides solo practice, such as hospital-based practice. Although the median annual income is in the range of $40,000 to $60,000, there were fewer Diplomates making less than $20,000/year and more earning greater than $100,000/year between 2014 and 2016. CONCLUSION: There are a variety of business models employed among Diplomates across the country. These vary by location, employment status, and pay structures. Further information on the success and failure of acupuncture practices should be researched and distributed to students and practitioners to assist in supporting the acupuncture and Oriental medicine community. Additionally, government agencies, such as the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Department of Veterans Affairs, and the National Center for Health Workforce Analysis, require nationwide data for policy decision-making and to publish annual reports as well as update their publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.