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In each country, in the economy observed over long periods of time, usually we can find some developmental phases due to socioeconomic changes, globalization, political decisions, and unexpected events. The identification of such phases, their duration, turning points in the trends of macroeconomic indicators, and some other early signals comprise interesting goals for research. The aim of this paper is to find homogeneous phases in the economic development of Poland from 2007-2019. Eight monthly variables were used, including data on labour markets, salaries, inflation, manufacturing, retail sales, exports, and the overall business climate. This multidimentional time-series dataset was partitioned using cluster analysis methods, namely Ward's agglomerative method and k-means. Seven sub-periods have been found and they are illustrated by segmented trends and displayed as models and graphs. Economic interpretation of the developments in the phases is explained and interpreted below. Looking at the periods that have been found, one can consider the quality of economic and political decisions, both within the world in general and the European economic situation. This paper presents original periodisation of Poland's economy and is based on real monthly data with the use of a clustering approach to multidimensional time series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to determine the level of trust of entrepreneurs in public life institutions and legal regulations, and to describe the way this affects the quality of business activity in Poland. Design/methodology/approach: The study herein was conducted basing on the qualitative research method. For this paper, the interviews were applied conducted by the author with entrepreneurs from 2017 to 2021. Besides, the author analysed also the interviews given by entrepreneurs (within 1998-2020) to the press, mainly of economic character. Moreover, the data was applied herein that had been collected by organizations monitoring activity of entrepreneurs and source materials published by the Polish Government and Parliament. Findings: All conclusions following from the entrepreneurs' experiences constitute a good base for catalogue of faults that amplify distrust of entrepreneurs in the institutions of public administration and judicial authorities. The faults, include, first of all, lack of permanent crossparty strategy of economic policy, designed and executed by subsequent governing groups. The next fault is fading social dialogue between entrepreneurs and the governing bodies. The quality of law implemented in Poland is dependent on consultation with entrepreneurs. They are the group that shall apply the legal regulations in practice. Respect to legislation is built through entrepreneurs' participation in its formation on every stage. Constancy and stability of legislation constitute the basic demand of entrepreneurs. Perspective of legislative stability enables entrepreneurs to create a certain idea of how the company shall operate within a longer timeframe. Research limitations/implications: The analysis is based on respondents’ subjective declarations. Practical implications: The article provides useful knowledge for politicians at the level of governmental and local authorities on the need to build trust of public institutions in entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs in public institutions. Trust is a factor that strengthens the effectiveness of economic activity. Originality/value: Analysis of a wide range of factors influencing entrepreneurs' trust in public institutions and public institutions in entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: As with any organisation, one of the most important prerequisites for the effective operation of a research institute is proper planning of its functioning-that is, accurately defining the future and establishing all the resources necessary for scientific, financial and economic activities. This paper is an attempt to illustrate the importance of planning the activities of a research institute over different time horizons for its proper functioning. Design/methodology/approach: To solve the research problem posed in this way, the following was used: (1) a method of analysing and critiquing the literature through literature studies leading to a possibly multifaceted presentation of the issue of planning the functioning of a research institute and (2) a document examination method involving the collection of source materials, which were: financial plans, prospective directions of scientific, development and implementation activities, thematic directional plans for scientific research and development work, the institute's strategy and the procedures and practices used to prepare the plans. Findings: The research shows that the planning process at the research institute is subject to the requirements of the applicable regulations. This implies the necessity to draw up four types of plans in terms of: prospective directions of scientific, development and implementation activities, directional thematic plans of scientific research and development works and annual activity and financial plans. Originality/value: In the article, the authors attempt to adapt universal planning principles to the specific activities of research institutes. This is a new issue and a response to practical needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to examine the differences in using agricultural entrepreneurship support and how it relates to characteristics such as the agrarian structure, socioeconomic development level, and land use across the Polish territory. The analyses were carried out at the district (poviat) level which is an intermediate administrative unit. This study found that the decisions on co-financing the measures dedicated to non-agricultural economic activity heavily depended on the agrarian structure. The highest levels of activity were witnessed in districts where the agrarian structure was particularly fragmented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Olsztyn Economic Journal is the property of Olsztyn Economic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses how and why Green Recovery could be beneficial for the Visegrad countries based on a modelling exercise using the E3ME macroeconometric model. Green Recovery is defined as including policies in recovery plans that not only target economic recovery, but also contribute to environmental targets. The paper proposes that a Green Recovery could be valuable and suitable for the region contributing to both restoring employment and boosting economic activity as well as reaching climate goals. This is tested through a macroeconomic simulation, using the E3ME model. E3ME is built on Post- Keynesian economic theory and on econometric estimations of macroeconomic relationships. The results of the analysis focus on three dimensions: (1) social - employment, (2) environmental - level of CO2 emissions and (3) economic activity - gross domestic product (GDP). Outcomes indicate that a green recovery can shorten the time needed for employment and economic recovery as well as contributes to CO2 emission reductions. In Hungary, Czechia and Poland, the impact persists into the long-term; however, the paper also concludes that countries with high reliance on coal (e.g. Poland) could return to coal in the long term if no further policies are introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: When examining women's economic activity, it should be emphasised that related issues are a relatively new research direction, and an understanding of the specifics of the subject seems particularly important given that the number of women starting businesses in recent decades has been characterised by a permanent upward trend. The aim of this article is to present - against the background of the literature on the subject and empirical data collected by governmental institutions operating in the European Union - the entrepreneurial activity rate of women in Poland over a ten-year period (2012-2021). Materials and Methods: The article is based on reports and working papers published by Eurostat and the Central Statistical Office (CSO). To calculate the data presented in the publication, mathematical analysis tools were used in the field of comparative research, the occurrence of trends and the indication of existing trends and noticeable increases. Results: Poland's twenty-first position compared to other EU Member States points to unlimited development opportunities and the need to support this economic space at every level of economic activity. This conclusion is reinforced by the statistics achieved by the opposite sex - men - which showed an upward trend over the period studied (2012-2021). This is also confirmed by the value of the calculated median female gross salary, which is lower by EUR 126.2 than the median male gross salary in Poland. Practical implications: A defined indicator of female entrepreneurship will allow recommendations to be tailored for state bodies and local government institutions supporting women's economic activity in Poland as well as in other EU countries with a similar economic structure. Conclusion and summary: Visible discrimination against women appears in the analysis of the average gross salary at different organisational levels in Poland, which can be used as an argument to support and create additional aid programmes to support women's economic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper studies regional economic development on the municipality-level in Poland and Germany along the Oder–Neisse border. We use high-quality satellite night-time light intensity data as an innovative and comparable measure to proxy for overall economic activity on both sides of the border consistently over a long period of time (1992–2012). We use descriptive heat maps as well as regression analysis to investigate two aspects: first, how far is the economic convergence along the Polish-German border? Second, what effect does the distance to the border have on economic activity as measured with light emissions? Our findings suggest that convergence in overall activity across the border has been complete. Polish municipalities that used to be economically much weaker have caught up with those on the German side of the Oder and the Neisse rivers. As regards the importance of distance, we highlight different results for Germany and Poland. While distance to the border never mattered significantly for German regions, Polish municipalities closer to the border used to be substantially worse off in the early 1990s but caught up with regions further to the east by the end of the period of our analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological research at Ojców castle has yielded important information about life in that medieval castle. The results of zooarchaeological analyses presented in this paper complement the archaeological research, adding to our knowledge of the diet of the castle inhabitants from the time of establishment of the castle until the final residents. Zooarchaeological research is also complemented by data from older settlement phases on the castle hill, directly related to the Lusatian culture in the early Iron Age. The great variability of remains from mammals, birds, and fish and the taphonomic features of bones found in the different chronological strata of the castle's courtyard reflect the diverse economic activities that took place in particular times and spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Econometrics / Ekonometria is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Economics / Gospodarka Narodowa is the property of SGH Warsaw School of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research background: Surveys of entrepreneurs regarding the assessment of conditions for conducting business activity are carried out by several institutions. They focus on business climate indicators but in parallel they report on numerous barriers to economic activity. The paper examines the barriers that hinder business operations to manufacturing enterprises in Poland. Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to analyse the barriers to business activity and their role in entrepreneurs' assessment of their general economic situation. It has been hypothesized that statistically significant barriers to economic activity that affect the assessment of the general economic situation by entrepreneurs can be determined. Research methodology: The analysis was based on the Central Statistical Office data from the business tendency survey in manufacturing enterprises spanning the period 2003–2019, broken down into groups of small, medium-sized and large enterprises. Correlation measures and regression models were used. Results: The results allow indicating several barriers that have a significant impact on the assessment of the current economic situation by entrepreneurs. This impact varies depending on the size of the enterprise. No significant relationship was found between the barriers and the assessment of the expected economic situation. Novelty: The paper contributes to studies on business tendency surveys. It develops a detailed analysis of the barriers to economic activity, takes into account the size of enterprises and examines the influence of business barriers on the assessment of the economic situation by entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study is to verify the way and the scope of the impact of resources and competences on the process of entrepreneurial internationalisation. In this paper we have presented a broad review of the literature, which shows that resources and competencies are two fundamental aspects that play vital roles in the internationalisation of firms. The novelty of this article lies in selecting Poland as a post-emerging economy, and such countries as being late comers to international business are still not well explored in the literature. The article uses own primary data based on a survey questionnaire. We used a quantitative approach. We applied simple and multiple logistic regression to verify the impact of resources and competences and their individual components on the creation of an international strategy in the firm. We have proved that resources and competences have a significant impact on the creation of an international strategy in internationalised firms from Poland. The results for specific individual resources and competences are no longer so clear-cut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Argumenta Oeconomica Cracoviensia is the property of Cracow University of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates the application of spatial econometrics in estimating the interregional flow matrix in multisector–multiregion input–output tables. With reasonable assumptions, it demonstrates that this application can be formulated as a modified multi-equation spatial Durbin model with missing parameters estimated via maximum likelihood. The statistical performance of the model is scrutinized and the method is illustrated using regional (NUTS-3-level) economic impact assessment simulations for Poland. The proposed non-survey method empirically built on sectoral–regional data on economic activity is widely replicable across countries with promising performance against widespread benchmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper tries to conduct an analysis of the existing definitions of business activity in the Polish legal system. Polish legal regulations assume in their subject matter a statutory concept of business (economic) activity. The term business activity is present in a number of detailed legal acts in an autonomic sense, independent from other also binding definitions. The research methods applied by the author of the paper contain critical analysis of the available literature on the subject, comparative analysis of regulations that govern business activity with respect to linguistic, systemic and functional interpretation. The factor of homogeneity of law with respect to the definition of business activity is also subject of analysis in the paper. There are two kinds of economic law in the doctrine i.e. public economic law (typically of administrative nature) and private economic law which regulates the civil and legal relations. Both categories of law are closely interlinked, because they are both binding and as a whole regulate the functioning of business entities in Poland. Private law regulates property and material relations of legal entities called entrepreneurs who are autonomous in legal turnover and are its equal partners. Public law regulates the relation of authoritative administrative assignment exercised by the State. The right to conduct business activity constitutes a part of public economic law, it regulates the existence of an entrepreneur, while the relations between entrepreneurs are the domain of private economic law. Business entities functioning on the market must meet a number of statutory requirements and act according to provisions of law. They must also fulfil certain obligations for the benefit of the State and other entities in business turnover. Polish regulations in force are not homogeneous with respect to the definition of an entrepreneur and business enterprise. This issue is very problematic, even though the definitions contained in various acts are very similar to one another, yet they are not uniform which, to a large extent, makes conducting business operations more complicated. Confusing legislation in force puts business entities in an uneven light before various state institutions which impose their respective obligations on the entrepreneurs. In the paper the author makes an attempt to systematize various definitions of an entrepreneur in Polish legal regulations; he also points to differences in particular acts and discusses related consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The goal of this paper is to provide new evidence on the bidirectional relationships between economic activity indicators and stock market returns in four Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries: Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia. Using the single equation error correction model (SEECM) framework of cointegration analysis, the Engle-Granger two-step procedure, single-equation Granger causality tests, and the Toda-Yamamoto (1995) approach, this paper presents results for the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary that are generally in accordance with the present value theory of stock prices. Thus, the stock market indexes for these countries are leading indicators of the state of the real economy. However, as explained here, the results for Hungary must be interpreted with greater caution. In addition, as was expected, the results for Slovakia were very different from those of the other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are debates in the research literature about the mechanisms responsible for the formation of local development trajectories. What is emphasised, as particularly scarce, are longitudinal studies which show how historical, social and institutional structures are reproduced and/or transformed into new paths of development in the case of industrial towns. This paper aims to capture the role of various social, cultural and institutional features that constitute localised capabilities, in the process of transition from an old to a new developmental path for older industrial towns. The authors use case studies of three medium-sized industrial centres in Poland: Dzierżoniów, Starachowice and Mielec, to illustrate how localised capabilities are shaped by the interplay of earlier economic activity and the characteristics of local firms, on the one hand, and the evolving social, cultural and institutional attributes of the particular town and its region on the other. As a result, industrial towns may differ significantly in their ability to absorb exogenous impulses, as well as their capacity to transform and recombine them into a new development pathway that is more resilient than the old one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gender pay gap is a complex issue caused by a number of interrelated factors and has inevitable impact on the status of women in their economic and social life. The objectives of this paper are concentrated in investigating the sex-segregation by economic activity in the labour market and its relationship to the gender pay gap across Europe. Dissimilarity index is calculated and sectoral gender based segregation in EU during 2010 was on average 0.30, meaning that 30% of the employed population would need to change economic activity in order to have an equal distribution of men and women. The findings of cluster analysis showed the paradox that some countries like Luxemburg, Belgium, Poland have high dissimilarity indices and lowest percentage of gender pay gap or Scandinavian with the highest dissimilarity indices have gender pay gap around the mean on the European level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists is the property of Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research background: The paper introduces an econometric analysis of unpaid household work in Poland. Purpose: The purpose is a quantitative analysis of the relations between the time spent on unpaid housework and some selected demographic, economic and social variables. Research methodology: In the survey, the respondents were grouped by gender and type of locality. It was hypothesized that there are strong differences in the determinants of housework time by gender and type of locality. Multiple regression models for housework time and 23 demographic, social and economic variables were estimated and verified. The analysis was conducted on the basis of individual data from the Time Use Survey conducted by the Statistics Poland in 2013. Results: The empirical study found no differences in the key determinants of housework time between women and men depending on the type of locality. The main factors of influence were: paid work time, time spent meeting physiological needs (sleeping, eating, washing), time spent on learning, the number of children and, finally, economic activity. Novelty: The theoretical part outlines barely known economic theories that addressed the issue of unpaid housework. The authors describe the care economy, humanistic economics, economics of happiness, time allocation theory as well as a two-dimensional approach to poverty research. Housework (which means the unpaid activity of household members aimed at satisfying the needs of individuals forming the household) has also been out of economic mainstream categories. Even though unpopular, it has an economic value and can be replaced by market goods and services or offered by the state. The authors have been persuaded that there are tangible and intangible benefits resulting from this type of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to unravel the effects of both policies and autonomous developments driving the changes of final energy consumption for the European Union (EU28) and its member states complemented with an in-depth analysis of two EU member states, Germany and Poland, for the period of 2000 to 2015 by the logarithmic mean Divisia index methodology (LMDI). We examine the influences on the changes in final energy consumption for each of the five main demand sectors at aggregated level and at a more detailed level of residential end-uses, transport modes and industrial sub-sectors. With the second level, we provide insights into the effects of policies from a European and national perspective. Our analysis shows that final energy consumption in the EU28 is primarily influenced by an increase in energy efficiency in industry followed by households. For the latter, the energy savings were mainly realised in space heating. The main counteracting drivers were increasing economic activity and the rising demand for higher comfort and social factors, such as a declining household size. Germany shows relatively low energy efficiency improvements in industry, but strong energy efficiency gains in households followed by transport. Poland's transport, however, is responsible for a strong increase in final energy consumption mainly through increased activity, while here the sector industry—despite strong effects of increased activity—in total shows a significant reduction in energy consumption through energy efficiency improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research background: Despite the economic development, accompanied by various structural reforms (including pension reform of 1999), the effective retirement age in Poland is relatively low. Participants of the social insurance scheme tend to apply for the old-age pension as soon as possible (when they reach the statutory retirement age). Purpose of the article: The main aim of the paper is to evaluate the determinants of the economic activity of seniors in Poland taking the old-age pension form Social Insurance Institution (ZUS) as a regular or occasional work, in comparison to those who are not performing any paid activity. Methods: We use the data from the survey carried out in 2018 on the representative sample of Polish seniors aged 65+ for whose households the old-age pension from ZUS (1336 pensioners who retired between 1980's up to 2018) is the main source of income. Multinominal logistic regression was performed to study how gender, retirement timing, education level and period of retirement as well as reasons for retirement influenced the likelihood to continue regular or occasional work. Findings & Value added: Multinominal logistic regression for women confirms that higher education increases chances for continuing regular work on the retirement comparing to those having secondary education. Retirement due to the reaching the pensionable age made women more likely to continue work on regular basis, while those who retired due to the bankruptcy of the employer were less likely to be employed during retirement. Retirement due to the preservation of pension privileges increased chances to continue work on the occasional basis among women and men. For men who reported employment -- related factors as retirement drivers, the chances of performing occasional work were high and of highly statistical significant. This research delivers knowledge on drivers of regular or occasional paid activity combined with receiving old-age pension from social insurance system in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spreads on power markets serve as indexes that allow assessing the future profits of electric utility companies. The spread applicable to power generated from coal, including the cost of CO2 allowances and power plant efficiency, has been termed Clean Dark Spread (CDS). A CDS index may serve at least two basic functions. On the one hand, it provides information on the future prices of power and profitability of power generation. On the other, it facilitates hedging to be applied not just by power plants but also by other entities operating on the market. Following deregulation of energy markets, energy has started to be traded on the exchanges and trading facilities, which is also reflected on Polish Power Exchange operating on the Polish market. Following the introduction of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, Polish energy generating companies hedge the prices of CO2 emissions allowances with the use of foreign trading facilities, especially EEX. Since two out of three CDS constituents are traded on trading facilities, it seems fully substantiated also to introduce quotations of coal prices in Poland. This paper is aimed to present the crucial aspects of shaping coal prices in Poland and on international markets as well as to examine the impact of changes in coal prices and CO2 emissions allowances on shaping power prices based on a comparative analysis between Germany and Poland. This study also includes the costs incurred by the coalmines by paying environmental charges on waste resulting from their economic activity. Nonetheless, it should be noted that those charges do not affect the financial result. The analysis of the correlation has shown that the price of electricity on the Polish market is positively and strongly correlated both with the price of coal and the price of CO2 emissions allowance, the latter correlation being stronger. Equally worth noting is the strong correlation between coal prices in Poland and the prices of CO2 emissions allowances. With regard to the confirmed but rather not very strong positive correlation between steam coal prices on the Polish market and energy coal prices in the ARA zone, it should be noted that there is no liquid index in the domestic market, which hampers efficient portfolio management of the spread on energy production by the coal energy sector [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic aim of this paper is the comparative analysis, both theoretical and empirical, of selected aspects of entrepreneurship in Poland and Austria. The significance of the selected topic, most of all, results from the role and impact entrepreneurial activities have on the welfare of societies, both economically and socially. Keeping in mind the diversity and complexity of the phenomenon of entrepreneurship, one must in particular consider its integral relationship with economic activity and development, both of the individual and of the society at large. In economic terms, entrepreneurship is usually interpreted as the ability to creatively and innovatively solve business problems, combined with the ability to use opportunities arising from economic activity. Our empirical studies on the analysis and assessment of entrepreneurial attitudes were conducted on the basis of data published by the Polish Agency for Enterprise Development within the framework of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study. Selected aspects of entrepreneurship in international terms were subjected to analysis. Particular emphasis was placed on assessing Poland's situation compared to that of other countries. Special attention was drawn to institutions supporting entrepreneurship in both countries and an attempt was made to specify the directions of their future actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, innovativeness is a key to the success of every enterprise. It is an important element of a company's organisational culture and should be included in long and short-term plans of actions. Both a company and the entire economy must develop innovative marketing solutions, offer products and services perceived as modern, and change the organisation and the occurring processes to reduce unnecessary costs and become more competitive. Innovative activities require a very consistent and long-term strategy as well as financial outlays, and they take time. The aim of this paper is to show the importance of innovativeness in the functioning of companies. The authors attempt to compare the specificity of the implementation of innovation policies in Poland and Austria. Special attention was given to the discussion on innovativeness of Polish and Austrian enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical background: The article constitutes an analysis of the macroeconomic situation from 2020 to the first quarter of (Q1) in relation to real estate investments. Factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the influx of refugees to Poland, and rising inflation had a significant impact on investor behavior in the discussed market. The dynamic macroeconomic situation also led to changes in consumer and tenant preferences, while significantly affecting demand and supply. The years 2020–2023 (Q1) were characterized by a distinct specificity that accentuated the risks associated with real estate investments. This emphasized clear differences in various categories between real estate as investment assets and funds, securities, or other alternative investment methods. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to identify the risks associated with real estate investment in Poland during the period from 2020 to 2023 (Q1). It is also crucial to describe the macroeconomic aspects and their impact on the investment real estate market during the mentioned period. Research methods: The article presents the results of an empirical study aimed at identifying factors contributing to the increase in risk associated with real estate investment in the years 2020–2023 (Q1). Additionally, it was significant to verify the financing methods for the purchase of investment properties by the survey participants. The study was based on a survey questionnaire. A total of 250 respondents participated in the study, expressing their willingness to purchase their first or subsequent property for investment purposes during the years 2020–2023 (1Q). Respondents were asked 7 questions, including those related to factors influencing or hindering the completion of investment property transactions in the years 2020–2023 (Q1), as well as the method of financing the purchase and the reason why respondents utilized borrowed capital or relied solely on their own funds. Furthermore the article employed a research methodology that included critical analysis of secondary sources, as well as methods such as analysis, synthesis, description, deduction, induction, and reduction. The Polish and foreign literature related to investment and investment properties was subjected to analysis. Additionally, laws, resolutions, regulations, scientific works from other organizations, and reports were studied, serving as valuable sources of information about the real estate market situation from 2020 to 2023 (Q1). In formulating recommendations, a generalizing-synthesizing method was employed (deduction, reduction, induction). The inductive method aided in analyzing the significance and characteristics of investment properties. On the other hand, the deductive method was used to analyze the issue starting from the macroeconomic situation in Poland and delving into the changes in the investment real estate market. By making a critical analysis of the literature, the reduction technique was applied, thus, verifying the previously formulated hypotheses. Main findings: Based on the conducted analysis, it can be observed that the return on equity (ROE) from real estate investments takes on a negative value when investors partially use borrowed capital. This situation is influenced by high interest rates. However, alongside this factor, there is also a social element related to the high demand for property rentals. In the case of investors investing solely from their own sources, this leads to a return on equity ranging between 2.7% and 3.6% during the analyzed time period. The conducted analysis reveals that macroeconomic, social, and legal factors dynamically shape the demand and supply in the real estate market during the period from 2020 to 2023 (Q1). This is closely related to the decisions of investors aiming to invest their capital in investment properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the dynamics of regional unemployment rates in transition economies. We use policy-relevant NUTS 4 unemployment rates for transition economies characterized by both relatively intense (Poland, Slovakia) and relatively mild labor market hardships (the Czech Republic). We apply diverse analytical techniques to seek traces of convergence, including β and σ convergence as well as a time-series approach. The transition economies typically experienced rapid growth of unemployment rates due to profound restructuring. Naturally, these processes affected local labor markets asymmetrically, as regions were diversified with respect to industry composition and economic outlooks. The results in each of the countries suggest that diverging unemployment rates seem nested in the data. Further, regions with both very high and very low unemployment show signs of high persistence and low mobility in the national distribution. The findings allow us to define the patterns of local labor market dynamics, pointing out differentiated divergence paths. These tendencies persist despite cohesion policy financing schemes, which allocate relatively more resources to deprived regions in all these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses cointegration and error-correction models to analyze the relative effects of the monetary, labor, and external sectors on Polish inflation from 1990 to 1999. We use a structural system approach in which cointegration relations are used to derive deviations from steady-state levels. The results suggest that the labor and external sectors dominated the determination of Polish inflation during the above period, but their effects on inflation changed in the mid-1990s. During the period 1995-99, the appreciation of the domestic currency contributed to reducing inflation, whereas excessive wage increases prevented inflation from decreasing to a lower level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development activity, understood as an economic activity consisting of transforming a property so as to induce an increase in value, has been expanding in Poland since the early nineties of the twentieth century. However, in this country, it is an activity associated mainly with the profit which a developer can make from the sale or rental of the transformed property. In the West, however, non-profit development activity, providing mainly housing for rent for people with limited financial resources, has become increasingly popular. Under the current institutional conditions, the growth of this type of activity in Poland seems impossible. In this situation, Social Housing Associations could play a similar role, subject to the extension of the scope of their activities and funding opportunities. Therefore, it is reasonable to put forward the thesis that, in order to make the growth of social housing in Poland more dynamic, it is necessary to expand for the range of SHA activities as well as to initiate non - profit development activity based on the model of Western countries. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate the legitimacy of the presented thesis by analyzing the available literature, statistical data and case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel coronavirus pandemic has hit the Polish economy, including business activity. The paper aims to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the credit financing of microenterprises and farmers in Poland. We analyse investment loans and working capital loans, particularly the changes in the number and value of these loans, the number of loan enquiries, and the share of non-performing loans. The research period covers the two-year period, including the pre-COVID-19 subperiod from March 2019 till February 2020 and the COVID-19 subperiod from March 2020 till February 2021. We obtain monthly data from BIK. The BIK Group is the main source of credit and economic information in Poland. The study reveals a significant decrease in the number and value of investment loans and working capital loans during the COVID-19 period compared to the pre-COVID-19 period both in groups of microenterprises and farmers. Surprisingly, despite the difficult time for entrepreneurs, the COVID-19 pandemic significantly reduced the number of loans enquiries. As we expected, the number and value of non-performing loans increase due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the value of non-performing investment loans in the group of microenterprises increased marginally. Our research can be helpful for decision-makers and credit market participants, including national governments, financial market supervisory institutions, banks, and micro-entrepreneurs, and farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the concept of embeddedness of economic activity in relation to agriculture. In this perspective, economic activity can be considered dependent on cognitive structures, structures of social relations, culture, and political institutions. It has been concluded that the idea of embeddedness can be an interesting and useful analytical tool for the analysis of economic activity undertaken by farmers. The article presents an analysis of the state of the art, as well uses selected information and data on the methodology of panel surveys carried out by the Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics - National Research Institute. Based on the analysis of the embeddedness theory, it is argued that embeddedness is not a coherent theoretical concept but rather a potential framework for investigating various economic issues. One of these issues is agricultural activity. Embeddedness framework constitutes a scheme which could organize an alternative approach to economic actions to mainstream agriculture economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Journal of Management Studies is the property of Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia is the property of Wydawnictwo SGGW and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Regional Journal / Biblioteka Regionalisty is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The disabled people in Poland are that part of labour force that has not been appreciated enough. Despite the fact that in the recent years the number of the disabled Poles who found employment has risen, their employment rate is still rather low. The majority of them (83% in 2010) are absent on the job market. The aim of the paper is to investigate how gender, place of residence, education, age and disability severeness affect the economic inactivity of the disabled and what impact their gender, place of residence and disability severity had on the likelihood of the reason for the inactivity. The author used the Polish Central Statistical Office data concerning the 4th quarter of 2010. The data were analysed by means of the logistic regression model for the dependent dichotomous variable as well as the multinomial logistic regression model. The estimated parameters helped to determine the inactivity risk quotient in relation to economic activity. They also permitted to calculate the probability of the disabled people's economic inactivity due to a particular reason. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the beneficial impact of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on the stabilization on farming income is undisputable, the distribution of benefits derived from the CAP between operators and regions gives rise to some controversy. The objective of this paper was to estimate regional differences in the benefits derived from the Common Agricultural Policy in Poland based on the partial equilibrium model of the European Union (EU) agricultural sector with simulated interventions. The expectations of farmers from different regions of Poland were represented as a non-cooperative game to define vectors of change in the agricultural policy. The theory of moves was applied to set the game between different groups of farmers. Our results demonstrate that both the 1st and the 2nd pillars of the CAP were more profitable to farmers from regions with a more advantageous agrarian structure and a higher agricultural potential compared to their peers from the regions with a fragmented agriculture. However, considering long-term development objectives of the Polish agriculture, the theory of moves outcome argues against compensating for these differences by increasing redistributive payments to farmers in less favorable regions. To prevent widening of regional differences and ensure the social and economic development of rural areas in regions with less favorable agrarian structures where agriculture is currently unable to compete, it would be critical to enhance conditions for alternative types of economic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the article is to identify and evaluate endogenous conditions for the development of non-agricultural economic activity in rural communes of eastern and western regions of Poland Design/methodology/approach: The article identifies and evaluates endogenous conditions for the development of non-agricultural economic activity in rural communes of eastern and western regions of Poland. The empirical material of the article concerns both all rural communes in the country and all rural communes in the eastern and western regions of Poland. The figures come from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office in Warsaw and concern the years 2020-2021. The empirical material collected and ordered was developed in descriptive, tabular, and graphical form, using comparative analysis. In addition, a score assessment was made of all diagnostic features illustrating the endogenous determinants of the development of non-agricultural economic activity in rural communes of eastern and western regions of Poland against the background of the entire country for 2021. Findings: The analysis of statistical data confirmed the research hypothesis, which assumes that the activity of inhabitants of rural communes in eastern and western regions of Poland in the development of non-agricultural economic activity is diverse and shows a relationship with the quality of its endogenous conditions, with these conditions being clearly the best in units with high activity of inhabitants in this regard. Originality/value: The originality of the work lies in the approach to the analysis of the research issues undertaken. For the purposes of research, the author's indicator of activity of residents in the development of non-agricultural economic activity in a given local government unit (commune) against the background of the country and other local government units (communes) was compiled and used. In addition, a point assessment of endogenous conditions for the development of non-agricultural economic activity in the surveyed local government units against the background of the country was made. The work is directed primarily to local government officials responsible for the conditions, opportunities, and directions of local socioeconomic development of rural communes in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Journal of Management Studies is the property of Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Review / Przegląd Politologiczny is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: In this article it is intended to analyze the impact of Foreign Direct Investment on the adoption of sustainability practices in Emerging and Transition Economies. In this context, it is adopted a perspective where value creation encompasses the capacity of an enterprise to generate value to its stakeholders, considering the influence of its activities on the environmental and social domains. Design/methodology/approach: Accordingly, it was developed a case study that is divided into two parts. On the first part, it is evaluated social and environmental indicators in Poland, a Transition Economy adopting a comparative perspective that focus on the relative performance of the country in comparison to Portugal, a developed economy. This evaluation was done under the lenses of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) articulated under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. On the second part of the study, it was reviewed the impact of multinational enterprises activities on environmental and social welfare. Relative to this, the article adopts a innovative comparative approach, as it is the first study to analyze McDonald's corporate sustainability practices in two different markets: Poland and Portugal. Besides this, it provides a disruptive analysis on cross cultural sustainability and its impact on international sustainability dynamics, using an approach that focuses on the contribution of Multinational's Sustainability Practices on the accomplishment of Sustainable Development Goals. Findings: It is concluded that, under a globally adopted strategy including relevant economic and social agents, that Foreign Direct Investment contributes to enhance environmental and social sustainability. Besides this, it is also highlighted the role of strategy flexibility so that sustainability practices achieve a significant impact on local context as well. Originality: This study analyses the impact of Foreign Direct Investment in host countries by considering a cross-country sustainability analysis, that focuses on Multinational Enterprises strategic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ownership transformations of the Polish state enterprises commenced upon the Act on privatization of state enterprises of 13th July 1990. The legislator determined that decision on entering the path of privatization depended in the first place on the employees of a particular state enterprise, and so did the form of privatization. The relevant application was prepared by the employees’ council having consulted all employees at a general meeting. A similar document was prepared by the trade unions acting at factories. Agreement of the employees for the privatization process allowed first to transform the particular state enterprise, into a sole shareholder company of the State Treasury, and then to conduct the relevant privatization process. In Poland after 1990 the most popular privatization path was the direct privatization, consisting in liquidation of state enterprise and transforming it into the employee company. Such form of ownership transformation was considered a phenomenon of Polish privatization. The news said, "Staff and managers of the enterprise subject to such method of privatization must have enough courage to conduct company activities and bear the responsibility". Such form of privatization was selected mainly by small and medium enterprises. Popularity of the form depended on several factors. First of all, staff of the employee company was convinced that they would gain a real impact on decisions concerning the company and they would participate in managing it. They hoped to achieve significant financial profits owing to revenues generated by the company and thus hoped to get secure employment. In Poland within 1990-1997, so within the period of most intensive ownership transformations, the said privatization path was selected by 65% of all state enterprises that were subject to privatization. Basing on selected examples, the paper presents the process of creation of the Employee Company. Workers' opinions were gathered and presented. Particular attention was directed to methods of valuation of state enterprises prepared for privatization by using the aforementioned method. Moreover, economic condition and situation of these enterprises were analyzed herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to identify and assess the financial situation of rural communes in Poland depending on the activity of their inhabitants in undertaking and developing non-agricultural economic activity. Design/methodology/approach: The financial situation of rural communes in Poland was identified and assessed depending on the activity of their inhabitants in undertaking and developing non-agricultural economic activity. The empirical material of the article applies to both the whole country and all rural communes in Poland. Numerical data come from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office in Warsaw and concerns 2019-2021. The empirical material collected and ordered was developed in a descriptive, tabular, and graphic form, using the comparative analysis method. Furthermore, a point assessment of all diagnostic characteristics was performed that illustrates the financial situation of rural communes in Poland against the background of the entire country for the years 2019-2021. Findings: The analysis of statistical data has confirmed the research hypothesis, which assumes that the financial situation of rural communes in Poland is related to the activity of their inhabitants in undertaking and developing non-agricultural business activity, with it clearly the best in units with high activity of residents in this area. Originality/value: The originality of the work is the original approach to the analysis of the research issues undertaken. For the use of the research, the article combined and uses an original indicator of residents' activity in the development of non-agricultural economic activity in a given local government unit (commune) against the background of the country and other local government units (communes). In addition, the financial situation of the examined local government units was also assessed in the context of the country. The work is addressed primarily to local government officials responsible for public local government finances, as well as for conditions and possibilities and directions of local socioeconomic development of rural communes in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]