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We propose a unique form of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), paper DSSCs based on carbon-nanotube (CNT) composite papers, and the use of a gel electrolyte for the paper DSSC. In our previous study, we succeeded in developing the paper DSSC. However, its performance and lifetime were not sufficient. We considered that the problem was the use of liquid-type electrolyte. To improve the performance of the paper DSSC, a gel electrolyte was introduced to increase safety and durability. Here, a polymer gel electrolyte was synthesized using a copolymer of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a matrix, mixed with iodine and potassium iodide. The resulting paper DSSC had a fill factor (FF, a performance indicator) of 0.248 and a conversion efficiency of 2.43 × 10−5% with an extended working time (lifetime) of more than 110 min. Further modifications were made to the metallic CNT composite paper and the gel electrolyte, resulting in an increased conversion efficiency of 2.02 × 10−3%. This study suggests the potential of gel electrolytes in enhancing the performance of paper DSSCs, providing new insights for their future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The design strategy of introducing partners can improve the electrochemical performance of the counter electrode. • The Co 4 S 3 /Co 2 P 2 O 7 electrode shows more excellent catalytic activity as well as Pt. • The DSSC with Co 4 S 3 /Co 2 P 2 O 7 CE achieves a high-power conversion efficiency of 8.99%. Metal phosphates have shown good hydrogen evolution reaction catalytic ability, but as counter electrode (CE) materials they are rarely used in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). A strategy that introduction of Co 2 P 2 O 7 as a "collaborator" to improve the catalytic performance of Co 4 S 3 for the DSSC. The Co 4 S 3 /Co 2 P 2 O 7 film grew on carbon paper (CP) was synthesized by using a hydrothermal route and vapor deposition method, and served as platinum-free (Pt-free) CE for DSSC. The composite materials of Co 4 S 3 /Co 2 P 2 O 7 has many advantages of unique spherical morphology, large special surface area, more active sites and fast reaction kinetics for the reduction of I−/I 3 −. Under optimal conditions, a DSSC based on the Co 4 S 3 /Co 2 P 2 O 7 /CP CE achieves a high power conversion efficiency of 8.99%, which is comparable to that of the Pt (7.49%) and CoS 1.097 /CP (8.18%) CEs. The results indicate that the Co 4 S 3 /Co 2 P 2 O 7 /CP CE with the advantages of efficient and facile synthesis is a promising alternative to the expensive Pt CE for the DSSCs in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of dye-sensitized solar cells have been constructed using titania-rich paper industry waste materials. The cells obtained were able to produce solar electricity, but with relatively poor photon-to-current efficiencies reaching only 0.47% and short circuit photocurrent densities up to 1.14 mA × cm −2 , but reasonable fill factors and very good open circuit photovoltage reaching 67% and 719 mV, respectively. The titania-rich waste samples were prepared by removal of water and post-production organic residues and well characterized with XRD, XRF, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, EDS and UV–vis techniques. This paper presents an alternative solution for green energy production and conversion of pollutants to useful materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The carbon paper as the substrate was used to synthesize CEs in DSSC for the first time. • The CoP 3 /CP electrode exhibited low charge transfer resistance. • The DSSC with CoP 3 /CP electrode achieved the photoelectric conversion efficiency of 6.84%. The cobalt triphosphide (CoP 3) was grew on carbon paper (CP) by using a hydrothermal method and served as counter electrode (CE) catalyst in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The morphology of the CoP 3 /CP CE exhibits a regular fibrous structure, which provides a guarantee for its good electrochemical performance of the CE made from the cyclic voltammetry, Tafel test, etc. Various photoelectric performance tests also show that the DSSCs with CoP 3 /CP CE achieves good photoelectric conversion efficiency of 6.84% under 100 mW·cm−2 illumination, which can compare to that of the DSSC assembled with the Pt (6.79%) CE. Metal phosphides are rarely used as CEs in DSSCs, and they will have a good promising alternative to the Pt electrode in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hollow tube structure of FeCo 2 S 4 can accelerate the electron transfer ability, and the contact area between the electrode and the electrolyte of NiCo 2 S 4 nanoneedles is increased, which widens the charge transfer channel. Through the synergistic action of the two, the composite material used as DSSCs CEs material shows a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 10.08% under standard sunlight irradiation. [Display omitted] • The empty tube structure in FeCo 2 S 4 can accelerate the electron transport capacity. • NiCo 2 S 4 nanoneedles increase the charge transfer channel between electrode and CE. • The composite has high specific surface area can provide vast active sites for redox. • Using Ti mesh as a substrate can greatly reduce the intrinsic resistance of the cell. Design inexpensive and stable counter electrodes materials is great essential for accelerating the industrial application of dye-sensitized solar cells. Herein, transition metal sulfides FeCo 2 S 4 and NiCo 2 S 4 were in-situ synthesized into composite with core–shell structure on surface of carbon paper by hydrothermal method, and is used as CEs material of DSSCs. Besides, titanium mesh with lower resistivity is also used as a conductive base to prepare the CEs and reduce the series resistance of DSSCs. Therefore, after electrochemical analysis and photoelectric performance test, it is found that the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the DSSCs assembled with composite material CEs can be as high as 10.08 % (with the J sc is 19.59 mA·cm−2, V oc is 0.796 V, FF is 0.65), which much higher than traditional Pt CEs (7.99 %) and other corresponding counterparts, indicating that the core–shell structure is more conducive to improving the catalytic activity of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical performance was significantly enhanced by ZnCo 2 O 4 @NiMoO 4 /CP layered structure retains the large specific surface area, high porosity and abundant unsaturated sites, which provide a large number of reactive active sites, and as-assembled dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) delivered an impressive power conversion efficiency of 9.30% at 100 mW·cm−2 illumination (AM 1.5G). [Display omitted] • Porous coating structure ZnCo 2 O 4 @NiMoO 4 directly grown on the carbon paper. • The material shows excellent electrocatalytic capacity because its unique structure. • The electrode shows high photoelectric conversion efficiency of 9.30% in DSSC. • Using Ti mesh as substrate can greatly reduce the intrinsic resistance of the cells. A porous coating structure transition metal oxide ZnCo 2 O 4 @NiMoO 4 composite was successfully synthesized on the surface of carbon paper (CP) by a simple two-step hydrothermal method as a Pt-free material for titanium mesh substrate counter electrodes (CEs) in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). According to BET test results, the material has a high specific surface area, which can provide abundant active sites for the redox reaction of electrolytes to enhance the utilization rate of sunlight by DSSCs, and the composite materials show remarkable electrocatalytic performance in reducing iodine electrolytes and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of DSSCs. Therefore, the DSSCs equipped with ZnCo 2 O 4 @NiMoO 4 /CP material CEs achieve a PCE of 9.30 % (with J sc of 20.51 mA·cm−2, V oc of 0.763 V, and FF is 0.60), which is much higher than that of Pt CEs (7.36 %) under the same light conditions. This is due to the excellent catalytic ability and good electrical conductivity of the composite material. On the other hand, because the titanium mesh can increase the contact area between the electrode material and the substrate compared with the FTO substrate, and the titanium mesh has good electrical conductivity, it can enhance the diffusion ability of I - / I 3 - to accelerate electron transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sheet-like transition metal sulfides have promising applications in photocatalysis and energy conversion. This study provides a petal-like Cu 2 WS x nanosheet structure supported on carbon paper (CP) synthesized by a simple one-step solvothermal method. Cu 2 WS x microstructures with different morphologies were synthesized by solvothermal vulcanization of thioacetamide (TAA) at different concentrations. The Cu 2 WS x /CP was used as the counter electrode of DSSCs and compared with the Pt FTO electrode. It was proved that Cu 2 WS x -7 M/CP had the best electrocatalytic performance and obtained 9.01% photoelectric conversion efficiency. The different sulfide concentration changes the morphology of Cu 2 WS x and continuously affects the specific surface area and catalytic activity of the material. The better electrochemical performance shows that Cu 2 WS x /CP is expected to become a substitute for expensive Pt CE materials in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). [Display omitted] • One-step solvothermal method for the growth of petal-like Cu 2 WS x on carbon paper. • The effect of sulfide concentration on Cu2WSx was explored for the first time by TAA. • For the first time, Cu 2 WS x /CP was used as a counter electrode for DSSCs. • At a sulfide concentration of 7 M, Cu 2 WS x /CP exhibited a value of 9.01% PCE (Pt 7.67%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of low‐cost, green, and pollution‐free counter electrode materials with high catalytic activity plays a critical role in improving the photovoltaic performance of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In recent years, transition metal phosphides have been widely used in DSSCs due to their outstanding catalytic activity and stability. Herein, a novel binary phosphide is immobilized on carbon paper (CP) by a two‐step strategy. This strategy involves the preparation of WO3 precursor by the hydrothermal method, and synthesis of tungsten phosphide (WP) with the vapor deposition method, which finally leads to the uniform dispersion of WP on carbon paper. The acquired WP/CP counter electrode demonstrates high electrical conductivity and prefect catalytic ability for reducing triiodide, and the DSSCs assembled with WP/CP counter electrode achieve a high‐power conversion efficiency of 10.29%, which is superior to that of the Pt‐based (7.34%). These findings illustrate that the WP microsheets in‐situ grown on carbon paper are a potential candidate to replace Pt as an economical and efficient counter electrode for DSSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial printers based on fused deposition modeling (FDM) are widely adopted for 3D printing applications. This method consists of the heating of polymeric filaments over the melting point followed by their deposition onto a solid base to create the desirable 3D structure. Prior investigation using chromatographic techniques has shown that chemical compounds (e.g. VOCs), which can be harmful to users, are emitted during the printing process, producing adverse effects to human health and contributing to indoor air pollution. In this study, we present a simple, inexpensive and disposable paper-based optoelectronic nose (i.e. colorimetric sensor array) to identify the gaseous emission fingerprint of five different types of thermoplastic filaments (ABS, TPU, PETG, TRITAN and PLA) in the indoor environment. The optoelectronic nose is comprised of selected 15 dyes with different chemical properties deposited onto a microfluidic paper-based device with spots of 5 mm in diameter each. Digital images were obtained from an ordinary flatbed scanner, and the RGB information collected before and after air exposure was extracted by using an automated routine designed in MATLAB, in which the color changes provide a unique fingerprint for each filament in 5 min of printing. Reproducibility was obtained in the range of 2.5–10% (RSD). Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were successfully employed, showing suitable discrimination of all studied filaments and the non-polluted air. Besides, air spiked with vapors of the most representative VOCs were analyzed by the optoelectronic nose and visually compared to each filament. The described study shows the potential of the paper-based optoelectronic nose to monitor possible hazard emissions from 3D printers. Image 1 • we present a microfluidic paper-based optoelectronic nose to identify indoor air pollution from thermoplastic filaments. • Our sensor array is able to detect the released compound in only 5 min of printing. • The method can classify five different filaments within 20 min by HCA and PCA. • The sensor's response to the most released VOCs standards was performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ultraflexible and biodegradable PSCs on cellophane paper were achieved. • OMO electrodes exhibited stable resistance after 1000 bending CYC cycles (R = 1 mm). • PSCs on cellophane retained 97.6% of initial PCE after bending with radius of 0.3 mm. • PSCs on cellophane preserved 95.8% of initial PCE after 1000 bending cycles (R = 1 mm). Flexible perovskite solar cells (PSCs) on paper are promising biodegradable power sources for wearable and portable electronics, while fabrication of paper-based PSCs with high mechanical flexibility and efficiency is still challenging due to the limited optimization of paper-based PSCs. Herein, flexible PSCs were demonstrated using 25 μm cellophane paper substrates combined with TiO 2 /ultrathin Ag/TiO 2 (OMO) electrodes, composing the typical structure of cellophane/OMO/C60 pyrrolidinetris-acid (CPTA)/CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 /Spiro-OMeTAD/Au. PSCs on cellophane paper exhibited a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.00%. More interesting, the performance of paper-based PSCs showed minor degradation after bending with the radius in the range of 0.3–10 mm: they retained 97.6% of the initial PCE after bending with a radius of 0.3 mm and even preserved 95.8% of the initial PCE after bending with a radius of 1 mm for 1000 cycles. The ultraflexibility of PSCs was ascribed to the ultrathin substrates to relieve strain in bended devices and superior flexibility of OMO electrodes. The ultraflexible and efficient PSCs on paper are promising for application in self-powered paper-based electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells are by far the photovoltaic technology with the fastest efficiency evolution, reaching now the astonishing power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.2%. Their advantages cover also color and transparency, extremely low thickness, low cost, simple fabrication methods and versatile designs. Nevertheless, since it is a young technology, there are still several challenges that need to be overcome for making its commercialization feasible. For making perovskite solar modules, the back-contact plays a critical job since it drives and deliveries the low energy electrons to the p contact of the cell. In n-i-p configuration cells, gold is normally used as back-contact, which is expensive and rare. In this work, several commercial carbon papers and application procedures were investigated. The best performing system produced 89% of the PCE obtained with standard gold back-contact. Besides having a much simpler and cheaper application method, other features such as low cost, great chemical and mechanical stability and low electrical resistivity proved carbon papers potential for commercialization. Moreover, when a gold interlayer of 5 nm was applied, the relative PCE increased up to 92%. Image 1 • A PCE record value is reported for a PSC with a carbon paper back-contact. • The application method of the novel carbon back-contact is extremely simple. • The carbon paper features low sheet resistance (0.5 Ω/sq) and near ohmic contact. • A gold thin layer was used to enhance charge extraction at the back-contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electric heating approach has aroused intense interest due to its high energy-saving and environmental protection. The excellent features of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make them the ideal materials to develop electric heating materials, while the aggregation of CNTs and inappropriate choices of substrates have severely restricted their practical applications. Herein, we designe a scalable papermaking route involves a co-refining of CNTs and fibers, to continuously fabricate lightweight, strong and flexible electric heating paper based on CNT/PMIA (Poly (m -phenylene isophthalamide)) fibers. The particular co-refining of CNTs and PMIA fibrid fibers produces the interspersed CNT/fibrid composites that are bonded by tremendous multiple interfacial interactions, which significantly facilitates high retention and uniform distribution of CNTs in paper substrate. The achieved CNT/PMIA paper shows satisfactory flexibility and folding endurance (over 6000 times), ultrahigh electrical conductivity (80 S cm−1), outstanding strength (a tensile strength of 30 MPa and a tear index of 59 mN m2g−1), excellent electric-heating conversion efficiency (a remarkable heating temperature rise of 230 °C under a safe voltage of 20 V within 15 s), attractive consistently cyclic heating capabilities, and ease of processing with designed shapes. Especially, the CNT/PMIA paper with a length of 2000 m is continuously manufactured by a paper machine, which is further applied in the indoor heating, aircraft deicing, and portable heating clothing, demonstrating great potential for emerging next-generation electric heating devices. A facile and scalable papermaking approach involves a particular co-refining of CNTs and fibers is proposed to fabricate lightweight, strong, flexible and highly efficient electric heating CNT/PMIA paper, which is further applied in the indoor heating, aircraft deicing, and portable heating clothing, demonstrating great potential for emerging next-generation electric heating devices. [Display omitted] • A scalable approach involves co-refining of CNTs and fibers as well as papermaking is proposed. • Lightweight, flexible, strong, and highly efficient electric heating CNT/PMIA paper with is fabricated. • CNT/PMIA paper is applied in the indoor heating, aircraft deicing, and portable heating clothing. • CNT/PMIA paper demonstrating great potential for emerging next-generation electric heating devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present facile two-step hydrothermal and chemical vapor deposition approaches for in situ growth of cobalt phosphide and vanadium phosphide (CoP/V2P) on carbon paper (CP). The as-prepared CoP/V2P/CP composite can be used as counter electrodes (CEs) for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) without any post-treatment. It is found that the CoP/V2P/CP CE exhibits higher electrocatalytic activity than that of the Pt CE and the comforting charge-transfer resistance of 9.53 Ω·cm2 for the reduction of the triiodide electrolyte. Therefore, the DSSC with the CoP/V2P/CP CE generates a higher power conversion efficiency (9.47%) than that of the Pt CE (7.43%) under optimized conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a general process for the synthesis of carbon paper (CP) supported core-shell MnCo 2 O 4 @NiCo 2 O 4 nanoarrays structure through two-step solvothermal method. The as-synthesized hierarchical MnCo 2 O 4 @NiCo 2 O 4 /CP is further used as counter electrode (CE) based on Titanium mesh of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and exhibits an excellent electrochemical property with a high photoelectric conversion efficiency of 9.58%. The excellent electrochemical performance can be ascribed to the contribution from carbon paper combination outer-sphere NiCo 2 O 4 nanosheet and inner-sphere MnCo 2 O 4 nanoneedle arrays and the use of titanium mesh, which offer a large specific surface area, abundant electronic transmission channels and small internal impedance. The present work can be helpful to develop low-cost and effective CE materials in DSSCs and other applications. • MnCo 2 O 4 /NiCo 2 O 4 was synthesized by Two-step solvothermal method. • It was used in DSSCs counter electrode. • DSSCs achieved a PCE of 9.58%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this study, a composite of TiO2 nanoparticles/8nm TiO2 nanotubes was successfully fabricated as a stand-alone, paper-like structure for photoanode of dye-sensitized solar cells by using a simple pressing method. The best power conversion efficiency of 5.38% was for the solar cell under illumination of simulated AM 1.5 solar light. The combination of nanosphere particles and 1D nanostructure leads to the effective electron transport and also provides the mechanical robustness for the overall structure while maintaining the transparency level. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A low-cost and efficient MoS 2 /graphite paper (GP) counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is first fabricated by a simple and effective solution processed route. Photo-electric conversion efficiency of 6.48% is obtained for the DSSC adopting MoS 2 /GP, better than the device (6.22%) employing platinized F-doped tin oxide (Pt/FTO) electrode. Because highly conductive GP is performed as a substrate, and the mechanical adhesion and electrical connection between the MoS 2 film and the GP substrate are strong, the series resistance of MoS 2 /GP is much smaller than that of Pt/FTO. A comparable charge transfer resistance of MoS 2 /GP to Pt/FTO is found to be another factor for the better performance. Due to the MoS 2 prepared here possessing relatively high crystallinity and firmly being anchored on the GP substrate, MoS 2 /GP as well exhibits high stability. Hence, excellent electrochemical activity, high stability, facile preparation and low material cost of the MoS 2 /GP electrode offer it a promising potential for large-scale production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly catalytic two dimensional and metal-doped two-dimensional nanomaterials (MoS 2 and NiMoS) were deposited over free-standing graphene (FSG) paper using electrodeposition method and subsequently used as a counter electrode in quasi solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (q-DSSCs). The replacement of FTO by FSG facilitates high electrical conductivity and electrodeposited metal sulphides provide electrocatalytic activity. The morphology, structural phase formation and chemical composition of FSG-MoS 2 and FSG-NiMoS were investigated using FESEM, XRD, Raman and XPS analysis. The electrochemical behavior of metal sulphide decorated FSG cathodes is investigated using an electrochemical workstation and their effects on the photo-conversion efficiency of DSSCs were assessed. NiMoS with FSG substrate is an intriguing counter electrode material that can be utilized at low fabrication cost than the conventional platinum-based counter electrodes. FSG along with the metallic-two dimensional nanoparticles (NiMoS) functions as an effective catalytic material thereby allowing DSSCs to achieve enhanced efficiency of ∼7% to provide better alternative of FTO and Pt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a paper solar cell based on carbon nanotube (CNT)-composite papers. To fabricate this cell, we use dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) for generating power through the redox reaction of dyes in conjunction with CNT-composite papers, which are composite materials containing CNTs and pulp (raw paper material) that can be fabricated easily by using a method based on the Japanese washi papermaking technique. The demand for CNT applications is expected to increase due to their high conductivity and metallic or semiconducting characteristics. This CNT-composite paper can also have metallic or semiconducting characteristics based on the contained CNTs in the composite paper. We previously fabricated a DSC that generates electricity by using CNT-composite papers stacked in a typical DSC structure. However, the conversion efficiency of this DSC was just 0.188%, which is not practical. To overcome this low power generation issue, we tried improving the DSC structure by applying electrodes to the CNT-composite papers in grid patterns for efficient current collection and applying an optimally mixed dye for efficient electron excitation. Results showed that the conversion efficiency improved to 0.58%. Moreover, we demonstrated that using a mixed dye can improve the conversion efficiency of the paper DSC. We expect these types of CNT-composite papers to be used as material for new DSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural cellulose fibres are proposed as promising components for bioderived photoanodes and polymer electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In particular, TiO 2 -laden paper foils, prepared by simple papermaking, can be applied to several substrates (conductive glass or plastics) instead of the high-temperature sintered traditional commercial pastes. In addition, nanoscale microfibrillated cellulose is used as reinforcing filler in acrylate/methacrylate-based thermo-set polymer electrolyte membranes prepared by means of fast, low-cost and green UV-induced free-radical photopolymerization. The laboratory-scale quasi-solid state paper-DSSCs assembled with cellulose-based electrodes and electrolytes guarantee sunlight conversion efficiencies as high as 3.55 and 5.20% at simulated light intensities of 1 and 0.2 sun, respectively, along with an excellent efficiency retention of 96% after 1000 h of accelerated aging test. The simple, low cost and green approach here specifically developed opens up intriguing prospects in the design of bio-inspired energy conversion devices showing high performance, outstanding durability and truly sustainable characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article reports for the first time in the literature, a dye sensitized solar cells with 1.21% efficiency (Voc=0.56V, J sc=6.70mA/cm2 and F.F.=0.33) on paper substrates. The current dye sensitized solar cell technology is based on fluorine doped SnO2 (FTO) coated glass substrates. The problem with the glass substrate is its rigidity and heavy weight. Making DSSCs on paper opens the door for both photovoltaic and paper industries. The potential of using mature paper making and coating technologies will greatly reduce the current PV cost. Paper substrate based DSSCs not only offer the advantages of flexibility, portability and lightweight but also provide the opportunities for easy implantation to textile. In this study, a low temperature process is developed to coat uniform nickel on paper substrate as the metal contact to replace the traditional expensive FTO. The Ni paper showed excellent conductivity of 8–10Ω/□. It is found that the control of metal oxide electrode morphology is critical to solar cell performance. The TiO2 film has the tendency to crack on Ni coated paper, which resulted in the shunt of the device and no solar cell efficiency was obtained. ZnO film on the other hand had good morphology tolerance on Ni coated paper and yielded solar cell efficiency of 1.21% (V oc=0.56V, J sc=6.70mA/cm2 and F.F.=0.33) under AM 1.5 (activation area is 0.16cm2). The control sample of ZnO solar cell on FTO glasses has the efficiency of 2.66% (V oc=0.64V, J sc=9.97mA/cm2 and F.F.=0.42). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract The development of low‐cost, green, and pollution‐free counter electrode materials with high catalytic activity plays a critical role in improving the photovoltaic performance of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In recent years, transition metal phosphides have been widely used in DSSCs due to their outstanding catalytic activity and stability. Herein, a novel binary phosphide is immobilized on carbon paper (CP) by a two‐step strategy. This strategy involves the preparation of WO3 precursor by the hydrothermal method, and synthesis of tungsten phosphide (WP) with the vapor deposition method, which finally leads to the uniform dispersion of WP on carbon paper. The acquired WP/CP counter electrode demonstrates high electrical conductivity and prefect catalytic ability for reducing triiodide, and the DSSCs assembled with WP/CP counter electrode achieve a high‐power conversion efficiency of 10.29%, which is superior to that of the Pt‐based (7.34%). These findings illustrate that the WP microsheets in‐situ grown on carbon paper are a potential candidate to replace Pt as an economical and efficient counter electrode for DSSCs.

Poly(ethyleneimine)-TiO-anthocyanin modified cellulose fiber sheets were prepared as a support material for dye-sensitized solar cells. The study is focused on the effects of different anthocyanins on the photo-induced changes and contact relaxation of the surface AC-conductivity of the papers. The anthocyanins were extracted from purple cabbage, beet-root, plum peel, red vine and red currant juice. The results showed that there were pronounced contact relaxation effects at the interfaces between alumina electrode and the papers, which were further affected by the presence of anthocyanins. The electrode effects are mainly manifested by a decrease in conductance, which falls by about 30 % from its initial value about 400 min after the beginning of the experiment carried out in the dark. The illumination of the samples induces an increase in the magnitude of the observed changes in conductance but does not affect the nature of the relaxation processes. By estimating the temperature coefficients of conductivity of the papers and the changes in temperature during the illumination of the samples, we succeeded to separate the effects of heating from the total effects of illumination on the conductance and susceptance of the papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional nitrogen-doped graphene/reduced hydroxylated carbon nanotube composite aerogel (NG/CNT-OH) with unique hierarchical porosity and mechanical stability is developed through a two-step hydrothermal reaction. With plenty of exposed active sites and efficient multidimensional transport pathways of electrons and ions, NG/CNT-OH exhibits great electrocatalytic performances for I − /I 3 − redox couple. The subsequent compressed NG/CNT-OH papers possess high electrical conductivity and good flexibility, thus generating high-performance flexible counter electrodes (CEs) with transparent conducting oxide free (TCO-free) for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The flexible NG/CNT-OH electrodes show good stability and the DSSCs with the optimized NG/CNT-OH CE had higher short-circuit current density (13.62 mA cm −2 ) and cell efficiency (6.36%) than DSSCs using Pt CE, whereas those of the DSSCs using Pt CE were only 12.81 mA cm −2 and 5.74%, respectively. Increasing the ratio of hydroxylated carbon nanotubes (CNT-OH) to the graphene oxide (GO) in the reactant would lead to less content of doped N, but better diffusion of electrolyte in the CEs because of more complete GO etching reaction. The design strategy presents a facile and cost effective way to synthesis three-dimensional graphene/CNT composite aerogel with excellent performance, and it can be potentially used as flexible TCO-free CE in other power conversion or energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins are anthocyanidins (phenyl-2-benzopyrilium) coordinated with glycosides at position 3 and/or 5. The carbonyl and hydroxyl groups of anthocyanin molecules can be chemically bound on to the surface of semiconductors thereby providing favourable condition for charge injection. Generally, bare wide band gap semiconductors exhibit no absorption in the visible range. However, after coordination with dye molecules, the absorption related to both transitions from Valence Band (VB) to Conduction Band (CB) and from Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) to Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) are revealed implying the sensitization of photoanode. Anthocyanins have proven to be among the most versatile photosensitizers of wide band gap semiconductors in the Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs). This paper reviews the potential of anthocyanin pigments from different sources as photosensitizers of wide band gap semiconductor in DSSCs. The review focuses on the influence of different parameters such as the nature of the dye and its preparation, type and morphology of photoelectrode, nature of electrolyte, additives and co-absorbers on performance of DSSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A paper-based photoanode is developed for photoelectrochemical water splitting. • MoSe 2 nanosheet anchored CdS-ZnO array functional paper is prepared. • Tandem Z-scheme configuration with double IEFs and photothermal effect are integrated. • The flexible photoanode achieves admirable solar water splitting performance. Rational design of photoelectrode architectures is deemed as an effective solution to enhance efficiency of photoelectrochemical water splitting for conquering increasingly prominent environmental problems. Herein, a programmable flexible photoanode with built-in tandem Z-scheme configuration fabricated by in-situ growth of MoSe 2 -CdS-ZnO array with ultrathin nanosheet-interlaced-nanorod structure on the Au paper electrode, is firstly reported. By taking advantages of the interwoven nanonetwork structure, high conductivity as well as larger porosity of the as-fabricated Au paper electrode, a stable light-harvesting paper chip with fast transfer/separate mediators of the charge/carriers is thus integrated. By virtue of double internal electric fields (IEFs) and photothermal effect, the developed MoSe 2 -CdS-ZnO photoanode exhibits incident-photon-to-current efficiency of 52 % under 460 nm of light irradiation, and the current density reaches 2.4 mA cm−2 at 0.3 V versus normal hydrogen electrode, which is comparable with respect to current state-of-the-art "type-II-scheme", "surface-scheme", and cocatalyst-free photocatalysts (0.03–2.4 mA cm−2). Consequently, the paper-based photoanode achieves admirable photoelectrocatalytic hydrogen generation property (39.7 μmol cm−2 h-1). The synergistic effect of tailorable tandem Z-scheme configuration with double IEFs and delineating of 3D cross-linked network structure of the proposed photoanode in this work may open an avenue for constructing high-performance photoelectrochemical water splitting devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The counter electrode (CE) plays a significant role in determining the overall performance and long-term stability of quantum dots (QDs) sensitized solar cells (QDSCs) by collecting the electrons from the external circuit and catalyzing the regeneration of the oxidized electrolyte. In this work, we report a simple, low cost and large area scalable spray deposition approach to fabricate nanostructured Cu 2 S CE on a carbon fiber paper (CP). The QDSCs were assembled with optimized spray assisted nanostructured Cu 2 S/CP CEs, and yield a photoconversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.06%, which is 28% higher than QDSCs based on Cu 2 S/Brass CEs. The PCE can be further boosted to 5.89% upon optimization of the photoanode structure. In addition, QDSCs with Cu 2 S/CP CEs exhibit better long-term stability than QDSCs with Cu 2 S/Brass CE. This excellent performance and satisfactory long-term stability of QDSCs with Cu 2 S/CP CEs is mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of excellent conductivity of CP and high and stable catalytic activity of nanostructured Cu 2 S, which is confirmed by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Thus, our results define a cost-effective and large area scalable approach to fabricate highly efficient and stable CEs, which is an important step toward the fabrication of solar driven optoelectronic devices. Image 1 • The spray deposition approach was used to fabricate efficient and stable Cu 2 S/CP CE. • Cu 2 S/CP CEs offer low series resistance and high catalytic activity. • QDSC based on Cu 2 S/CP CEs yield a 28% higher PCE than the brass CEs. • A PCE of 5.89% can be obtained upon the optimization of the photoanode structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hybrid montmorillonite (Mt)-rich/chitosan composite (MCC) with high adsorption performance was synthesized for the decolorization of water used in the joss paper process. The performance was reported in terms of the dye removal. The composite expressed higher performance than chitosan or Mt-rich clay, respectively. The optimum condition for complete dye removal was achieved when using at least 0.6 g of the composite over a wide pH range (3–10) and initial dye concentration (10–100 mg L−1). The composite showed good reusability without the requirement of regeneration, adsorbing the dye completely for up to eight successive cycles of adsorption (>1.33 gdye gMCC−1). Thermodynamic analyses revealed the degree of spontaneity and the endothermic adsorption process. From the isotherm studies, the Koble–Corrigan isotherm model fitted very well to the experimental data, revealing that the composite had a heterogeneous surface with various active sites to adsorb the dye molecules. This also evidenced the synergistic electrostatic attraction and hydrophobic interaction between the dye and the composite. The pseudo-second-order model best explained the kinetic rate of adsorption. From evaluation of the adsorption process using the Webber and Morris equation and Boyd model, the rate-limiting step consisted of film diffusion and intra-particle diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A titanate nanofiber paper with robust and good flexible property was successfully prepared by alkali hydrothermal synthesis with simple paper-making method. These nanofibers were about 80nm in diameter and had a typical length in the range of tens of micrometers. Despite the transformation from titanate to TiO2-B phase was initially started, such nanofiber paper still kept its original shape and good flexibility after calcinations at 450°C for 30min. A solar cell with titanate nanofiber paper as scattering layer yielded an overall conversion efficiency of 4.90% under an incident solar energy of 100mW/cm2, about 27.5% higher than that without nanofiber paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The New Journal of Chemistry is a publication that features articles and papers on various topics in chemistry. The current issue includes papers on lithium-sulfur batteries, graphene, and carbon nanotubes, among others. The journal is published by The Royal Society of Chemistry and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. The papers provide valuable insights and findings in their respective fields of research, covering topics such as compound synthesis, crystal structures, magnetic behavior, and the development of new materials for applications like photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. The journal also offers professional recognition and development opportunities for scientists. [Extracted from the article]

• Post-treatment process was developed to improve the capacitance of cellulose fibers. • Redox active ARS was firstly performed as post-treatment agent for PEDOT/CFs. • Cellulosic paper electrode showed capacitance as high as 2076 m F/cm2 at 0.5 mA/cm2. • Device with high energy density was achieved due to addition of redox electrolyte. As a promising substrate, cellulose fibers were widely investigated in supercapacitors for their low cost and sustainability. However, the low performance created great barrier for the future applications of the cellulosic paper-based supercapacitors. The performance of paper-based supercapaciors may be improved by the addition of redox active molecule. As a plant derived redox active molecule, Alizarin red S was used to improve the performance of PEDOT paper-based electrode via a simple post-treatment process. By combination of the treated paper electrode and the redox electrolyte, a symmetric paper-based supercapacitor with a superior performance of 2191.3 m F/cm2 (at 5 mA/cm2) and 4.87 mW h/cm3 (at power density of 36 mW/cm3) were fabricated. The charge and mass transfer mechanisms of paper electrode were detailed discussed. The simple and efficient strategy developed in this work opens up new doors for the development of other cellulose related high performance energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

cis-[Ru(bpy)2(Ln)]Cl2(n = 1, L1= 4-carboxy-2-(2′-pyridyl)quinoline (2); n = 2, L2= 2,2′-pyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid (4)); and cis-[Ru(bpy)2(L′)2)]Cl2(L′ = 4-pyridinecarboxylic acid (6)) complexes, with surface anchoring groups, are prepared from the reaction of cis-[Ru(bpy)2Cl2] (1) with the appropriate ligand (L1, L2, L′). Ion exchange in aqueous solution with NH4PF6gives the corresponding bis(hexafluorophosphate) derivatives cis-[Ru(bpy)2(L1)](PF6)2(3), cis-[Ru(bpy)2(L2)](PF6)2(5) and cis-[Ru(bpy)2(L′)2](PF6)2(7), respectively. The photo-electrochemical properties of the dyes (2–7) are investigated and the efficiency of the corresponding dye sensitized solar cells is compared to a N719 sensitized device, under similar fabrication and testing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The New Journal of Chemistry, published by The Royal Society of Chemistry and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, features a variety of research articles on topics such as nanocrystals synthesis, luminescence efficiency improvement, and visible light photocatalysis. The journal covers a wide range of subjects, including biochemistry, pharmacology, and environmental catalysis, providing valuable insights into cutting-edge research in the field of chemistry. With a focus on innovative directions in chemistry, the journal aims to connect the global chemistry community and reinvest profits back into the field. [Extracted from the article]

Adding or mixing CNTs to different matrix materials may change and enhance the functionality in particular, the electrical properties of the formed CNTs nanocomposite. Keywords: nanoparticles; multiwalled carbon nanotubes; graphene; 2D layered materials; perovskites; surface plasmon resonance; 2D photonic crystals; sensors EN nanoparticles multiwalled carbon nanotubes graphene 2D layered materials perovskites surface plasmon resonance 2D photonic crystals sensors 1 4 4 12/23/22 20220611 NES 220611 This Special Collection on I Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology i is devoted to the collection of articles from several different research fields and applications of nanotechnology which have been presented at the NanoMITe Annual Symposium and Nanotechnology Malaysia Annual Symposium (NanoSym2019) in Putrajaya during 21 SP st sp -22 SP nd sp August 2019. Another interesting topic, the multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), unique one-dimensional carbon structures, is the object of the third selected paper in this field by P.Y. Foong. In this paper, multiwalled carbon nanotubes were proposed as the susceptor for the microwave welding of high-density polyethylene, considering multiwalled carbon nanotube is a good microwave absorber. [Extracted from the article]

A novel donor–π-spacer–acceptor type organic dye (AK01) bearing a phenylenevinylene-conjugated system and a derivative of indoline donor was synthesized for dye-sensitized solar cells. AK01 showed panchromatic TiO2sensitization with high overall conversion efficiency of 6.2% under AM 1.5 illumination (100 mW cm−2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hexagonal single crystal CoS1.097 nanoplates with the size of 200~500 nm have successfully in situ grown on flexible graphite paper (GP) and FTO substrates with a one-step hydrothermal method, which are used as counter electrodes (CEs) of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and show different microstructures and different electrocatalytic activities for I3− reduction. The DSSC based on CoS1.097/GP CE shows larger fill factor and higher short-circuit current density than the DSSCs with Pt/FTO CE and CoS1.097/FTO CE, which attribute to the excellent electrical conductivity of GP and predominant electrocatalytic activity of hexagonal single crystal CoS1.097 nanoplates with the addition of a small electrocatalytic contribution of GP. Therefore, the DSSC with the CoS1.097/GP CE shows the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency (6.99%) among these DSSCs. Furthermore, the CoS1.097/GP CE still shows excellent electrochemical and mechanical stability in the iodine-based electrolyte after enduring the S-type mechanical perturbation. This work indicates the flexible CoS1.097/GP electrode is a promising candidate to replace Pt/FTO CE as a Pt-free, FTO-free, low cost, exceptionally stable, and high-efficient CE of DSSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Synthetic Crystals is the property of Journal of Synthetic Crystals Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In times of climate change and dwindling fossil resources, the need for sustainable renewable energy technologies gains importance, increasingly fast. However, the state of the art technologies are energy intensive in their production, like monocrystalline photovoltaic, or even consist of not recyclable composite material, in the case of wind turbine blades. Despite a lack in efficiency and stability, dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) have a high potential to supplement the state of the art green energy technology in future. With low production costs and no necessity for toxic compounds DSSCs are a potential product, which could circulate in the loops of a circular economy. Therefore, with this paper, we provide the status of research on DSSC recycling and an outlook on how recycling streams could be realized in the future for glass-based DSSCs without toxic components. The overview includes work on using recycled material to build DSSCs and extending the life of a DSSC, e.g., through rehydration. We also illustrate the state of sustainability research for DSSCs using the VOSviewer tool. To date, the term sustainability appears in 35 of 24,441 publications on DSSCs. In view of the global challenges, sustainability should be researched more seriously because it is as important as the efficiency and stability of DSSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An alcoholic extract of the spice turmeric can be used to create a light-sensitive dye that can be used to stain paper. On exposure to sunlight, the dyed paper can be used to capture photographic images of flat objects or reproduce existing images through the preferential degradation of the dye in light-exposed areas over a time period of a few hours. The images can be developed and preserved by spraying the exposed paper with a dilute solution of borax, which forms coloured organo-boron complexes that limit further degradation of the dye and enhance the colour of the image. Similar photochemical reactions that lead to the degradation of the turmeric dye can also be used for reducing the organic pollution load in wastewater produced by many industrial processes and in dye-sensitized solar cells for producing electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document is a contents list from the journal CrystEngComm, focusing on the design and understanding of solid-state and crystalline materials. It includes articles on topics such as zinc sulfide clusters, salt-inclusion compounds, crystal structure effects, and composite electrodes for organic pollutant degradation. The journal aims to connect the world with the chemical sciences and invest profits back into the chemistry community, published by The Royal Society of Chemistry. [Extracted from the article]

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been proposed as the most important third generation photovoltaic devices owing to their low fabrication cost, design flexibility, having low hazard to the environment and ease of construction. Tandem DSSCs (T-DSSC) were said to possess properties of its sensitized photoanode and sensitized photocathode in terms of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) parameters. With less studies on the fabrication of simple a flexible tandem DSSC, this work aims at filling this gap as well as showing the influence of one of the main factors that affect the performance of such a device. In this paper, TiO2 and NiO layers were prepared by blading method, sensitized separately, then sandwiched together. The fabricated device produced short circuit current, open circuit voltage and power conversion efficiency of 0.138 mA.cm−2, 0.942 V and 0.063%, respectively. This simple T-DSSC produced a high photovoltage and showed that the photocurrent produced by each photoelectrode should be identical. This match is to overcome the possible hump in the device performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present mini-review article, we have compiled the previously reported literature on the fabrication of MXenes and their hybrid composite materials based electrochemical sensors for the determination of phenolic compounds and counter electrodes for platinum (Pt)-free dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). MXenes are two-dimensional (2D) materials with excellent optoelectronic and physicochemical properties. MXenes and their composite materials have been extensively used in the construction of electrochemical sensors and solar cell applications. In this paper, we have reviewed and compiled the progress in the construction of phenolic sensors based on MXenes and their composite materials. In addition, co1.unter electrodes based on MXenes and their composites have been reviewed for the development of Pt-free DSSCs. We believe that the present review article will be beneficial for the researchers working towards the development of phenolic sensors and DSSCs using MXenes and their composites as electrode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scientific paper presents a novel approach to explore and predict the potential of imidazole-based organic dyes for use in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) using a machine learning web application. The design of efficient and cost-effective organic dyes is critical to enhance the performance of DSSCs. Traditional experimental methods are time-consuming and resource-intensive, making it challenging to screen a large number of potential dyes. In this study, we propose a machine learning-based approach to accelerate the discovery process by predicting the photovoltaic performance of imidazole-based organic dyes. Machin learning predictions provide valuable insights into the expected PCE% and behaviors of the molecules toward DSSCs. Based on the RDKit library, several fingerprints such as Molecular ACCess System, Avalon, Daylight, Pharmacophore and Morgan with different radius (r2, r3, r4), were studied. In addition, more than 20 ML algorithms using different cross validation (3, 5, 7, 10) were also evaluated. Among of these, Deep Neural Network models of MLPRegressor algorithm based on the daylight fingerprint shows a significant coefficient of determination combined with the lowest errors. Utilize the trained ML models to screen of 50 million SMILE structure for identify promising imidazole and nitrogen-containing derivative as a doner group. By replacing the donor groups in the well-known MK2 dye structure with the top imidazole derivatives proposed by machine learning, significant improvements in PCE were observed, increasing from 7.70% to as high as 11.49%, representing nearly a 50% enhancement over the control. DFT calculations confirm the ML predictions and clarify the significantly higher oscillator strength and charge transfer properties of MK2-DM1, compared to MK2. This result provides a promising pathway for developing new dye materials that can push the efficiency limits of DSSCs, leading to more efficient solar energy conversion technologies in the future. In addition, a developed web application offers a user-friendly interface for researchers to input their molecular structures and obtain PCE% predictions toward DSSCs. This information can guide researchers in designing a new imidazole dye with high photovoltaic performance to validate and refine the predictions without time consuming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the development of emerging technology has become a double-edged sword in the scientific world. It can not only bring lots of innovation to society, but may also cause some terrible consequences due to its unknown factors. International collaboration may be able to reduce risks, which means a lot to the exploration of the emerging technology. Taking dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) as an example, this paper examines the rapid growth of Chinese DSSCs research and the rise of collaboration between China and other countries/region. We use bibliometric and social network analysis methods to explore the patterns of scientific collaboration at country, institution and individual levels using data from the Science Citation Index. Examining overall trends shows that China has increased her position in DSSCs around the world. Furthermore, by focusing on the individual level, we find that the most influential authors tend to have fixed co-author networks and author name order, which is something worth considering. We use co-author analysis software independently developed to check three kinds of fixed co-author networks to explore author contributions, influence, and Author Activity Index rank in collaboration networks and use the rank we calculated to further explain author contributions in the networks. Results show that Chinese-X (e.g., Chinese-American) authors have pushed the collaboration between country and country and almost every kind of small network has a top author in it to gather others together. The modified author activity index rank list may reflect real research level. Author collaboration patterns have been impacted by the kinds of their institutions to some degree. These results can undoubtedly promote the international collaboration and the innovation process in the similar emerging technology fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing multifunctional materials with oil/water separation, dye adsorption, and antibacterial activities presents an enticing prospect for wastewater treatment. In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) porous cellulose (CE)/quaternized cellulose (QCE) composite aerogel with super-wettability through co-deposition of polydopamine (PDA) and polyethylenimine (PEI) is reported. The PDA/PEI coating endows the aerogel with superhydrophilicity (WCA = 0°), and the QCE act as an anionic dye sorbent at the same time, endowing the material with antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli). Oil/water mixtures can be separated on an as-prepared aerogel with high efficiency (>99%), even when the filtration was repeated 10 times, and the as-prepared aerogel can also separate oil-in-water emulsions. Moreover, the as-prepared aerogel exhibited excellent adsorption performance for alizarin red, with a calculated maximum adsorption capacity of 454.545 mg g−1. Besides, our modification also endowed the aerogel with antibacterial and anti-oil-fouling activities. The inhibition zone test verified the efficient elimination of E. coli. This work may open a new avenue for designing versatile aerogel with multiple functions for waste water remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper reports the fabrication and evaluation of titanium dioxide (TiO2)- and zinc oxide (ZnO)-based dye-sensitized solar cells with anthocyanin dye extracted from pomegranate. TiO2 and ZnO were synthesized using the hydrothermal synthesis and chemical bath deposition techniques, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that TiO2 had nanopillars made up of nano rods with dimensions of 111.866, 90.521, and 81.908 nm, while ZnO had hexagonal patterned nanorods with lengths of 283.294 nm and diameters of 91.782 nm. The absorption spectra of the pomegranate dye were analysed and the strongest absorption peak was found to be at 520 nm, which corresponds to the existing anthocyanin pigment. The band gap of pomegranate dye was noted down to be 2.45 eV. The performance of the dye-sensitized solar cells was evaluated using one sun illumination (100 mW/cm2) where the dye-sensitized solar cell with TiO2 nanopillars achieved an improved efficiency of 0.46% whereas the dye-sensitized solar cell with ZnO nanorods showed a considerably reduced efficiency of 0.42%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]