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This paper examines the dynamics of deindustrialization in developed countries during the 1970–2015 period, investigating the patterns and factors underlying manufacturing employment growth in 12 developed economies. The study discloses seven key findings with valuable policy insights. In particular, the paper shows that deindustrialization is a persistent pattern that experienced a significant structural change in the post-1990 period, in which the acceleration of globalization with the rise of North-South trade appeared to have a significant effect. Furthermore, industries with higher relative labour productivity are significantly more resistant to deindustrialization, particularly in the post-1990 period, and this effect is stronger for low-tech industries. In addition, deindustrialization tends to be more severe in countries with larger populations and a deficit-prone trade balance, and these links have become more pronounced in the post-1990 period.

The participation of manufacturing in the GVA of many advanced economies is continuously decreasing. The purpose of this work is to contribute to the dialogue around the drivers of such trend. In order to do so, we use input-output analysis for decomposing the variation in the manufacturing share as the sum of the effects of the variation of various possible drivers of deindustrialization: prices, domestic demand, technology and external trade; and we calculate these effects through a dynamic-hierarchical structural decomposition analysis. As a result of the analysis, we identify certain regularities: (a) variations in prices and domestic demand are the two most important factors explaining deindustrialization; (b) a process of substituting domestic production by imports also contributes to deindustrialization; (c) exports make a positive contribution to the participation of manufactures in the GVA but, after the 2008 crisis, this contribution does not offset the negative contribution of substitution by imports.

The paper analyses the relation between premature deindustrialization in Latin America and what is termed premature financialization. Premature financialization is defined as a turn to finance, organized as an industrial concern, which is a vehicle for accumulation before the process of industrialization has reached maturity. This contrasts with developed countries where financialization occurs after an advanced stage of economic and social development has been reached, and where the growth of the financial sector, beyond a certain threshold, can be detrimental to economic activity. The paper examines the consequences of premature financialization for investment, growth, and financial stability.

The purpose of the publication is to assess the world experience of post-industrial development and deindustrialization in the economies of both developed and developing countries. The importance of the crisis of the post-industrial paradigm for the development of the world economy, the application of this experience in the process of import substitution and the unfolding reindustrialization in Russia is noted. The analysis of the world experience of post-industrial development and deindustrialization of the economy, its macro-regional features is carried out in the context of maintaining and developing Russia's economic security. The author's understanding of the problems and prospects of the development of import substitution and reindustrialization processes in the world is proposed. Import substitution is considered as part of the strategy of economic development and ensuring the national security of the country. It is proposed to build recommendations for improving the policy of import substitution and reindustrialization carried out by Russia, taking into account the author's developments.

In the Kaldorian tradition, manufacturing is the main engine of growth. Deindustrialization is a concern for economists and policymakers. This study analyses deindustrialization occurring in the 28...

There is a growing empirical evidence of premature deindustrialization in developing countries wherein the share of manufacturing in GDP and employment declined at a much lower level of per capita income as compared to the trend observed in developed countries. This study examined the manufacturing performance of India, which has been persistent with industrialization as its catch-up strategy. While the study finds no evidence of deindustrialization in the conventional sense, it presents compelling evidence in terms of wage share in value added and wage rate. Therefore, the study argues that a realistic analysis of deindustrialization should consider the quality of employment, wage share and wage rate along with employment share and GDP share. The study attributes deindustrialization in India as an outcome of its strategy to build international competitiveness based on price/wage cost advantage and the failure to build a vibrant learning, innovation and competence building system. Resumo Existe crescente evidência empírica de desindustrialização prematura nos países em desenvolvimento, onde a participação do emprego industrial no PIB diminuiu em um nível muito mais baixo de renda per capita em comparação com os países desenvolvidos. Este estudo examinou o desempenho da indústria da Índia, que tem persistido com a industrialização como estratégia de catch-up. Embora o estudo não encontre evidências de desindustrialização no sentido convencional, ele apresenta evidências convincentes em termos da qualidade do emprego gerado e da sua participação no PIB. Portanto, o estudo argumenta que uma análise realista da desindustrialização deve considerar a qualidade do emprego, a participação e a taxa dos salários, juntamente com a parcela do emprego e do PIB. O estudo atribui a desindustrialização na Índia como resultado da estratégia de ganhar competitividade internacional via vantagens de preço / custo de salário e o fracasso em construir um sistema vibrante de aprendizagem, inovação e construção de competências.

Current explanations of demand for anti-dumping protections focus on the role of the business cycle, and fluctuations in real exchange rates. However, empirical evidence supporting these explanations is based primarily on the experience of industrialized countries. Here, we examine anti-dumping petitions in a broader sample of thirty-four industrialized and middle income countries from 1978–2015. We also propose a new determinant of demand for anti-dumping petitions—changes in the pattern of industrial production between developed and developing economies over this period have contributed to deindustrialization in advanced economies and premature industrialization some developing countries. These changes threaten established industries and motivate them to demand protection.

The paper provides new evidence on policy options to deal with the impact of deindustrialization, as defined in terms of a drop in manufacturing employment, for a panel of 20 early OECD countries on annual data from 1990 to 2014. We explore how key economic indicators, among them per capita GDP growth and various unemployment rates, have responded to deindustrialization. Our main contribution is to explore the role of economic flexibility and some key labor market interventions in shaping the impact of deindustrialization on these indicators. We find that lowering the cost to start a new business is a particularly useful policy to combat rising unemployment and losses in GDP growth in this context. But we also show that economic flexibility alone is not sufficient to achieve good macroeconomic outcomes. Job market training in conjunction with flexibility appears to be the preferred policy choice.

This research aims to identify the nature of deindustrialisation on Indonesia’s economy. To test the negative deindustrialisation, this research performed a descriptive analysis on value-added, export-import, and productivity data of manufacturing sector. To test the premature deindustrialisation, this research conducted a regression analysis to create a simulation of value of GDRP per capita at the top of industrialization taken place on Indonesia’s economy. Descriptive analysis shows that deindustrialization in Indonesia prevails with downward trend of value-added, trade performance, and productivity of manufacturing sector. Subsector analysis also shows that manufacturing subsectors having high value added experienced negative trend in all mentioned indicators. The result of premature deindustrialization model regression shows that the peak of industrialization in Indonesia achieved at lower level income per capita compared to several thresholds of premature deindustrialization. Those results show that negative and premature deindustrialisation prevailed in Indonesia’s economy. The consequence of these research’s results is to promote the politics of reindustrialization. There are several recommendations for policy makers to enhance performance of manufacturing sector. From demand-side, it is important to expand market of manufacturing product internationally and domestically. From supply side, the policy makers should increase the investments and insentives for businesses.

We add to recent evidence on deindustrialization and document a new pattern: increasing industry polarization over time. We assess whether these patterns can be explained by a dynamic open economy model of structural change in which the two primary driving forces are sector-biased productivity growth and sectoral trade integration. We calibrate the model to the same countries used to document our patterns. We find that sector-biased productivity growth is important for deindustrialization, and sectoral trade integration is important for industry polarization through specialization. The interaction of these two driving forces is also essential. The key transmission channel is the declining relative price of manufacturing goods to services over time.

For the past three decades, Eastern European countries have exhibited a noticeable decline in their share of the industrial production sector overall, but not uniformly. Simultaneously, trade liber...

Introduction. Under the conditions of increasing interregional economic imbalances and deindustrialization of the economy the industrial potential of regions as a catalyst for regional leveling and economic growth becomes particularly important. Due to the development of manufacturing and other activities included in production chains the economies of backward regions can be revitalized. Purpose. The purpose of the article is the development of recommendations of the regional industrial policy implementation using the industrial potential of regions to level out interregional imbalances. Method (methodology). The statistical analysis based on variation coefficients and mapping approach are used for assessing the extent of socio-economic regional imbalances. Using the correlation analysis the relationship between the industry’s share by the number of employees in a regional economy and GRP per capita is estimated. The evaluation of industrial specialization of the regions is performed by industries’ localization coefficients. The regional industrial potential is determined according to the current production performance and its possible increase, internal and external investment resources and human capacity. The recommendations on directions and instruments of regional industrial policy are developed using the generalization of domestic and international experience according to new challenges of industrial and regional development of Ukraine. Results. It is determined that during 2010-2017 the level of regional divergence in Ukraine has significantly increased. The industrial, investment and labour potentials of the regions that may become a driving force for regional leveling are disclosed. The forms of inclusion of the regions with low industrial potential in interregional production chains are substantiated. The new objectives of the modern regional industrial policy arising from modern paradigms of neoindustrial, innovative economies and industrial policy are determined and are directed on overcoming centrifugal trends of regional development in terms of decentralization reform.

Since 2000, there has been a significant decline in the number of manufacturing jobs in the US. The manufacturing sector has provided good jobs and benefits, and it has a stronger multiplier effect...

This paper argues that rising food staple prices can pose a significant barrier to the growth of labour‐intensive manufacturing by raising real wage rates. This is important because an expanding manufacturing sector has both comparative static and dynamic effects on labour productivity growth. The experience of Indonesia is used to illustrate these ideas.

This study aims to identify the causes of deindustrialization among ASEAN countries with years of analysis from 2000 to 2017. Secondary data in this study were obtained from CEIC and the analysis method used an econometric model approach to panel data. The variable used to describe deindustrialization in this study (dependent variable) is manufacturing value added (MANVASUR) and the share of manufacturing in GDP (MANSHA). The results of the analysis show that per capita income, population, and economic openness have a significant effect on manufacturing value added (MANVASUR), while the share of manufacturing in GDP (MANSHA) is influenced by the wealth of natural resources, population, and economic openness. The population and per capita income of ASEAN member countries are positively related to the added value of the industrial sector, while economic openness is negatively related. This means that the more open the economy of a country, on the contrary the value added of the industrial sector actually decreases. Economic openness and natural resource wealth of ASEAN countries are positively related to the contribution (share) of the industrial sector to GDP, while the population is negatively marked by contribution (share) industrial sector to GDP. That means, the fewer the population, the less human resources involved in industry and industry will involve a lot of technology (capital intensive).

What happens when the most dynamic entrepreneurial businesses in a country are effectively born global, or when most advanced production facilities are owned and operated by foreign firms which turn out products invented elsewhere? Is thin industrialization the result of policy failure, or is it systemic and unavoidable? Can it be unwound by neo-nationalists? What impact does this have on working and middle classes and social development?

The effect of premature deindustrialization on the distribution of gains from growth has thus far been understudied. Using census data from eleven countries spanning five decades and shift...

This paper theoretically and empirically investigates deindustrialization in a group of selected countries, from 1970 to 2017, viewing it as a process of varied and complex causes, sensitive to the degree of economic development. Supported by the theoretical framework on the centrality of the manufacturing industry for economic growth and the contextualization of recent trends in global industry, we seek to understand empirically the main determinants of deindustrialization through an econometric model of panel data analysis. The main objective, which is also the main contribution of this research, is to empirically investigate the determinants of deindustrialization considering the degree of development of the countries and with the understanding that the causes of this process can differ substantially. Our main results, in general, were aligned with the theoretical and empirical literature on the topic, while corroborating the hypothesis that certain variables are dependent on the level of economic development. In less developed countries, the exchange rate (depreciation) is correlated positively with the value added of the manufacturing sector, as is trade openness but in a negative way. In advanced countries, on the other hand, the relocation of physical production and the degree of financialization are highlighted as factors that negatively affect the manufacturing value added, while trade openness is positive. In view of these results, a more critical analysis on the causes and costs of deindustrialization is considered important, especially in developing countries.

Contrary to the notion of a natural tendency in deindustrialization, this paper, performing a cross-country long-term analysis, documents the existence of a variety of patterns of deindustrialization. Looking at industrial sectors and their technological characteristics, categorised on the ground of the Pavitt (1984) taxonomy, we do find a markedly uneven process of deindustrialization with Science Based and Specialised Suppliers not presenting any inverted U-shaped pattern, neither in employment nor in value added. The heterogeneity holds both for the four Pavitt aggregates and under further disaggregation at industry level. We then study whether the uneven sectoral composition had an impact on the timing of deindustrialization. Overall, our analysis supports the notion that “microchips” are not “potato chips” in their influence on the patterns of long-term economic development of different countries. Moreover, during the phase of globalization the probability for low-income countries to be stuck to produce “potato chips” has increased and that of transition toward the production of “microchips” has been reducing.

This paper examines the income inequality implications of a ‘premature deindustrialization’ trend in middle-income countries. To identify the premature deindustrialization phase, we arrive at five conditions based on the trends in employment and value-added share of manufacture. Among these five conditions, the first and second examine the deindustrialization pattern in economies. The last three classify the identified deindustrialization phase as premature or not. We apply panel fixed-effects and bootstrap-corrected dynamic fixed-effects models to empirically examine the relationship between premature deindustrialization and income inequality. Our findings suggest that income inequality rises with premature deindustrialization if the displaced workers are absorbed into low-productivity and informal market services (especially with employment increase in non-business market services such as trade, transport, hotels, and accommodation activities). In contrast, if high-productivity non-market services are the dominant employment provider, this helps to reduce income inequality even in the presence of premature deindustrialization.

The article deals with the features of the industrialization period, which are inherent in the world economy in the present conditions. Four models of industrialization that can exist at the present stage of economic development are considered: post-industrialization characterized by the development of technologies of the 5th mode, which in the conditions of de-industrialization stipulate bringing of low-tech industries outside the country and introduction of high-tech industrial capacities), neo-industrialization (characterized by the development of technologies of the 6th mode (including nanominiaturization, bio-technologization, cognitivization, 3D printing development), necro-industrialization (characterized by the predominance of industries with technologies of the 3rd and 4th ways, which under conditions of de-industrialization "undergo" the reduction of production capacities due to their physical deterioration and lack of demand for products), traditional industrialization (characterized by the predominance of extractive industries, heavy and low process engineering, development of 3rd and 4th modes technology that are upgraded to meet the challenges of today's market). The Europe 2020 strategy, launched in 2010 by the European Commission is analyzed in terms of industrial policy development. The paper identifies that the European Union's new economic course is based on maintenance of smart sustainable economic development to achieve high employment, productivity and social cohesion. The key guidelines for the development of the world economy are determined on the basis of reasonable growth, sustainable and comprehensive development in the context of overcoming de-industrialization and transition to the sixth technological way.

Deindustrialization is a dynamic process that began to attract the attention of economic theorists in the 60s of the 20th century, which is characterized by a reduction in the share of the industrial sector in GDP and employment. A descriptive analysis of the deindustrialization process in Montenegro was carried out. It was established that throughout the observed period, the process of deindustrialization in Montenegro has characteristics present in developed countries. However, a deeper analysis and taking into account the key indicators showed that deindustrialization in Montenegro did not just arise as a sole consequence of positive economic trends. In addition, the entire process took place under the influence of various non-economic indicators. Moreover, the global economic crisis had a significant economic impact on Montenegro's industrial sector. In the process of accession to the EU and in addressing global challenges, the country's industrial sector, in line with key development strategies, is heading towards reindustrialization, i.e. development and progress under changing conditions.

The article examines the production sphere of Ukraine's economy in the context of reduction of the knowledge-intensity as a result of the processes of deindustrialization. The main reasons for the reduction of knowledge-intensity of manufacturing and decline in the economy of Ukraine are analyzed. The article also describes possible consequences of deindustrialization in the present conditions.

For over 150 years, it is industrialization that has been at the core of structural change that underpinned development. However, the narrative of economic growth as it has unfolded in the labour-abundant nations of the developing world over the preceding three decades makes it evident that much more than one engine of economic growth is required for sufficient employment provision. Fundamentally, the reason for this is premature deindustrialization, a phenomenon that has occurred across a number of developing nations. This chapter will discuss the reasons for the onset of this feature and the implications of this for dynamics of growth and industrialization. It will then proceed to demonstrate the relevance of Arthur Lewis’s theory of economic development with unlimited supplies of labour. In order to enable a better understanding of these insights, the modified Lewis framework will be used because its assumptions continue to apply to contemporary developing nations This will be followed by a discussion of the role that intersectoral linkages play in employment generation, and for a better illustration of this point, India’s economic experience will be cited.

The article adds to the debate around the ‘premature deindustrialization’ of developing countries by analyzing the contribution of services to aggregate productivity and output growth within a Kaldorian framework. We revisit Kaldor´s Growth Laws (KGL) and empirically test them for a number of economic activities, including four service branches, across twenty-nine developing economies in Asia, Latin-America and Sub-Saharan Africa over three decades (1975-2005). Panel data estimations are complemented by a shift-share decomposition of labour productivity growth. We find support to the Kaldorian argument for both manufacturing and business services contribution to aggregate productivity growth. Conversely, other services slow down aggregate productivity and output growth. We suggest qualifying and repositioning the debate on premature deindustrialization within a broader reflection on the opportunities for development linked to structural change. We claim that these opportunities might include not only manufacturing sectors but also business services.

The increase of the manufacturing's share in GDP has reached its peak in the early 2000s while the growth rate of the manufacturing employment is relatively low. Both facts demonstrate that the process of industrialization has slowed down and an indication of deindustrialization in Indonesia. Deindustrialization that occurs in the countries with low GDP per capita is called premature deindustrialization. This study measures the rate of deindustrialization and identification of premature deindustrialization on period 1986- 2015. The result shows that the speed of deindustrialization varies between indicators and between islands. Descriptive analysis showed indication of premature deindustrialization in Indonesia. Keywords: Deindustrialization, Premature deindustrialization, Manufacturing, Indonesia JEL classification: L16, L50, L52, L60, O14, O25

A strand of empirical research on deindustrialization seeks to quantify the relative importance of the economic forces behind deindustrialization, and especially of the internal and external factors, i.e. those linked to globalization and trade. The results of this literature are highly fragile, arguably because the commonly used indicators of trade are not well defined to capture the contribution of globalization to deindustrialization. While this empirical study does not necessarily contradict the widespread belief that the internal factors are quantitatively more important in accounting for deindustrialization in the OECD taken as a whole, our empirical results – based on panel data for 15 OECD advanced countries from 1970 to 2006 – nevertheless show that global exchanges have the potential to affect significantly and substantially a country’s sectoral patterns of employment. They also suggest that the contribution of globalization, and especially of growing North-South integration, to deindustrialization in advanced countries may be revised upwards when resorting to better-suited indicators of trade.

This study will analyse the deindustrialization process in El Salvador. Deindustrialization has been a factor in the Latin American countries since the 1980s and contributes to economic stagnation and quality job loss. The first section reviews selected studies in the literature on this subject and is followed by an exploration of the possible causes of deindustrialization in El Salvador. The idea that remittances may have triggered a bout of Dutch disease is the first possibility to be examined, but it is then ruled out. The focus then turns to the repercussions of economic reforms carried out in the 1990s and, by estimating cointegration equations, evidence is found that the extreme form of trade liberalization that was implemented in El Salvador is the chief reason for the contraction of tradable goods sectors. The study closes with a series of recommendations and conclusions.

For the last four decades, ratio of services sector to economic growth has been increased among several developing countries. Like other developing economies Pakistan also experienced similar trends i.e. the share of services sector in Gross Domestic Product has expanded as compared to agriculture sector whereas manufacturing sector share remained stagnant. This situation is basically named as deindustrialization by some economists. In this context, present research tries to find out empirically the effects of deindustrialization on economic growth of Pakistan using time series data set ranging from 1972 to 2017. Auto Regressive Distributed Lag modelling technique has been used for estimation of the model. Empirical findings verified the fact that manufacturing value added has positive and significant impact on economic growth. The key finding suggested that Pakistan became a service economy without having proper experience of industrialization hence indicating deindustrialization in Pakistan. It is also concluded that Pakistan requires introducing such policies that encourage manufacturing sector growth as well as agriculture sector by curbing services sector. The study suggests that services sector should be prompted but not at the cost of manufacturing sector. This will render the growth journey of the country smoother and sustainable.

An examination of the manufacturing output of Britain and the U.S. (the two advanced industrial countries most associated with neoliberalism and "the Anglo-Saxon model") over time shows striking parallelism but also striking differences. In particular an examination of United Nations' statistics on the matter indicates a significant divergence after 1990, with British manufacturing stagnating in per capita terms, and America's continuing to expand. This paper examines that data, and explains the differences in terms of the U.S. enjoying successes in a small number of sectors (computer and electronic products, petroleum and coal products, chemicals and aerospace-defense goods), and suggests that to the extent that the U.S. has outdone Britain here, it is a matter of the government support that created its historic strength in the relevant sectors, notably computers and aerospace-defense; the country's continued high levels of defense spending; and the fossil fuel resources exploited in the shale boom (of which not just the oil and gas-oriented sectors, but chemicals especially and other parts of the industrial base have been beneficiaries); which have in at least some measure offset the broader trend of decline in the sector.

In this modern era, environmental pollution is the biggest problem attached to industrialization. This study tries to ensure the relationship between industrialization and CO2 emissions in Pakistan for the time period 1980–2018 by using nonlinear ARDL model while controlling for urbanization, GDP, and human capital variables as a likely factor of CO2 emissions. Our foremost study objective is to examine whether or not the outcome of industrialization on CO2 emissions is symmetric or asymmetric for Pakistan that is one of the core suppliers to CO2 in South Asia, as the emissions were 0.82 million tons in 2018. Our result approves the presence of an asymmetric effect of industrialization shocks on CO2 emissions both in the short run and long run. The results reveal that industrialization increases emissions and deindustrialization decrease emissions, in short as well as long run, in Pakistan. Moreover, our finding also advises that urbanization and GDP variables have exerted a positive impact on CO2 emissions. Based on the findings, some policy suggestions are proposed for Pakistan.

For the past three decades, Eastern European countries overall, but not uniformly, have exhibited a noticeable decline in their share of the industrial production sector. At the same time, trade liberalization and integration in international production networks were intensified, bringing different levels of economic development of countries in this region. The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of the real effective exchange rate (REER) on the deindustrialization or reindustrialization process in 25 post-communist Eastern European countries. The paper employs heterogeneous panel common factor approach for the period 1995-2018 to exploit the effect of diverse levels of export complexity, stage of economic development, and intensity of participation in global value chains on REER- industrial production relationship. The results establish a heterogeneous yet significant negative relationship between REER and industrial production. Our findings indicate that higher economic complexity and participation in global value chain reduces the effect of depreciation on industry development.https://www.textfixer.com/tools/remove-line-breaks.php

This chapter outlines the contours of contemporary structural change and economic development along the following lines: in all developing regions agriculture shares of GDP and employment have fallen substantially—albeit they still persist at high levels among the poorest countries; regional manufacturing shares are consistent with deindustrialization or stagnant industrialization in employment shares and value-added; and, service shares of GDP and employment are on an upward trend in general, with the exception of East Asian economic growth, which has been driven by an inter-sectoral movement toward manufacturing. There is also a trend toward greater capital intensity of growth. Further, while in East Asia there have been substantial changes in the composition of exports, this is not the case in all regions.

The steady rise of income inequality in the United States coincides with trade union decline and structural changes to the economy, but prior studies do not consider whether these phenomena interact in ways that magnify inequality. Drawing on institutional and market accounts of inequality, the author develops the argument that trade union decline, occurring within the context of deindustrialization and the offshoring of routinemanufacturing jobs, creates more profound distributional effects than these factors would create in isolation. This argument is tested (net of other important determinants of income inequality) using time-series regression models and national-level data from 1947 to 2015. Results support the proposed interaction effects, suggesting that a thorough understanding of inequality and social stratification must consider not only institutions and markets, but how they interact. The results also suggest that inequality is driven by financialization, public sector retrenchment, and unemployment, but not necessarily by technological change.

A theoretical analysis of the crisis of the neoliberal model of globalization, which led to the processes of deindustrialization in many countries of the world, including Ukraine, is presented. It is shown that through the restoration of the development of high-tech sectors of the real economy, a global economic model is changing, that gives a chance to overcome negative consequences of the global crisis. The analysis of various models of capitalism under conditions of neoliberal globalization, including those in the countries emerging in the postsocialist space, has been carried out. It is shown that solving the contradiction that has developed in Ukrainian economy between current and long-term tasks is possible on the basis of a reproductive approach.

This article examines conceptions of social justice and economic fairness with regard to employment. It does so through an analysis of the management of deindustrialization in the Scottish coalfields between the 1940s and 1980s. Emphasis is placed on the historical roots and social and political constitutions of labor market practices. The analysis is grounded within Karl Polanyi’s Great Transformation; industrial relations within coal mining are conceived through an ongoing conflict between commodifying, liberalizing market forces and a “counter-movement” of worker and community resistance and state regulation, which works to embed markets within social and political priorities. E. P. Thompson’s moral economy provides the basis for an understanding of the formulation of communal expectations and employment practices that acted to mitigate the disruption caused by pit closures. The analysis grounds the historical roots of the moral economy within Poalnyi’s counter-movement and illuminates the operation of specific practices of a Thompsonian character within the nationalized industry, which maintained individual and collective employment stability. This is constructed utilizing interviews with former mineworkers and members of mining families. These are supplemented by archival sources that include the minutes of Colliery Consultative Committee meetings, which took place before pit closures. They reveal the moral economy was fundamentally centered on the control of resources, collieries, and the employment they provided rather than simply elements of financial compensation for those suffering from labor market instability. Resultantly procedure centering on collective consultation was fundamental in legitimating colliery closures.

This work analyzes the phenomenon of premature deindustrialization for Colombia and for other seven Latin American countries. Through a Koyck transformation model for the Colombian case, and a panel data fixed effects model for the complete sample of eight Latin American countries, this work documents that the fall in the average effective tariff in the region is the main economic explanation of the premature reduction in the manufacturing share. Also, it provides evidence that relates negative performance of manufacturing to foreign investment flows and to Dutch disease. On the other hand, taking into account the importance of manufacturing on productive sophistication and economic development, this work applies product space methodology in order to determine strategic manufacturing sectors for the establishment of a selective industrial policy for the Colombian case. As a result, the sectors that must be encouraged by the Colombian State are manufactured intermediate goods, mainly goods in the chemical industry.

This paper uses the historical experience of U.S. states to examine the reasons why energy intensity has declined in some places more than in others. In aggregate, U.S. energy per dollar of GDP declined 34 percent between 1997 and 2018, but across states the decline varied from 9 percent in Iowa to 52 percent in Washington State. I show that none of this variation is explained by either deindustrialization or the changing composition of states’ industrial sectors. Although some U.S. state policies are significantly correlated with these changes, they are not correlated in a way that explains the changing overall state energy intensities. Energy intensity declines do not appear to be a result of leakage to other states or countries and have not been associated with slower economic growth.