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2. Hardening Mode and Foam Concrete Properties

Author

Novikov, Mikhail, Goykalov, Andrey, Semenova, Elvira, Pakhomov, Vladislav, di Prisco, Marco, Series Editor, Chen, Sheng-Hong, Series Editor, Vayas, Ioannis, Series Editor, Kumar Shukla, Sanjay, Series Editor, Sharma, Anuj, Series Editor, Kumar, Nagesh, Series Editor, Wang, Chien Ming, Series Editor, Vatin, Nikolai, editor, Pakhomova, Ekaterina Gennadyevna, editor, and Kukaras, Danijel, editor

Published
2023
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3. Specifics of Experimental Studies and Features of Variation Formulations of Numerical Analysis of Composite Roofs Made of Panels-Shells

Author

Mityakina, N. A., Korenkova, G. V., Denisova, Yu. V., di Prisco, Marco, Series Editor, Chen, Sheng-Hong, Series Editor, Vayas, Ioannis, Series Editor, Kumar Shukla, Sanjay, Series Editor, Sharma, Anuj, Series Editor, Kumar, Nagesh, Series Editor, Wang, Chien Ming, Series Editor, and Klyuev, Sergey Vasil'yevich, editor

Published
2022
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4. Deformation of 2D RC Beam-Column Joint

Author

Savin, Sergey, Obydina, Anastasia, Mikhailik, Ekaterina, di Prisco, Marco, Series Editor, Chen, Sheng-Hong, Series Editor, Vayas, Ioannis, Series Editor, Kumar Shukla, Sanjay, Series Editor, Sharma, Anuj, Series Editor, Kumar, Nagesh, Series Editor, Wang, Chien Ming, Series Editor, Vatin, Nikolai, editor, Roshchina, Svetlana, editor, and Serdjuks, Dmitrijs, editor

Published
2022
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5. Features of Plasticity Diagram Construction for Low-Plastic Materials

Author

Shepelenko, Ihor, Nemyrovskyi, Yakiv, Tsekhanov, Yuri, Mirzak, Volodimir, Mahopets, Sergii, Cavas-Martínez, Francisco, Series Editor, Chaari, Fakher, Series Editor, di Mare, Francesca, Series Editor, Gherardini, Francesco, Series Editor, Haddar, Mohamed, Series Editor, Ivanov, Vitalii, Series Editor, Kwon, Young W., Series Editor, Trojanowska, Justyna, Series Editor, Tonkonogyi, Volodymyr, editor, Oborskyi, Gennadii, editor, and Pavlenko, Ivan, editor

Published
2022
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6. Improvement of Operating Properties of Heat-Resistant Alloys by the Structure Optimization

Author

Zaichuk, Natalia, Shymchuk, Sergii, Tkachuk, Anatolii, Shymchuk, Yurii, Badir, Karim Kashash, Cavas-Martínez, Francisco, Series Editor, Chaari, Fakher, Series Editor, di Mare, Francesca, Series Editor, Gherardini, Francesco, Series Editor, Haddar, Mohamed, Series Editor, Ivanov, Vitalii, Series Editor, Kwon, Young W., Series Editor, Trojanowska, Justyna, Series Editor, Tonkonogyi, Volodymyr, editor, Oborskyi, Gennadii, editor, and Pavlenko, Ivan, editor

Published
2022
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9. Compressive performance of paper honeycomb core layer with double-hole in cell walls.

Author

Guo, Yanfeng, Sun, Yuxi, Fu, Yungang, Liu, Jiaxue, Wang, Huineng, and Yu, Niuniu

Abstract

The perforated paper honeycomb structure with double-hole in cell walls is one kind of innovative sandwich structure also to improve drying process of traditional honeycomb paperboard. Based on the analytical calculation, experiment inspection and finite element analysis, this paper is focus on the paper honeycomb core layer with double-hole in cell walls, and especially studies the bending and folding deformation and the compressive strength under out-of-plane quasi-static compression for different humidity. The structure first appears elastic buckling and folds near the circular holes in the cell wall, and goes on buckling, folding and crushing until to the densification with the continuously increase of compression set. Its quasi-static compressive stress and strain curve mainly shows four kinds of compression deformation processes, such as linear elastic stage, elastic yielding stage, plastic collapse stage, and densification stage. The critical stress and plateau stress of the structure slowly decrease with the increase of humidity and aperture, and the multiple linear regression analysis result illustrates that the relative humidity has much more influence on the critical stress and plateau stress. For different humidity and aperture, the analytical calculation result is close to the experiment result. However, the finite element simulation result greatly deviates from the above two results, especially for relative humidity 50% and 60% cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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10. Correction of the Test Method for Ladders with Removable Steps

Author

Antonova, V. A., Zherdev, K. V., Barvina, A. Ya., di Prisco, Marco, Series Editor, Chen, Sheng-Hong, Series Editor, Vayas, Ioannis, Series Editor, Kumar Shukla, Sanjay, Series Editor, Sharma, Anuj, Series Editor, Kumar, Nagesh, Series Editor, Wang, Chien Ming, Series Editor, Klyuev, Sergey Vasil'yevich, editor, and Klyuev, Alexander Vasil'yevich, editor

Published
2021
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11. Solutions to Common Problems of Forged Steel Piston

Author

Wang, Jianjun, Hu, Xinshuai, Yao, Yi, Chen, Denghe, Cao, Guohui, Gu, Jun, Yang, Chengzhong, China Society of Automotive Engineers, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, and Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor

Published
2021
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12. Simulation Permeable Porous Materials of the Complex Shape During Radial-Isostatic Compression

Author

Povstyanoy, Oleksandr, Mikhailov, Anatoliy, Imbirovich, Nataliya, Dziubynska, Oksana, Herasymchuk, Halyna, Cavas-Martínez, Francisco, Series Editor, Chaari, Fakher, Series Editor, Gherardini, Francesco, Series Editor, Haddar, Mohamed, Series Editor, Ivanov, Vitalii, Series Editor, Kwon, Young W., Series Editor, Trojanowska, Justyna, Series Editor, Tonkonogyi, Volodymyr, editor, Oborskyi, Gennadii, editor, Grabchenko, Anatolii, editor, Pavlenko, Ivan, editor, Edl, Milan, editor, Kuric, Ivan, editor, and Dasic, Predrag, editor

Published
2021
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13. Analysis of the Influence of the Cylinder Body on the Position of the Base Face System

Author

Hong, Wang, Lin, Sun, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martin, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, and (China SAE), China Society of Automotive Engineers, editor

Published
2020
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15. The Heat Treatment Deformation Law and the Improvement of Accuracy of the Transmission Gear

Author

Sun, Peng, Pang, Di, Qi, Xuechun, Luo, Ningming, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martin, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, and (China SAE), China Society of Automotive Engineers, editor

Published
2020
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16. 4D Cardiac Motion Modeling Using Pair-Wise Mesh Registration

Author

Yoon, Siyeop, Baek, Stephen, Lee, Deukhee, Hutchison, David, Series Editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series Editor, Kittler, Josef, Series Editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series Editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series Editor, Mitchell, John C., Series Editor, Naor, Moni, Series Editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series Editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series Editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series Editor, Tygar, Doug, Series Editor, Pop, Mihaela, editor, Sermesant, Maxime, editor, Zhao, Jichao, editor, Li, Shuo, editor, McLeod, Kristin, editor, Young, Alistair, editor, Rhode, Kawal, editor, and Mansi, Tommaso, editor

Published
2019
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18. 3D Human Body Reshaping with Anthropometric Modeling

Author

Zeng, Yanhong, Fu, Jianlong, Chao, Hongyang, Barbosa, Simone Diniz Junqueira, Series Editor, Chen, Phoebe, Series Editor, Filipe, Joaquim, Series Editor, Kotenko, Igor, Series Editor, Sivalingam, Krishna M., Series Editor, Washio, Takashi, Series Editor, Yuan, Junsong, Series Editor, Zhou, Lizhu, Series Editor, Huet, Benoit, editor, Nie, Liqiang, editor, and Hong, Richang, editor

Published
2018
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20. INVESTIGATIONS ON THE USE OF SOFT MATERIAL FOR ROBOT GRIPPER IN THE APPLICATION OF PAPER COIL HANDLING.

Author

VISWANATHAN, MUNUSAMI

Subjects
*ROBOTS, *PAPER industry, *TENSILE strength, *COMPRESSION molding, *ROBOTICS
Abstract

The pick up and place procedure is one of the essential tasks for handling and transporting the paper coils during diverse cycles of operation in paper industries. The metallic grippers are widely used in several industries for material handling and process automation. The aim of this research is to develop a new approach to handle the soft rolled coils without affecting the orientation of the material. Silicone grades 20, 40, 60 and 80 are selected and the blended polymers of silicone 20/80 and silicone 40/60 grades are synthesized through two roll millings followed by compression molding. The dumb bell samples are prepared as per ASTM D412 standard and uniaxial tensile testing is conducted in Inston machine. The strain-stress data at the strain rate of 250 mm/minute are recorded and the tensile strength of the blended polymers is measured. The results were reasonably good and suggested that the silicone soft gripper system with an acceptable accuracy can be recommended for handling paper coil without any deformations and unwanted marks during handling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018

21. Skin Deformation Methods for Interactive Character Animation

Author

Rumman, Nadine Abu, Fratarcangeli, Marco, Diniz Junqueira Barbosa, Simone, Series editor, Chen, Phoebe, Series editor, Du, Xiaoyong, Series editor, Filipe, Joaquim, Series editor, Kotenko, Igor, Series editor, Liu, Ting, Series editor, Sivalingam, Krishna M., Series editor, Washio, Takashi, Series editor, Braz, José, editor, Magnenat-Thalmann, Nadia, editor, Richard, Paul, editor, Linsen, Lars, editor, Telea, Alexandru, editor, Battiato, Sebastiano, editor, and Imai, Francisco, editor

Published
2017
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22. Sampling Hierarchical Position-Based Dynamics Simulation

Author

Wang, Meili, Zheng, Hua, Qian, Kun, Li, Shuqin, Yang, Xiaosong, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Chang, Jian, editor, Zhang, Jian Jun, editor, Magnenat Thalmann, Nadia, editor, Hu, Shi-Min, editor, Tong, Ruofeng, editor, and Wang, Wencheng, editor

Published
2017
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23. Open-source micro-tensile testers via additive manufacturing for the mechanical characterization of thin films and papers.

Author

Nandy, Krishanu, Collinson, David W., Scheftic, Charlie M., and Brinson, L. Catherine

Subjects
*THIN films, *PAPER, *TENSILE strength, *MECHANICAL behavior of materials, *GRAPHENE oxide
Abstract

The cost of specialized scientific equipment can be high and with limited funding resources, researchers and students are often unable to access or purchase the ideal equipment for their projects. In the fields of materials science and mechanical engineering, fundamental equipment such as tensile testing devices can cost tens to hundreds of thousands of dollars. While a research lab often has access to a large-scale testing machine suitable for conventional samples, loading devices for meso- and micro-scale samples for in-situ testing with the myriad of microscopy tools are often hard to source and cost prohibitive. Open-source software has allowed for great strides in the reduction of costs associated with software development and open-source hardware and additive manufacturing have the potential to similarly reduce the costs of scientific equipment and increase the accessibility of scientific research. To investigate the feasibility of open-source hardware, a micro-tensile tester was designed with a freely accessible computer-aided design package and manufactured with a desktop 3D-printer and off-the-shelf components. To our knowledge this is one of the first demonstrations of a tensile tester with additively manufactured components for scientific research. The capabilities of the tensile tester were demonstrated by investigating the mechanical properties of Graphene Oxide (GO) paper and thin films. A 3D printed tensile tester was successfully used in conjunction with an atomic force microscope to provide one of the first quantitative measurements of GO thin film buckling under compression. The tensile tester was also used in conjunction with an atomic force microscope to observe the change in surface topology of a GO paper in response to increasing tensile strain. No significant change in surface topology was observed in contrast to prior hypotheses from the literature. Based on this result obtained with the new open source tensile stage we propose an alternative hypothesis we term ‘superlamellae consolidation’ to explain the initial deformation of GO paper. The additively manufactured tensile tester tested represents cost savings of >99% compared to commercial solutions in its class and offers simple customization. However, continued development is needed for the tensile tester presented here to approach the technical specifications achievable with commercial solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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24. DEEP-DRAWING OF PAPER AND PAPERBOARD: THE ROLE OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Author

Alexey Vishtal, and Elias Retulainen

Subjects
Deep-drawing, Formability, Paper, Mouldability, Deformation, Properties, Elongation, Biotechnology, TP248.13-248.65
Abstract

Fibre-based packaging materials are widely utilized all over the world. They have several important advantages in comparison with fossil-based packaging: biodegradability, recyclability, and renewability. However, fibre-based packaging cannot fully compete with plastic in its barrier properties. Also there are limitations regarding its shapes due to poorer formability. The deep-drawing forming process can be used for the production of advanced three-dimensional shapes from paper-based materials. Formability and related characteristics are essential for deep-drawing of paper-based materials. This paper aims to give an overview of the deep-drawing of paper-based materials with the emphasis on the experienced deformations, on the role of mechanical properties of materials in deep-drawing, and on the typical defects found in the shapes after the forming. Additionally, strategies are proposed to help mitigate common problems in deep-drawing.

Published
2012

25. An Interactive 2D-to-3D Cartoon Modeling System

Author

Feng, Lele, Yang, Xubo, Xiao, Shuangjiu, Jiang, Fan, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Josef, Kittler, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, El Rhalibi, Abdennour, editor, Tian, Feng, editor, Pan, Zhigeng, editor, and Liu, Baoquan, editor

Published
2016
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26. Research on the Deformation Technology of 3D Object for Natural Interaction

Author

Guo, Yasong, Hou, Wenjun, Li, Tiemeng, Fan, Jiachen, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Josef, Kittler, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Zu, Qiaohong, editor, and Hu, Bo, editor

Published
2016
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27. Experimental Investigations on the Soil–Water Characteristic Curve and the Deformation Behaviors of Unsaturated Cement–Stabilized Soft Clay.

Author

Liu, Wen-hua, Sang, Jin, Hong, Guo-qian, Li, Wu-gang, Hu, Pan, Wang, Long, and Lin, Xin-yi

Subjects
POROSITY, CLAY, DEFORMATIONS (Mechanics), SCANNING electron microscopes, FILTER paper
Abstract

Cement stabilization is a widely applied technique in improving the workability and geotechnical properties of soft clay. This paper investigated the influence of cement stabilization on the soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) and the deformation behavior of unsaturated cement–stabilized soft clay. The combined effect of cementation and partial saturation on the hydromechanical behavior of cement-stabilized soils was discussed. The SWCC of stabilized soil was measured in the full suction range under drying and wetting paths using the pressure plate method, the filter paper method, and the vapor equilibrium technique. The deformation behaviors of cement-stabilized soft soil were investigated by conducting suction-controlled oedometer tests. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope micrographs and mercury intrusion porosimetry tests were performed to investigate the effects of cement content on the evolution of soil pore structures. The test results showed that the water retention capacity of the stabilized soft clay increased with increasing cement content. The SWCC showed a significant hysteretic behavior in the boundary effect zone and transition zone, whereas the hysteretic effect was unapparent in the residual zone. The increased cement content had a more significant hysteretic effect on the SWCC. The deformation resistance capacity increased as the cement content and matric suction increased. However, the effect of matric suction on deformation resistance capacity decreased as the cement content increased. With the increase in cement content, the macropores were converted to small interaggregate pores, the pore spaces were distributed more uniformly, and the particle surface became rougher, resulting in higher water retention capacity and significant hysteresis of the SWCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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30. Visualization of Organ Motion during Breathing from 4D Datasets

Author

Müller, Markus, Karamalis, Athanasios, Navab, Nassir, Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Doug, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Linte, Cristian A., editor, Chen, Elvis C. S., editor, Berger, Marie-Odile, editor, Moore, John T., editor, and Holmes, David R., III, editor

Published
2013
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32. Direct Volume Deformation

Author

Schulze, Florian, Bühler, Katja, Hadwiger, Markus, Braz, José, editor, Ranchordas, Alpesh, editor, Araújo, Hélder J., editor, and Pereira, João Madeiras, editor

Published
2008
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33. Numerical Simulation of Dimension Effect to Deformation in the Cataclastic Medium Goafs Using UDEC

Author

Hu, Jianhua, Lao, Dezheng, Chen, Qingfa, Zhou, Keping, Huang, Yingmen, Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Doug, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Zhang, Wu, editor, Chen, Zhangxin, editor, Douglas, Craig C., editor, and Tong, Weiqin, editor

Published
2010
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35. Boosting the Extensibility Potential of Fibre Networks: A Review.

Author

Vishtal, Alexey and Retulainen, Elias

Subjects
PLASTIC fibers, PACKAGING materials, PAPER bags, CHEMICAL bonds, NATURAL resources
Abstract

Production of paper-based packaging is growing at the present moment and has great future prospects. However, the development of new packaging concepts is creating a demand for an improvement in the mechanical properties of paper. Extensibility is one of these properties. Highly extensible papers have the potential to replace certain kinds of plastics used in packaging. Extensibility is also important for the sack and bag paper grades and for runnability in any converting process. This paper reviews the factors that affect the extensibility of fibres and paper, and discusses opportunities for improving the straining potential of paper and paper-like fibre networks. It is possible to classify factors that affect extensibility into three main categories: fibre structure, interfibre bonding, and structure of the fibre network. Extensibility is also affected by the straining situation and the phase state of the polymers in the cell wall. By understanding the basic phenomena related to the elongation, and by combining different methods affecting the deformability of fibre network, extensibility of paper can be raised to a higher level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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36. Quelques aspects du comportement hygromécanique du papier.

Author

Bloch, Jean-Francis, Dumont, Pierre J. J., Rolland, Sabine, Orgéas, Laurent, Geindreau, Christian, and Bouquet, Nicolas

Subjects
*PAPER, *STRENGTH of materials, *FIBERS, *POROSITY
Abstract

Paper is mainly made up of cellulosic fibrous materials. On one hand, the nature of the fibres (softwood or hardwood) and on the other hand, their mechanical treatments severely affect the obtained porous structure. The porosity can vary from 1% to 95% according to the aimed end-use properties. Consequently, the mechanical behaviour strongly varies. Indeed, the mechanical resistance is related on the quality of fibres and the bonds between these fibres. Moreover, the mechanical behaviour of the final products is influenced by both the orientation of fibres and moisture. Consequently, it is important to better understand the moisture-induced changes of dimensions and mechanical properties of papers. Experiments were undertaken to this end. Moreover, in order to observe the fibrous microstructure of paper, experiments based on synchrotron microtomography were carried out with the help of the "European Synchrotron Radiation Facility" (ESRF). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009
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40. Deep-drawing of paper and paperboard

Subjects
Deep-drawing, formability, paper, properties, deformation, elongation, mouldability
Abstract

Fibre-based packaging materials are widely utilized all over the world. They have several important advantages in comparison with fossil-based packaging: biodegradability, recyclability, and renewability. However, fibre-based packaging cannot fully compete with plastic in its barrier properties. Also there are limitations regarding its shapes due to poorer formability. The deep-drawing forming process can be used for the production of advanced three-dimensional shapes from paper-based materials. Formability and related characteristics are essential for deep-drawing of paper-based materials. This paper aims to give an overview of the deep-drawing of paper-based materials with the emphasis on the experienced deformations, on the role of mechanical properties of materials in deep-drawing, and on the typical defects found in the shapes after the forming. Additionally, strategies are proposed to help mitigate common problems in deep-drawing.

Published
2012

41. Open-source micro-tensile testers via additive manufacturing for the mechanical characterization of thin films and papers

Author

L. Catherine Brinson, Krishanu Nandy, Charlie M Scheftic, and David W. Collinson

Subjects
lcsh:Medicine, Electronics engineering, Mechanical engineering, Engineering and technology, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Software, Materials Testing, Electron Microscopy, lcsh:Science, Tensile testing, Thin Films, Microscopy, Multidisciplinary, Physics, Classical Mechanics, Oxides, Equipment Design, 3D printing, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Deformation, Atomic Force Microscopy, Characterization (materials science), Printing, Three-Dimensional, Physical Sciences, Graphite, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Deformation (engineering), 0210 nano-technology, Reduction (mathematics), Research Article, Paper, Materials by Structure, Materials Science, Equipment, Research and Analysis Methods, 010402 general chemistry, Tensile Strength, Open Source Hardware, Ultimate tensile strength, Damage Mechanics, Buckling, business.industry, Scanning Probe Microscopy, lcsh:R, Software development, 0104 chemical sciences, lcsh:Q, business
Abstract

The cost of specialized scientific equipment can be high and with limited funding resources, researchers and students are often unable to access or purchase the ideal equipment for their projects. In the fields of materials science and mechanical engineering, fundamental equipment such as tensile testing devices can cost tens to hundreds of thousands of dollars. While a research lab often has access to a large-scale testing machine suitable for conventional samples, loading devices for meso- and micro-scale samples for in-situ testing with the myriad of microscopy tools are often hard to source and cost prohibitive. Open-source software has allowed for great strides in the reduction of costs associated with software development and open-source hardware and additive manufacturing have the potential to similarly reduce the costs of scientific equipment and increase the accessibility of scientific research. To investigate the feasibility of open-source hardware, a micro-tensile tester was designed with a freely accessible computer-aided design package and manufactured with a desktop 3D-printer and off-the-shelf components. To our knowledge this is one of the first demonstrations of a tensile tester with additively manufactured components for scientific research. The capabilities of the tensile tester were demonstrated by investigating the mechanical properties of Graphene Oxide (GO) paper and thin films. A 3D printed tensile tester was successfully used in conjunction with an atomic force microscope to provide one of the first quantitative measurements of GO thin film buckling under compression. The tensile tester was also used in conjunction with an atomic force microscope to observe the change in surface topology of a GO paper in response to increasing tensile strain. No significant change in surface topology was observed in contrast to prior hypotheses from the literature. Based on this result obtained with the new open source tensile stage we propose an alternative hypothesis we term 'superlamellae consolidation' to explain the initial deformation of GO paper. The additively manufactured tensile tester tested represents cost savings of >99% compared to commercial solutions in its class and offers simple customization. However, continued development is needed for the tensile tester presented here to approach the technical specifications achievable with commercial solutions.

Published
2018

43. Deep-drawing of paper and paperboard:The role of material properties

Author

Vishtal, A. and Elias Retulainen

Subjects
Paper, Deep-drawing, lcsh:Biotechnology, formability, paper, Properties, deformation, Mouldability, elongation, Deformation, lcsh:TP248.13-248.65, properties, Elongation, mouldability, Formability
Abstract

Fibre-based packaging materials are widely utilized all over the world. They have several important advantages in comparison with fossil-based packaging: biodegradability, recyclability, and renewability. However, fibre-based packaging cannot fully compete with plastic in its barrier properties. Also there are limitations regarding its shapes due to poorer formability. The deep-drawing forming process can be used for the production of advanced three-dimensional shapes from paper-based materials. Formability and related characteristics are essential for deep-drawing of paper-based materials. This paper aims to give an overview of the deep-drawing of paper-based materials with the emphasis on the experienced deformations, on the role of mechanical properties of materials in deep-drawing, and on the typical defects found in the shapes after the forming. Additionally, strategies are proposed to help mitigate common problems in deep-drawing.

Published
2012

44. Extensible Cellulosic Fibre-polyurethane Composites Prepared via the Papermaking Pathway.

Author

Vishtal, Alexey, Khakalo, Alexey, and Retulainen, Elias

Subjects
CELLULOSE fibers, POLYURETHANES, NANOCOMPOSITE materials, DISPERSION (Chemistry), POLYMERS
Abstract

Formable papers can be used as an alternative to rigid plastics for making 3D shapes for packaging applications. However, commercial use of formable paper is currently limited, due to its poor extensibility. Cellulosic fibres can be combined with polyurethanes to improve the deformability of resulting fibre-polymer composites. This work describes the effect of spray and wet-end addition of polyurethane dispersions to paper to enhance the extensibility and formability of paper. The increase in extensibility was directly proportional to the amount of polyurethane retained in the paper. Absolute improvements in extensibility were as high as 4 to 6 percentage points. Improved extensibility resulted in better formability of paper, which eventually could allow it to compete with plastic packaging in certain applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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45. Analysis of the plastic and elastic energy during the deformation and rupture of a paper sample using thermography

Author

Mikael Nygårds, Caroline Hyll, and Hannes Vomhoff

Subjects
Paper, Thermal Analysis, Materials science, Infrared, Thermal energy, Thermography (temperature measurement), Uniaxial tensile testing, Optics, Infra-red cameras, General Materials Science, Thermal emittance, Emittances, Plastic deformation, Rupture work, Experimentation, Tensile testing, Range (particle radiation), Tensile Tests, Paper samples, Temperature measurement, business.industry, Elastic energy, Mechanical energies, Pappers-, massa- och fiberteknik, Forestry, Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology, Paper mechanics, Deformation, Elasticity, Sack paper, Pyrometry, Emittance, Thermography (imaging), Thermography, Goniometer, Elastic deformation, Physics::Accelerator Physics, business, Experiments
Abstract

Thermography is a non-destructive technique which uses infrared radiation to obtain the temperature distribution of an object. The technique is increasingly used in the pulp and paper industry. To convert the detected infrared radiation to a temperature, the emittance of the material must be known. For several influencing parameters the emittance of paper and board has not previously been studied in detail. This is partly due to the lack of emittance measurement methods that allow for studying the influence of these parameters.An angle-resolved goniometric method for measuring the infrared emittance of a material was developed in this thesis. The method is based on the reference emitter methodology, and uses commercial infrared cameras to determine the emittance. The method was applied to study the dependence on wavelength range, temperature, observation angle, moisture ratio, sample composition, and sample structure of the emittance of paper and board samples. It was found that the emittance varied significantly with wavelength range, observation angle and moisture ratio. The emittance was significantly higher in the LWIR (Long-Wavelength Infrared) range than in the MWIR (Mid-Wavelength Infrared) range. The emittance was approximately constant up to an observation angle of 60° in the MWIR range and 70° in the LWIR range, respectively. After that it started to decrease. The emittance of moist samples was significantly higher than that of dry samples. The influence of moisture ratio on the emittance could be estimated based on the moisture ratio of the sample, and the emittance of pure water and dry material, respectively.The applicability of measured emittance values was demonstrated in an investigation of the mechanical properties of sack paper samples. An infrared camera was applied to monitor the generation of heat during a tensile test of a paper sample. It was found that the observed increase in thermal energy at the time of rupture corresponded well to the value of the elastic energy stored in the sample just prior to rupture. The measured emittance value provided an increased accuracy in the thermal energy calculation based on the infrared images.

Published
2012

46. Coherent structures of suspension flow and their inheritance in paper

Author

Jetsu, P., Minna Kellomäki, Karema, H., Salmela, J., Lappalainen, T., Piirto, M., and Baker, C.F.

Subjects
headboxes, papermaking, paper machines, flow, paper, deformation, suspensions, structure, cockling
Abstract

By creating coherent flow structures at the vane tips of a headbox in a controlled manner it was shown that these coherent flow structures could be traced all the way from the slice chamber to paper. In addition, a correlation between the coherent structures and the structural cockling tendency of paper was found. Thus, important complementary information was created to serve the goal of finding a general linkage between structures in flow and paper.

Published
2001

49. Paper curl induced by drying

Author

Oleg Timofeev, Janne Keränen, and Harri Kiiskinen

Subjects
paper, properties, curl, deformation, drying, simulation
Abstract

The effects of the drying method and the drying conditions on paper curl were studied. Theoretical considerations concerning the development of moisture gradient in the paper thickness direction and its influence on curl were also discussed. Curl can be controlled either by controlling the drying conditions in one-sided drying or by combining different drying techniques. If conditions inside the paper are symmetrical during the drying process, the paper remains planar. The drying process has been simulated and examples are included in this paper.

Published
2001

50. Coherent structures of suspension flow and their inheritance in paper

Subjects
headboxes, papermaking, paper machines, flow, paper, deformation, suspensions, structure, cockling
Abstract

By creating coherent flow structures at the vane tips of a headbox in a controlled manner it was shown that these coherent flow structures could be traced all the way from the slice chamber to paper. In addition, a correlation between the coherent structures and the structural cockling tendency of paper was found. Thus, important complementary information was created to serve the goal of finding a general linkage between structures in flow and paper.

Published
2001