31 results
Search Results
2. Is It Hop? Identifying Hop Fibres in a European Historical Context.
- Author
-
Lukešová, H., Andersen, H. L., Kolínová, M., and Holst, B.
- Subjects
- *
COTTON , *HOPS - Abstract
Hop (Humulus lupulusL.) is an ancient perennial crop plant, native to the Northern Hemisphere. The archaeological evidence dates back to at least the sixth century ad in Europe. Hop has been used for beer brewing, in sleeping draughts, as bedding and for antibacterial purposes. Less known is that hop fibres have also been used for textiles and paper. However, it is difficult to distinguish hop from other bast fibres. Here, we present a set of fibre features, which, when found together in an archaeological/historical material within a European context, provide a strong indication that the fibres are hop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Microscopic characterization of acidic paper manuscripts.
- Author
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Hamed, Safa Abd El kader Mohamed and Ali Hassan, Rushdya Rabee
- Subjects
- *
ACIDITY , *PAPER , *MANUSCRIPTS , *BIODEGRADATION , *X-ray diffraction , *FOURIER transform infrared spectroscopy , *FLAX - Abstract
Purpose This paper aims to investigate the effect of acidity on the morphology of archeological paper, especially in the presence of colors and whether natural pigments play a role in the process of degradation.Design/methodology/approach The morphological changes in the cellulosic fibers of the manuscripts because of acidity were investigated using environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). Ten historical samples were collected from different manuscripts suffering from acidity. X-ray diffraction was used to identify the inks and pigments that were used in some samples. Additionally, Fourier transform infrared microscopy was used to identify the binding medium.Findings The results confirmed that carbon ink, ultramarine, cinnabar and gold pigments were applied to some manuscripts with Arabic gum. As for ESEM investigation, the results proved that acidity badly affected the integrity of the cellulosic fibers resulting in their embrittlement. The micrographs showed differences in fiber degradation according to pH value. The presence of inks and pigments increased the degradation extent resulting from acidity.Originality/value This paper addresses a specific need to study the behavior of degradation in paper manuscripts, thus helping the conservators find solutions to the phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Returning to Nature for the Design of Sorptive Phases in Solid-Phase Microextraction
- Author
-
Gabriela Mafra, María Teresa García-Valverde, Jaime Millán-Santiago, Eduardo Carasek, Rafael Lucena, and Soledad Cárdenas
- Subjects
green chemistry ,circular economy ,natural products ,sorbents ,cork ,cotton ,pollen ,seeds ,paper ,wood ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Green analytical chemistry principles aim to minimize the negative impact of analytical procedures in the environment, which can be considered both at close (to ensure the safety of the analysts) and global (to conserve our natural resources) levels. These principles suggest, among other guidelines, the reduction/minimization of the sample treatment and the use of renewable sources when possible. The first aspect is largely fulfilled by microextraction, which is considered to be among the greenest sample treatment techniques. The second consideration is attainable if natural products are used as raw materials for the preparation of new extraction phases. This strategy is in line with the change in our production system, which is being gradually moved from a linear model (take−make−dispose) to a circular one (including reusing and recycling as key terms). This article reviews the potential of natural products as sorbents in extraction and microextraction techniques from the synergic perspectives of two research groups working on the topic. The article covers the use of unmodified natural materials and the modified ones (although the latter has a less green character) to draw a general picture of the usefulness of the materials.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Direct catalytic production of sorbitol from waste cellulosic materials.
- Author
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Ribeiro, Lucília Sousa, Órfão, José J. de Melo, and Pereira, Manuel Fernando Ribeiro
- Subjects
- *
SORBITOL , *WASTE products , *CATALYSIS synthesis , *BIOMASS conversion , *CARBON nanotubes , *COTTON textiles ,CELLULOSE microbiology - Abstract
Cotton wool, cotton textile, tissue paper and printing paper, all potential waste cellulosic materials, were directly converted to sorbitol using a Ru/CNT catalyst in the presence of H 2 and using only water as solvent, without any acids. Conversions up to 38% were attained for the raw substrates, with sorbitol yields below 10%. Ball-milling of the materials disrupted their crystallinity, allowing reaching 100% conversion of cotton wool, cotton textile and tissue paper after 4 h, with sorbitol yields around 50%. Mix-milling these materials with the catalyst greatly enhanced their conversion rate, and the materials were efficiently converted to sorbitol with a yield around 50% in 2 h. However, ball- and mix-milled printing paper presented a conversion of only 50% after 5 h, with sorbitol yields of 7%. Amounts of sorbitol of 0.525, 0.511 and 0.559 g could be obtained from 1 g of cotton wool, cotton textile and tissue paper, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Mechanical-Property-Based Comparison of Paper Yarn with Cotton, Viscose, and Polyester Yarns
- Author
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Joel Peterson, Josefine Hjelm, Hideaki Morikawa, and Alexandra Eckard
- Subjects
Paper ,Materials science ,Textile and clothings ,Materials Science (miscellaneous) ,Polyesters ,textile materials ,knitting ,Textile, Rubber and Polymeric Materials ,02 engineering and technology ,Cotton ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Commercial crops ,Garment industry ,Toxic pesticides ,Yarn ,Viscose ,Textile fabric ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Mechanical property ,Textil-, gummi- och polymermaterial ,Toxic materials ,Textiles ,Wool ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pulp and paper industry ,Knitted structures ,testing ,Polyester ,tensile strength ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Paper yarn ,0210 nano-technology ,Tensile testing ,pilling ,Hemp ,Textile industry - Abstract
Cotton and oil-based fibre consumption is highly problematic because the growth of these materials often requires fertilisers and toxic pesticides. Less environmentally damaging alternative fibres are urgently required. This study investigates Manila-hemp paper-yarn textile fabrics. Manila-hemp (abacá) is a species of banana grown as a commercial crop in the Philippines, Ecuador, and Costa Rica. Knitted structures of paper, cotton, viscose, and polyester yarns are tested and compared. Tensile strength tests are also performed. Paper yarn shows low shrinkage and no pilling, which are excellent characteristics for use in the textile and clothing industries. However, its poor handleability/knittability, high stiffness, and hard grip must be resolved for the widespread application of paper yarn in the textile industry in the future.
- Published
- 2021
7. Certain Properties of Cotton Paper with the Addition of Nanofibers in the Form of PLA/PHB Composite.
- Author
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Modzelewska, Izabela, Patelski, Emil, and Tyrolczyk, Emil
- Subjects
- *
COTTON paper , *POLYLACTIC acid , *NANOFIBERS , *POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE , *RESEARCH - Abstract
The purpose of the research was to produce nanofiber-modified paper with enhanced strength. The materials used in the research were cotton-comber pulp and a composite of PLA (polylactic acid) and PHB (polyhydroxybutyrate) nanofibers. Two sets of test sheets were formed: from the pure cotton-comber pulp and from the cotton-comber pulp with 5.5% of ground nanofibers. A range of strength tests showed a significant strength improvement (an increase in breaking length of 17%). The thesis was confirmed and the results encourage further research into the subject matter of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. The legacy: origins of employers' associations.
- Author
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McIvor, Arthur J.
- Abstract
Employers' organisations have been around for a very long time, indeed, such organisations pre-dated the industrialisation process in Britain. Adam Smith, in his classic treatise.The Wealth of Nations, was amongst the earliest of commentators to identify the existence of semi-clandestine masters' committees. Such combinations, Smith argued, operated across a number of trades and industries, working to regulate product prices, lower wages and control working hours. The master tailors, for example, formed a number of alliances throughout the second half of the eighteenth century, ostensibly to combat industrial action by their workers, who developed one of the most militant of eighteenth-century unions. Draconian union-bashing and violent strikebreaking tactics were often resorted to by such combinations. In one dispute in 1764, 23 master tailors imported over 1,000 strikebreakers, including 230 from outside Britain. The master tailors' combination dissolved rapidly after breaking this strike. This pattern of brief, temporary, ephemeral combinations of masters to address specific industrial relations crises characterised the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Rarely, during this period, were employers' associations sustained for any length of time. Presumably, in most instances, individual capitalists could effectively discipline and control their labour force without the necessity for forging wider class alliances. Nevertheless, the extent of employer organisation, even in this early period, should not be underestimated. As the work of Yarmie, Musson, Coleman and Turner has shown, formal employers' combinations dealing with labour relations existed in the cotton, printing, coal, shipbuilding, worsted, cutlery and paper trades during the period of illegality under the multifarious individual trade and general Combination Acts in the late eighteenth century and during the first quarter of the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Western Africa, 1886–1905.
- Abstract
The lines of siege, 1886–89 The outlook from the savanna Although in retrospect the flurry of European diplomacy which attended the Berlin Conference of 1884–5 seems clearly designed to prepare for the European invasion of West Africa, economic and political uncertainties in Europe and indications of stiff resistance in Africa inhibited the formation of aggressive policies. In the immediate aftermath the European siege lines were strengthened, but the scale of the impending threat to African independence was still not generally predictable. Even if in retrospect it appears that external and internal pressures were producing a general crisis of authority, its local manifestations varied greatly in nature and in intensity, and it is not easy to trace this crisis to common causes. Obviously, the impact of the European economy and European power was strongest in coastal regions. Many inland kingdoms of the savanna and Sahel still knew Europeans only as isolated and powerless travellers, and they retained the preoccupations and priorities which their historical experience suggested. Bornu, for example, though affected by fluctuations in European demand for ivory and ostrich-feathers, had more urgent problems at home; the challenge which eventually in 1893 overthrew the al-Kānamī dynasty came from Rabah al-Zubayr, a well-armed state-builder from the Nilotic Sudan, who proved capable of mobilising support among over-mighty subjects of Kukawa. 'Umar b. 'Alī, Caliph of Sokoto, 1881–91, also faced difficulties in maintaining administrative control over the empire founded by Usuman dan Fodio and in enforcing the theocratic standards which justified its existence; but these were largely inherent in the attempt to hold together territories which it took four months to traverse from east to west, once the capital of charisma accumulated by the founders had become attenuated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1985
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Africa on the Eve of Partition.
- Abstract
North of the equator It has become a truism of historical writing to conceive of Africa in the course of the nineteenth century as becoming increasingly a part of, and a product of, the expansion of Europe, which, beginning in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, had integrated ever larger areas of the world into a single economic system. In attempting an overview of the state of the continent on the eve of partition – roughly over the decade of the 1870s – a large number of questions arise from a consideration of this truism. To what extent was Africa already an adjunct of an economic system dominated by Europe? What was the relationship between Africa and this European system – was it one of an equal or an unequal exchange of commodities? To what extent was Africa dependent economically, if not yet politically? What social and ideological changes were beginning to follow from this dependency? Was Africa a fruit ripe for plucking in the 1870s, was there a certain inevitability about the forthcoming imperialist carve-up, or was partition an extraneous historical occurrence forced upon a continent which had within it other options for coping with the future? There are no answers to these questions that are at the same time simple and sensible. Certainly the answers to all such queries will differ, according to the region of Africa which is under scrutiny. Even within particular regions, the situation of individual states, societies or groups of people, their relations with each other and with the outside world (especially with the European capitalist economies) varied greatly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1985
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. New Granada and the Spanish mercantile system, 1700–1778.
- Author
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McFarlane, Anthony
- Abstract
So far, we have examined the structures of settlement, society, and economy in eighteenth-century New Granada and have seen something of the economic links that bound the colony to Spain. However, by focusing on the character of New Granada's social and economic structures, the foregoing chapters have tended to emphasize elements of continuity and evolution within the colony, without paying much attention to the external factors that affected its development. And yet, of course, the eighteenth century saw important changes in relations between Spain and her colonies, as the Bourbon kings who inherited the Hapsburg throne sought to reverse the seemingly inexorable process of decline that Spain had suffered during the seventeenth century. Not only did the new dynasty establish a more centralized and absolutist authority within the metropolis, but, by political, military, and economic reform, it also sought to bring about what has been called the “second conquest of America.” This was not a process that began immediately or proceeded smoothly. The first reforms were hesitant in tone and uneven in application, and the great age of reform did not arrive until the reign of Charles III. New Granada, however, felt the repercussions of change at the metropolitan center early in the century, when its trade and administration were touched by Madrid's earliest efforts to reassert control over the resources of its empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Power, politics, and protest.
- Author
-
McFarlane, Anthony
- Abstract
Of all the influences on the development of New Granada's political life during the eighteenth century, Bourbon policies are the most obvious. We have seen how, throughout the century, ministers of Bourbon monarchs sought to enhance royal authority and improve Spain's command of the region's resources, with varying degrees of intensity and success. The first conjuncture of Bourbon reform in New Granada, in 1717–23, was ineffectual, if not entirely futile. It did, however, clear the ground for a second conjuncture of administrative and commercial reorganization in 1739–40, from which New Granada emerged with a new framework for government, under the command of the viceroys, and a new framework for its overseas trade, carried by individual register-ships. Then, after a long phase of piecemeal, incremental reform, the government of Charles III inaugurated Bourbon New Granada's third and most radical reformist conjuncture in 1778, when Gálvez's new colonial program was applied to the region in the visita general of 1778–83. New Granada's political system was therefore affected by three major moments of reform during the eighteenth century. In the first, the crown reasserted royal authority, but failed to sustain its reorganization of New Granada's system of government. In the second, Madrid established a permanent viceregal government, which strengthened the networks of royal command in New Granada by installing a strong authority at the heart of the territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. The influence of rainfed and limited irrigation conditions and early vs. late plantings on kenaf as a potential industrial crop in the southern High Plains, USA
- Author
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Lauriault, L.M. and Puppala, N.
- Subjects
- *
KENAF , *IRRIGATION farming - Abstract
Abstract: Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a nonwoody fiber source with many uses. To evaluate the dry matter yield potential of kenaf at two locations in the southern High Plains of the USA and the effects of late planting/late emergence as a possible replacement for hail damaged cotton, four varieties were grown in 2004 and 2005 at New Mexico State University''s Agricultural Science Centers at Clovis, under limited irrigation, and Tucumcari, under rainfed conditions. Each study was a randomized complete block design having four replicates. A year×location interaction existed (P <0.0469) for kenaf yield largely due to precipitation amount and distribution. Either late planting or late emergence due to low soil moisture at planting significantly reduced yields (3.62 vs. 0.63Mgha−1 for mid-May planting and emergence and early July emergence or planting, respectively, P <0.0001). Consequently, kenaf would not be suitable for recovering input costs when planted after failure of cotton. The very late maturing variety Gregg had consistently lower numeric yields than Dowling, Everglades 41, and Tainung 2 in all comparisons, with the strongest trend within the emergence date comparison (P <0.0912). Kenaf varieties should be selected for any location that finish blooming approximately three to four weeks prior to the average first autumn freeze to allow for maximum growth. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Effect of the Licker-in on Fibre Tuft Assembly.
- Author
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Mahmoudi, M.R., Lawrence, C.A., Dehghani, A.A., and Greenwood, B.D.
- Subjects
FIBERS ,TEXTILE industry ,PAPER ,WEIGHTS & measures ,CLOTHING & dress ,TEXTILES ,WOOL ,POLYESTER fibers ,COTTON - Abstract
This paper investigates (i) the effect of fibre type and lap weight on the resiliency of the blowroom scutcher lap, (ii) the effect of licker-in action on the lap, (iii) the shear force, strength and drawing length of the licker-in tuft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Recent advances in thread-based microfluidics for diagnostic applications
- Author
-
Qian Guo, Hai Jiang, Bei Peng, Xuan Weng, and Yuejun Kang
- Subjects
Paper ,Computer science ,Point-of-Care Systems ,Microfluidics ,Biomedical Engineering ,Biophysics ,Thread-based microfluidics ,02 engineering and technology ,Thread (computing) ,Biosensing Techniques ,Cotton ,Diagnostic system ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,Electrochemistry ,Animals ,Humans ,Cotton Fiber ,Cellulose ,Gossypium ,Colorimetric ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Electrochemical ,General Medicine ,Electrochemical Techniques ,Microfluidic Analytical Techniques ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,Point-of-care ,Systems engineering ,Colorimetry ,0210 nano-technology ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Over the past decades, researchers have been seeking attractive substrate materials to keep microfluidics improving to outbalance the drawbacks and issues. Cellulose substrates, including thread, paper and hydrogels are alternatives due to their distinct structural and mechanical properties for a number of applications. Thread have gained considerable attention and become promising powerful tool due to its advantages over paper-based systems thus finds numerous applications in the development of diagnostic systems, smart bandages and tissue engineering. To the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive review articles on the topic of thread-based microfluidics have been published and it is of significance for many scientific communities working on Microfluidics, Biosensors and Lab-on-Chip. This review gives an overview of the advances of thread-based microfluidic diagnostic devices in a variety of applications. It begins with an overall introduction of the fabrication followed by an in-depth review on the detection techniques in such devices and various applications with respect to effort and performance to date. A few perspective directions of thread-based microfluidics in its development are also discussed. Thread-based microfluidics are still at an early development stage and further improvements in terms of fabrication, analytical strategies, and function to become low-cost, low-volume and easy-to-use point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices that can be adapted or commercialized for real world applications., Highlights • Thread microfluidics is a powerful tool in making diagnostic systems. • This review focus on the advances of thread-based microfluidic diagnostic devices. • Thread microfluidic devices have numerous advantages over traditional and paper-based microfluidics. • A perspective on the future trends for the thread microfluidics is also given.
- Published
- 2019
16. Historic Textiles, Papers, and Polymers in Museums
- Author
-
JEANETTE M. CARDAMONE, MARY T. BAKER, David Erhardt, Charles S. Tumosa, Marion F. Mecklenburg, Runying Chen, Kathryn Jakes, Kathryn A. Jakes, N. Kohara, C. Sano, H. Ikuno, Y. Magoshi, M. A. Becker, M. Yatagai, M. Saito, Mamiko Yatagai, Yoshiko Magoshi, Mary A. Becker, Chie Sano, Harumi Ikuno, Natsuko Kohara, Masako Saito, Season Tse, Anne-Laurence Dupont, Ian L. Weatherall, Mark H. McCormick-Goodhart, Jane Ballany, David Littlejohn, Richard A. Pethrick, Anita Quye, Sandra A. Connors, Alison Murray, Ralph M. Paroli, Ana H. Delgado, Jayne D. Irwin, Celina Contreras de Berenfeld, Kate Helwig, Barbara Keyser, S. A. Fairbrass, D. R. Williams, JEANETTE M. CARDAMONE, MARY T. BAKER, David Erhardt, Charles S. Tumosa, Marion F. Mecklenburg, Runying Chen, Kathryn Jakes, Kathryn A. Jakes, N. Kohara, C. Sano, H. Ikuno, Y. Magoshi, M. A. Becker, M. Yatagai, M. Saito, Mamiko Yatagai, Yoshiko Magoshi, Mary A. Becker, Chie Sano, Harumi Ikuno, Natsuko Kohara, Masako Saito, Season Tse, Anne-Laurence Dupont, Ian L. Weatherall, Mark H. McCormick-Goodhart, Jane Ballany, David Littlejohn, Richard A. Pethrick, Anita Quye, Sandra A. Connors, Alison Murray, Ralph M. Paroli, Ana H. Delgado, Jayne D. Irwin, Celina Contreras de Berenfeld, Kate Helwig, Barbara Keyser, S. A. Fairbrass, and D. R. Williams
- Subjects
- Electrophoresis, Painting, Silk, Chromatographic analysis, Lasers, Cotton, Polymers--Conservation and restoration--Congresses, Paper, Textile fabrics--Conservation and restoration--Congresses, Paper--Preservation--Congresses, Museums, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Textile fabrics, Polymers
- Published
- 2001
17. Extracellular cellulolytic enzymes of Bacillus circulans are present as two multiple-protein complexes
- Author
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Kim, D [Kyungsung Univ., Pusan (Korea, Democratic People's Republic of)]
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Printing with Natural Dye Extracted from Impatiens glandulifera Royle.
- Author
-
Klančnik, Maja
- Subjects
NATURAL dyes & dyeing ,IMPATIENS ,INTRODUCED plants ,JAPANESE knotweed ,COLORIMETRY ,INVASIVE plants ,COTTON - Abstract
Invasive alien plants that damagingly overgrow native ecosystems can be beneficially used to produce natural dyes. Natural dyes are healthier and more environmentally friendly than synthetic dyes, so their use on textiles and other products that come into contact with humans is desirable. In this study, the possibility of using a natural dye extracted from the purple petals of the invasive plant Impatiens glandulifera Royle (Himalayan balsam) for screen printing on various substrates; woven fabrics and different papers made from virgin fibers, recycled fibers, and from fibers of Japanese knotweed, was investigated. The prints were evaluated by color measurements and fastness properties. With the violet dye extract, purple-brown prints were obtained on papers made from Japanese knotweed, and more brown prints on other substrates. They had excellent rub fastness but faded significantly when exposed to light. The wash fastness of the prints on cotton fabrics was moderate and poor on polyester fabrics, but the prints had good resistance to wet ironing. The addition of acid to the printing paste resulted in a lighter violet color, the addition of alkali caused a drastic color change to green, both additives increased the light fastness of the prints but reduced the fastness on fabrics to wet treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Cellulose before CELL: Historical themes.
- Author
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Patterson, Gary
- Subjects
- *
TEXTILE fibers , *TWENTIETH century , *CELLULOSE , *FOREST products , *CELLS - Abstract
In 2020 the Cellulose and Renewable Materials Division (CELL) of the American Chemical (ACS) society celebrates its 100th anniversary. The following paper is based on a chapter from the book commissioned by the Division (Patterson, 2021). CELL is one of the most successful and dynamic Divisions in the ACS. It has evolved throughout its history to remain relevant and productive. One of its strengths is its diversity, while staying true to its founding vision. This perspective was present at its founding, and the following paper surveys the world of cellulose and renewable materials from the dawn of history to 1920. CELL has both industrial and scientific roots and has always welcomed the full range of participants from these communities. Rather than operating as separate tribes, the two groups have fostered innovations in each other. Many aspects of cellulose science and technology are discussed from antiquity to the early 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Thermal degradation of cellulose and cellulosic substrates
- Author
-
Giulio Malucelli and Jenny Alongi
- Subjects
Reaction mechanism ,TGA ,Materials science ,Volatilisation ,paper ,cotton ,cellulose ,Thermogravimetry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Cellulosic ethanol ,thermal degradation ,Char ,Charring ,Cellulose ,Composite material ,Pyrolysis - Abstract
This chapter is aimed to thoroughly describe the thermal degradation of cellulose and cellulosic substrates (like cotton and paper), investigating the involved reaction mechanisms. After a brief introduction about the real reasons that motivated the study on cellulose degradation, a first general introduction on cellulose thermal degradation (namely, pyrolysis) and thermooxidation will be presented, followed by a detailed description of the related mechanisms with particular attention to the main degradation products consisting of volatile species and char (carbonaceous residue). To this aim, some of the most important factors affecting the volatilisation and charring balance (i.e. heating rate, presence of humidity, metals and flame retardants) are considered and thoroughly discussed in order to provide a complete scenario about the cellulose degradation phenomenon
- Published
- 2015
21. Dry laser cleaning of mechanically thin films
- Author
-
BLOISI, FRANCESCO, VICARI, LUCIANO ROSARIO MARIA, A. C. BARONE, Bloisi, Francesco, A. C., Barone, and Vicari, LUCIANO ROSARIO MARIA
- Subjects
experiment ,paper ,Verso laser cleaning ,Indirect laser cleaning ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Applied optic ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,General Chemistry ,Condensed Matter Physics ,cotton ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Dry laser cleaning ,Laser application ,Nd:YAG laser ,Laser Cleaning ,theory - Abstract
Laser-assisted particle removal has acquired a growing importance in last few years, finding applications in several fields ranging from microelectronics to conservation and restoration of materials having cultural or historical interest. Recently new ‘indirect’ laser cleaning techniques such as ‘shock’ and ‘verso’ laser cleaning have been developed. Here we present a simple laser cleaning mechanical model in order to associate cleaning efficiency to surface deformation characteristics during cleaning pulse and apply it to examine the behaviour of ‘verso’ laser cleaning which has experimentally shown promising results on cellulosic (paper and cotton) materials.
- Published
- 2004
22. Hydrothermolysis of biomass-ethanol fermentation of hydrothermal solutions with Saccharomyces carlsbergensis W 34
- Author
-
Schwald, W
- Published
- 1983
23. Smoldering combustion of cellulosic materials
- Author
-
Bradbury, A
- Published
- 1979
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Place of cellulose under energy scarcity
- Author
-
Goldstein, I
- Published
- 1977
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. The Jubilee index.
- Author
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Durham, Craig
- Subjects
- *
COMMERCIAL products , *ANNIVERSARIES , *PAPER , *COTTON , *LEATHER , *PETROLEUM product sales & prices - Abstract
The author reflects on which high-value commodity could be put forward for the 100th Jubilee spot in the U.S. as of July 2012. He believes the link between an anniversary and the particular commodity associated with it could be proportional to the item's value, such as paper, cotton and leather celebrating the first five years. He is proposing oil, which has reached a price of around 100 U.S. dollars per barrel (bbl), to have that 100th Jubilee spot.
- Published
- 2012
26. Into The Woods.
- Subjects
WEDDING supplies ,BOUQUETS ,PLATES (Tableware) ,PAPER ,COTTON - Abstract
The article features wedding-related products including a salad plate from Vietri, hand letterpress on cotton paper from Pickett's Press, and flower bouquet from Vizoso for The Designers' Co-op.
- Published
- 2012
27. THEORIZING SURFACES AND DEPTHS: GASKELL'S "CRANFORD"
- Author
-
Lupton, Christina
- Published
- 2008
28. Acquisitions JULY 2005-JUNE 2006
- Published
- 2006
29. Products
- Published
- 2005
30. Images of Slavery: George Fuller's Depictions of the Antebellum South
- Author
-
Burns, Sarah
- Published
- 1983
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Curatorial Reports and Departmental Accessions
- Author
-
Howat, John K., Harper, Prudence O., Nickel, Helmut, Druesedow, Jean L., Bean, Jacob, Lilyquist, Christine, Pope-Hennessy, John, Raggio, Olga, Fong, Wen, Castile, Sondra M., von Bothmer, Dietrich, Szabo, George, Welch, Stuart Cary, Wixom, William D., Libin, Laurence, Newton, Douglas, Hall, Evelyn A. J., Friede, John A., Ives, Colta, and Lieberman, William S.
- Published
- 1984
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