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Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals immensely suffer from several physiological artifacts, including electrooculogram (EOG), electromyogram (EMG), and electrocardiogram (ECG) artifacts, which must be removed to ensure EEG's usability. This paper proposes a novel one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN), i.e., MultiResUNet3+, to denoise physiological artifacts from corrupted EEG. A publicly available dataset containing clean EEG, EOG, and EMG segments is used to generate semi-synthetic noisy EEG to train, validate and test the proposed MultiResUNet3+, along with four other 1D-CNN models (FPN, UNet, MCGUNet, LinkNet). Adopting a five-fold cross-validation technique, all five models' performance is measured by estimating temporal and spectral percentage reduction in artifacts, temporal and spectral relative root mean squared error, and average power ratio of each of the five EEG bands to whole spectra. The proposed MultiResUNet3+ achieved the highest temporal and spectral percentage reduction of 94.82% and 92.84%, respectively, in EOG artifacts removal from EOG-contaminated EEG. Moreover, compared to the other four 1D-segmentation models, the proposed MultiResUNet3+ eliminated 83.21% of the spectral artifacts from the EMG-corrupted EEG, which is also the highest. In most situations, our proposed model performed better than the other four 1D-CNN models, evident by the computed performance evaluation metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals suffer substantially from motion artifacts when recorded in ambulatory settings utilizing wearable sensors. Because the diagnosis of many neurological diseases is heavily reliant on clean EEG data, it is critical to eliminate motion artifacts from motion-corrupted EEG signals using reliable and robust algorithms. Although a few deep learning-based models have been proposed for the removal of ocular, muscle, and cardiac artifacts from EEG data to the best of our knowledge, there is no attempt has been made in removing motion artifacts from motion-corrupted EEG signals: In this paper, a novel 1D convolutional neural network (CNN) called multi-layer multi-resolution spatially pooled (MLMRS) network for signal reconstruction is proposed for EEG motion artifact removal. The performance of the proposed model was compared with ten other 1D CNN models: FPN, LinkNet, UNet, UNet+, UNetPP, UNet3+, AttentionUNet, MultiResUNet, DenseInceptionUNet, and AttentionUNet++ in removing motion artifacts from motion-contaminated single-channel EEG signal. All the eleven deep CNN models are trained and tested using a single-channel benchmark EEG dataset containing 23 sets of motion-corrupted and reference ground truth EEG signals from PhysioNet. Leave-one-out cross-validation method was used in this work. The performance of the deep learning models is measured using three well-known performance matrices viz. mean absolute error (MAE)-based construction error, the difference in the signal-to-noise ratio (ΔSNR), and percentage reduction in motion artifacts (η). The proposed MLMRS-Net model has shown the best denoising performance, producing an average ΔSNR, η, and MAE values of 26.64 dB, 90.52%, and 0.056, respectively, for all 23 sets of EEG recordings. The results reported using the proposed model outperformed all the existing state-of-the-art techniques in terms of average η improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory ailments are a very serious health issue and can be life-threatening, especially for patients with COVID. Respiration rate (RR) is a very important vital health indicator for patients. Any abnormality in this metric indicates a deterioration in health. Hence, continuous monitoring of RR can act as an early indicator. Despite that, RR monitoring equipment is generally provided only to intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Recent studies have established the feasibility of using photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals to estimate RR. This paper proposes a deep-learning-based end-to-end solution for estimating RR directly from the PPG signal. The system was evaluated on two popular public datasets: VORTAL and BIDMC. A lightweight model, ConvMixer, outperformed all of the other deep neural networks. The model provided a root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and correlation coefficient (R) of 1.75 breaths per minute (bpm), 1.27 bpm, and 0.92, respectively, for VORTAL, while these metrics were 1.20 bpm, 0.77 bpm, and 0.92, respectively, for BIDMC. The authors also showed how fine-tuning a small subset could increase the performance of the model in the case of an out-of-distribution dataset. In the fine-tuning experiments, the models produced an average R of 0.81. Hence, this lightweight model can be deployed to mobile devices for real-time monitoring of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A shallow model, LGI-rPPG-Net, is proposed to produce rPPG signals that are highly correlated with finger PPG. • The proposed model managed to produce a better estimation of heart rate from rPPG. • The shallow architecture of the model made it suitable for real-time deployment. • Robust error analysis for signal synthesis and heart rate estimation. A method to accurately estimate physiological signals from video streams at a minimal cost is invaluable. The importance of such a technique in pre-clinical health monitoring cannot be understated. Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) can be used as a substitute for finger photoplethysmography (PPG) when such sensors are not recommended, such as for burn victims, premature babies, and patients with sensitive skin. Good quality rPPG signal that is highly correlated to finger PPG can be used to estimate many vital health signs. In this work, a shallow encoder-decoder architecture, LGI-rPPG-Net is proposed. The proposed model aims to produce highly correlated rPPG signals which can be substituted for finger PPG. In the reconstruction of rPPG, the model achieved a very good Pearson's Correlation Coefficient (PCC), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and dynamic time warping distance of 0.862, 0.148, and 0.699, respectively. This highly correlated rPPG was compared to finger PPG by calculating heart rate from rPPG and finger PPG. The model achieved a PCC of 0.984 and RMSE, and MAE of 2.91, 1.51 beats per minute (BPM), respectively. LGI-rPPG-Net model with video streaming to predict rPPG can thus be used as a replacement for finger PPG where in-contact collection is not feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detecting COVID-19 at an early stage is essential to reduce the mortality risk of the patients. In this study, a cascaded system is proposed to segment the lung, detect, localize, and quantify COVID-19 infections from computed tomography images. An extensive set of experiments were performed using Encoder–Decoder Convolutional Neural Networks (ED-CNNs), UNet, and Feature Pyramid Network (FPN), with different backbone (encoder) structures using the variants of DenseNet and ResNet. The conducted experiments for lung region segmentation showed a Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) of 97.19% and Intersection over Union (IoU) of 95.10% using U-Net model with the DenseNet 161 encoder. Furthermore, the proposed system achieved an elegant performance for COVID-19 infection segmentation with a DSC of 94.13% and IoU of 91.85% using the FPN with DenseNet201 encoder. The proposed system can reliably localize infections of various shapes and sizes, especially small infection regions, which are rarely considered in recent studies. Moreover, the proposed system achieved high COVID-19 detection performance with 99.64% sensitivity and 98.72% specificity. Finally, the system was able to discriminate between different severity levels of COVID-19 infection over a dataset of 1110 subjects with sensitivity values of 98.3%, 71.2%, 77.8%, and 100% for mild, moderate, severe, and critical, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Automated multi-stage method employed to classify urban wastes. • A novel model named GCDN-Net is proposed as the garbage classifier. • Four different types of waste have been classified using the garbage classifier. • Saliency map-based visualization with ScoreCAM is shown as a qualitative evaluation. The escalating waste volume due to urbanization and population growth has underscored the need for advanced waste sorting and recycling methods to ensure sustainable waste management. Deep learning models, adept at image recognition tasks, offer potential solutions for waste sorting applications. These models, trained on extensive waste image datasets, possess the ability to discern unique features of diverse waste types. Automating waste sorting hinges on robust deep learning models capable of accurately categorizing a wide range of waste types. In this study, a multi-stage machine learning approach is proposed to classify different waste categories using the "Garbage In, Garbage Out" (GIGO) dataset of 25,000 images. The novel Garbage Classifier Deep Neural Network (GCDN-Net) is introduced as a comprehensive solution, adept in both single-label and multi-label classification tasks. Single-label classification distinguishes between garbage and non-garbage images, while multi-label classification identifies distinct garbage categories within single or multiple images. The performance of GCDN-Net is rigorously evaluated and compared against state-of-the-art waste classification methods. Results demonstrate GCDN-Net's excellence, achieving 95.77% accuracy, 95.78% precision, 95.77% recall, 95.77% F1-score, and 95.54% specificity when classifying waste images, outperforming existing models in single-label classification. In multi-label classification, GCDN-Net attains an overall Mean Average Precision (mAP) of 0.69 and an F1-score of 75.01%. The reliability of network performance is affirmed through saliency map-based visualization generated by Score-CAM (class activation mapping). In conclusion, deep learning-based models exhibit efficacy in categorizing diverse waste types, paving the way for automated waste sorting and recycling systems that can mitigate costs and processing times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is slowly recovering from the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic; however, humanity has experienced one of its According to work by Mishra et al. (2020), the study's first phase included a cohort of 5,262 subjects, with 3,325 Fitbit users constituting the majority. However, among this large cohort of 5,262 subjects, most significant trials in modern times only to learn about its lack of preparedness in the face of a highly contagious pathogen. To better prepare the world for any new mutation of the same pathogen or the newer ones, technological development in the healthcare system is a must. Hence, in this work, PCovNet+, a deep learning framework, was proposed for smartwatches and fitness trackers to monitor the user's Resting Heart Rate (RHR) for the infection-induced anomaly. A convolutional neural network (CNN)-based variational autoencoder (VAE) architecture was used as the primary model along with a long short-term memory (LSTM) network to create latent space embeddings for the VAE. Moreover, the framework employed pre-training using normal data from healthy subjects to circumvent the data shortage problem in the personalized models. This framework was validated on a dataset of 68 COVID-19-infected subjects, resulting in anomalous RHR detection with precision, recall, F-beta, and F-1 score of 0.993, 0.534, 0.9849, and 0.6932, respectively, which is a significant improvement compared to the literature. Furthermore, the PCovNet+ framework successfully detected COVID-19 infection for 74% of the subjects (47% presymptomatic and 27% post-symptomatic detection). The results prove the usability of such a system as a secondary diagnostic tool enabling continuous health monitoring and contact tracing. • A CNN-VAE-based anomaly detection model and an LSTM network to generate temporal-aware embeddings of the latent vector of the primary model is used. • Healthy patient data is used to pretrain the base model and fine-tuned using each subject's baseline data to achieve a personalized version. • The proposed model is validated on 68 COVID-19-infected individuals' data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]