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Drought is complex and is also one of the main disasters affecting China. Exploring the response of agricultural drought and meteorological drought to climatic factors helps us to understand the causes of drought. In this paper, we evaluated the temporal and spatial characteristics of soil drought and meteorological drought (SMD) and explored their responses to climatic factors and latent heat fluxes (LHF), and then explained their variation from the perspective of atmospheric circulation. The following results were obtained. (1) Meteorological drought has gradually increased in the Liaohe River Basin, on the North China Plain, and on the Loess Plateau while average soil moisture has been maintained at only approximately 25%. The impacts of drought are very serious in these regions. (2) LHF response to short time-scale (3-month scale) drought performance is high in the dry season, and the regions with high correlation coefficients are spatially distributed and concentrated in the monsoon climate zone. The regions with high correlation coefficients between drought and LHFs on long time scales (12-month scale) are concentrated in the coastal basin of southeast China. (3) Short- and long-term SMDs showed highly responsive and significant relationships with PDO, showing variations in the southeast coastal basin, the Pearl River basin, the northwest inland basin and the eastern part of the Heilongjiang basin, with a maximum correlation coefficient of 0.21 (p < 0.01). The short-term SMD in the northwestern inland region was significantly negatively correlated with AMO (correlation coefficient of −0.19, p < 0.01). the Nino3.4 index is significantly positively correlated with the SMD in the southeast coastal region of China, with a maximum correlation coefficient of 0.23 (p < 0.01). The decrease in convective precipitation led to a stronger association between soil and meteorological drought and climatic factors. This study helps to reveal the changing patterns of SMDs and can also be used globally to identify the local development patterns of drought under climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a new method of measuring social benefits of bioethanol supply chains, which considers job creation, biomass purchase and different impact of economic activities in different locations. A multi-objective MILP model is developed to address the optimal design of a bioethanol supply chain which maximizes both economic and social benefits. The ε-constraint method is employed, and a set of Pareto-optimal solutions is obtained. The developed model is applied to case studies in Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China. Actual data are collected as practical as possible for the feasibility and effectiveness of the result. The result shows the bioethanol supply chain can bring both economic and social benefits in the given area and offer governments a possible better and more efficient way to bring more social benefits. The effect of the government subsidy on enterprises' decisions about economic and social benefits is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Different dimensions of wellbeing present heterogeneous trends, encouraging to resort to a multidimensional index for an inclusive overview on Chinese development based on household microdata. • Between 2011 and 2015 the average level of multidimensional wellbeing stagnated. Although a slight decrease in well-being is nominally recorded, the overall trend is stable when controlling for other phenomenon (such as the ageing of the sample). • Individual characteristics (such as age and gender) and residence matter in terms of multidimensional wellbeing. As expected, wellbeing decreases in old age following a non-linear trend, and women record lower outcomes too. Inhabitants of coastal provinces and urban citizens (provided they possess an urban hukou) have higher than average scores. The impact of these characteristics is not homogeneous across the distribution of wellbeing. • Heilongjiang province, an emblematic case of economic stagnation in the north-east, reports a significantly worsening well-being trend, significantly different from the remaining "pooled" data. On the contrary, the catching-up Guizhou province records faster growth in the multidimensional wellbeing index. After many years of outstanding GDP growth and structural changes, China is now facing an economic slowdown. This paper aims to analyse the effects of this slowdown on individual well-being, from a multidimensional and provincial perspective. The empirical analysis is based on data obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, for the 2011 and 2015 waves. The notions of moderate prosperity, harmony and balanced growth pursued by the Chinese Government are used to select nine dimensions. These dimensions – based on 56 variables – are aggregated into an individual well-being index using the Multidimensional Synthesis of Indicators technique. The econometric results reveal that, in the 2011–2015 period, individual multidimensional well-being stagnated; moreover, some dimensions were affected much more than others, according to individual characteristics (e.g. age, gender) and geographical differences (e.g. urban/rural, east/west provinces). This creates new challenges for the central and provincial governments of China, in their pursuit of a more 'harmonious' and balanced development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To define the complicated driving mechanisms of virtual water flow (VWF) in China's main grains production, this study firstly uses the entropy method and a K-means clustering approach to classify the driving types of VWF based on the data from 31 provinces in the mainland of China, and then applies the PLS structural equation model to analyze the driving mechanisms of VWF in four representative provinces or municipalities(Zhejiang, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang and Shanghai)selected by the classified driving types. The results show that the driving types of VWF can be divided into four types, namely, ecology-economy, ecology-environment, ecology-water use, and comprehensive type. In the four typical regions at provincial level, the social factors directly affect the VWF, and reversely it has a direct impact on the nature, environment and economy of the above four regions. In particular, the water use has a direct impact on the VWF in Heilongjiang attached to the ecologic-environmental type. The findings of this paper manifest that the social indicators rather than the indicators in water use play an important role in the VWF, that is, our findings further testify the status quo of China's VWF: the regions with rich water resources import the virtual water while the regions with poor water resources export the virtual water. Finally, for promoting the rational flow of virtual water we propose some corresponding adjustment countermeasures and suggestions that provide a theoretical basis for the rational allocation and management of water resources. • The application of PLS structural equation model reveals the complex driving mechanism of virtual water flow. • Reveals the social indicators play an important role in China's virtual water flow. • Proposed targeted countermeasures and suggestions to promote the rational flow of virtual water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Quarterly is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The exploration of the spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of grain yield in major grain-producing regions is greatly important to maintain stable and sustainable agriculture. Taking Henan Province and Heilongjiang Province as examples, this study reveals the spatiotemporal characteristics of grain yield at the county level by using multisource data on the economy, society, and natural geography from 2000 to 2021 and employing methods such as coefficients of variation, standard deviational ellipses, and spatial autocorrelation analysis. Moreover, geographical detector and geographically weighted regression models are combined to explore the differences in significant influencing factors between these provinces and the spatial heterogeneity of regression coefficients, respectively. The following findings are drawn: (1) Grain yield in both provinces gradually increased, with notable differences in the annual growth rate, the proportion, and at the county level. (2) The number of high-yield counties significantly increased and their spatial distribution became more concentrated, indicating a notable shift in the main regions. (3) The overall spatial correlation of grain yield steadily increased, and the local spatial correlation transitioned from random distribution to gradual aggregation. (4) There were significant differences in the influencing factors, where geographical environment, socio-economic factors, and input factors all affected both provinces. In summary, this study provides a scientific reference for governments worldwide to formulate rational and effective food production policies, thereby contributing to global food security and sustainable social development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the threat of global climate change, China has proposed a dual carbon goal of peak carbon and carbon neutrality. As the vital carrier for territorial spatial planning, production–living–ecological (PLE) spaces drive carbon emissions and are important to the dual carbon goals. In this study, carbon emissions and sinks of PLE spaces in cities in Heilongjiang Province from 2005 to 2020 were calculated and spatial–temporal changes were analyzed. The carbon emission structure was analyzed in segmentation sectors. The land use changes and socioeconomic factors on carbon emissions were analyzed, and emission reduction strategies were implemented. The results show the following: (1) Carbon emissions from production and living spaces increased yearly. Carbon sinks were smaller than emissions, but capacity was stable. (2) Higher-emission cities were concentrated in southwest Heilongjiang, and carbon emission differences between regions gradually increased. (3) Among carbon emission sectors, agricultural and household made up smaller proportions, while animal husbandry, industrial, transportation, and traffic travel contributed most. Carbon emission structures were transformed by adjusting urban development and industrial structure. (4) For most cities, industrial space was the main emission space, but agricultural production and urban–rural living spaces dominated in some cities. (5) GDP, urbanization rate, and area of city paved roads suppressed emissions in cities with decreased carbon emission grades. The industrial structure and coal consumption inhibited emissions in cities with maintaining and increasing carbon emissions grades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild boar (Sus scrofa) are known an important reservoir for multiple infectious diseases. While the burden exerted by disease from the free-range wild boar in China has not been evaluated. In northeastern China, where the boundary to the Russian Federal Far East, the big cat protection projects across the two countries and the unstopped epidemics of canine distemper (CD) and rabies (RV) in Far East Russia arouse our great concern. Revealing the epidemiological information has become a pressing matter of the moment. The 358 serum samples from hybrid wild boar collected along the Sino-Russia boundary in 11 cities in Heilongjiang province were tested by cELISA for antibodies of RV and canine distemper virus (CDV). The AusVet Epitools program was run to estimate the true prevalence, which revealed the positive rate of RV and CDV antibodies to be 10.06% (95% CI 7.14, 13.65) and 0.56% (95% CI 0.07, 2), respectively. The highest RV seroprevalences were reported in Huanan county of Jiamusi city (100%) followed by Ningan county of Mudanjiang city (42.86%). CDV antibody was only identified in Hegang city with a seroprevalence of 12.5%. The overall true prevalence for RV and CDV were estimated as 10.07% (95% CI 7.19, 13.85) and −0.04% (95% CI −0.48, 1.51). No association was found between antibody responses and city, gender, and age. The study for the first time reported the prevalence of RV and CDV based on the antibody investigation in wild boar in the Heilongjiang province of China. We share our monitoring results would aid in the construction of the epidemiological history of CDV and RV in the Heilongjiang province of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The burden of disease caused by ambient high temperature has become a public health concern, but the associations between high temperature and hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) remain indistinct. We used distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) to estimate the burden of disease attribute to high temperature, adjusting for long-term trend and weather confounders. Total 18,167,455 cases were reported in 31 Chinese provinces, the incidence of HFMD showed a gradually increasing trend from 2008 to 2017 in China. Minimum morbidity temperature (MMT) was mainly concentrated at 17 to 23 °C in ≤ 5 years old group, 18 to 25 °C in 6 ~ 10 years old group and 19 to 27 °C in > 10 years old group. The greatest relative risk (RR) in age group ≤ 5 years old was 2.06 (95% CI: 1.85 ~ 2.30) in Heilongjiang, and the lowest RR was 1.02 (95% CI: 1.00 ~ 1.05) in Guangdong; the greatest RR in age group 6 ~ 10 years old was 2.24 (95% CI: 1.72 ~ 2.91) in Guizhou, and the lowest RR was 1.01 (95% CI: 0.97 ~ 1.12) in Tianjin; the greatest RR in the age group > 10 years old was 2.53 (95% CI: 1.66 ~ 3.87) in Heilongjiang, and the lowest RR was 1.02 (95% CI: 0.71 ~ 1.46) in Henan. We found the positive association between high temperature and HFMD in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese spicy cabbage (CSC) is a popular special fermented food in Northeast China. The bacterial community and quality of CSC from different regions of northeastern China (Group_J: Jilin province, Group_L: Liaoning province, Group_H: Heilongjiang province) at retail (Group_P) and home-made (Group_C) were investigated in this study. The determination of the microbial community was achieved using high-throughput sequencing and the quality-related physicochemical characteristics included pH, salinity, total acid (TA), amino acid nitrogen (AAN), reducing sugar (RS), nitrite, and biogenic amines (BAs). Based on OPLS-DA analysis, there was a difference between the quality of Group_C and Group_P. No significant difference was observed in province grouping. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla, and the dominant genera were Lactobacillus, Pantoea, Weissella, and Pseudomonas. All groups had significant differences in community structure (p < 0.05). Compared with Group_C, the relative abundance of opportunistic pathogens (Pseudomonas and Serratia) in Group_P was lower. Pseudomonas and Serratia were the biomarkers in Group_H. At the genus level, Lactobacilluss and Weissella had a positive correlation with pH, Cadaverrine, and salinity (p < 0.05), however, they were negatively related to tryptamine. Pseudomonas was negatively correlated with salinity (p < 0.05). Bacterial community and physicochemical parameters of CSC, as well as the correlation between them, were discussed in this study, providing a reference for future studies on CSC inoculation and fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Heilongjiang province is the main cattle-producing area in China, and molecular epidemiological studies of bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) in cattle have not been performed in the province. Aims: The objective of this research was to determine the genetic and clinical characteristics of BVDV in cattle. Methods: Fifty-three BVDV-positive clinical samples were collected from 22 cattle farms in Heilongjiang, and the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) was used to carry out a phylogenetic analysis of the viruses. Results: The similarity of the 5'-UTR sequences among these BVDVs was 84.2%-100%, and the phylogenetic analysis showed that all viruses belong to the BVDV-1 species, which is classified into five subtypes: BVDV-1b (47.17%, n=25), 1c (15.09%, n=8), 1d (16.98%, n=9), 1 m (3.77%, n=2), and 1o (16.98%, n=9). The statistical results showed that the BVDV-1b subtype had a positive correlation with gastrointestinal disease (P<0.05; 95% CI: 1.19 to 3.34). There were up to three or four BVDV-1 subtypes in some dairy cattle farms, but farms with a single subtype were prevalent (5/10). Conclusion: BVDV-1b is predominant in cattle herds of Heilongjiang province, China, and shows a positive correlation with gastrointestinal disease. BVDV-1o was found for the first time in Chinese cattle, which increased the complex distribution of BVDV-1 subtypes in cattle herds of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a closed country in which tourism was virtually unknown, China has become a major player in the international tourism market since the country opened its doors to the outside world in 1978. Because of the constant increase in international and domestic tourism in China, provincial tourism planning has become a widely discussed topic in recent years. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to address the human resources-planning issues in the development of provincial tourism in China, using Heilongjiang as a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most extensive corpus of ancient immovable cultural heritage is that of global rock art. Estimating its age has traditionally been challenging, rendering it difficult to integrate archaeological evidence of early cultural traditions. The dating of Chinese rock art by 'direct methods' began in the late 1990s in Qinghai Province. Since then, China has acquired the largest body of direct dating information about the rock art of any country. The establishment of the International Centre for Rock Art Dating at Hebei Normal University has been the driving force in this development, with its researchers accounting for most of the results. This centre has set the highest standards in rock art age estimation. Its principal method, microerosion analysis, secured the largest number of determinations, but it has also applied other methods. Its work with uranium-thorium analysis of carbonate precipitates in caves is of particular significance because it tested this widely used method. The implications of this work are wide-ranging. Most direct-dating of rock art has now become available from Henan, but results have also been reported from Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Jiangsu, Hubei, Guangxi, Yunnan, Qinghai, Tibet, and Xinjiang. Intensive work by several teams is continuing and is expected to result in a significantly better understanding of China's early immovable cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the absence of formal risk management strategies, agricultural production in China is highly vulnerable to climate change. In this study, field experiments were conducted with 344 households in Heilongjiang (Northeast China) and Jiangsu (East China) Provinces. Probit and logistic models and independent sample T-test were used to explore farmers' demand for weather index insurance, in contrast to informal risk management strategies, and the main factors that affect demand. The results show that the farmers prefer weather index insurance to informal risk management strategies, and farmers' characteristics have significant impacts on their adoption of risk management strategies. The variables non-agricultural labor ratio, farmers' risk perception, education, and agricultural insurance purchase experience significantly affect farmers' weather index insurance demand. The regression results show that the farmers' weather index insurance demand and the influencing factors in the two provinces are different. Farmers in Heilongjiang Province have a higher participation rate than those in Jiangsu Province. The government should conduct more weather index insurance pilot programs to help farmers understand the mechanism, and insurance companies should provide more types of weather index insurance to meet farmers' diversified needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudorabies viruses (PRVs) pose a great threat to the pig industry of many countries around the world. Human infections with PRV have also been reported occasionally in China. Therefore, understanding the epidemiology and evolution of PRVs is of great importance for disease control in the pig populations and humans as well. In this study, we isolated a PRV designated HLJ-2013 from PRV-positive samples that had been collected in Heilongjiang, China, in 2013. The full genome sequence of the virus was determined to be ∼143 kbp in length using high-throughput sequencing. The genomic sequence identities between this isolate and 21 other previous PRV isolates ranged from 92.4% (with Bartha) to 97.3% (with SC). Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length genome sequences revealed that PRV HLJ-2013 clustered together with all the Chinese strains in one group belonging to Genotype II, but this virus occurred phylogenetically earlier than all the other Chinese PRV strains. Phylogenetic trees based on both protein-coding genes and non-coding regions revealed that HLJ-2013 probably obtained its genome sequences from three origins: a yet unknown parent virus, the European viruses, and the same ancestor of all Chinese PRVs. Recombination analysis showed that HLJ-2013-like virus possibly donated the main framework of the genome of the Chinese PRVs. HLJ-2013 exhibited cytopathic and growth characteristics similar to that of the Chinese PRV strains SC and HeN1, but its pathogenicity in mice was higher than that of SC and lower than that of HeN1. The identification of HLJ-2013 takes us one step closer to understanding the origin of PRVs in China and provides new knowledge about the evolution of PRVs worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the main directions of cultural interaction of Sverdlovsk region and Heilongjiang province in education, exhibition activities, sports in the XXI century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migratory insect pests pose a substantial challenge to global food security. These issues are particularly acute when pest incursions occur considerably beyond the expected range, through natural migration or human‐aided transport, because the lack of species‐specific control strategies and a potential absence of species‐specific natural enemies in the newly‐invaded area may lead to rapid establishment of a new pest.One such threat is posed by the Oriental migratory locust Locusta migratoria manilensis in China, which, historically, has been restricted to eastern China from the Bohai Gulf southwards, and now threatens to expand its range into the agriculturally important region of northeast China.We analyzed data from a recent outbreak of migratory locusts in Heilongjiang Province (extreme northeast China), > 700 km north of its current known range, and identified the source region, timing of arrival and probable migratory routes of this incursion.We further show that warming temperatures in this region will likely allow subsequent invasions to establish permanent populations in northeast China, and thus authorities in this important crop‐producing region of East Asia should be vigilant to the threat posed by this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study’s objectives were to: 1) use social support theory to examine factors influencing healthcare workers’ opinions about workplace violence (WPV) prevention strategies, and 2) to determine the types of support that general practitioners (GPs) and general nurses sought and expected to use after WPV exposure. A cross-sectional survey was used to assess a sample of 448 GPs and 412 general nurses from 90 township hospitals located in Heilongjiang province, China. Results revealed that workers exposed to physical, psychological or both WPV types had a strong opinion about the necessity of improving diagnosis/treatment competence, developing violence prevention guidelines and plans, using protective equipment, and reinforcing staff by providing back-up support. The last two strategies were also selected by tertiary hospital workers in our previous study. In addition, workers with high anxiety selected the following prevention strategies as most effective: improving doctor-patient communication skills; installing cameras on wards; keeping work areas bright; improvements in violence reporting, statistics, and interventions; security patrols in the key departments; reinforcing staff; and correcting inaccurate media perspectives and reports. The last four strategies were also selected by tertiary hospital workers. All respondents expected to receive organisational and social support. In conclusion, these prevention strategies should be tailored to the different requirements of specific populations. Furthermore, it is necessary for organisations, the public, and policymakers to provide powerful support in WPV prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2012, three viruses, known as equine hepacivirus (EqHV), equine pegivirus (EPgV) and Theiler’s disease-associated virus (TDAV), have been discovered in equines. Given that these viruses are the newest members of the Flaviviridae family, genomic information concerning circulating EqHV, EPgV and TDAV strains around the world is limited. To date, no genetic surveillance studies have been performed on these three viruses in the equine population of China. Here, a total of 177 serum samples were collected from equines across China between 2014 and 2015. Using PCR, we detected viral RNA in the serum samples, six of which were EqHV positive and two of which were EPgV positive. Co-infection with the two viruses was not observed among the Chinese equines studied, and TDAV RNA was not detected in the equine serum samples collected for this study. Phylogenetic analysis of partial NS5B open reading frame (ORF), NS3 ORF, and 5’ untranslated region nucleotide sequences from EqHV as well as partial NS3 ORF sequence from EPgV indicated that EqHV and EPgV have evolved into two main clades by themselves, both of which are circulating in China. Based on the partial NS5B and NS3 ORF sequences of EqHV, the sequences of one clade were also split into two subclades. This study enriches our knowledge of the geographic distribution of these three equine viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four wetland maps for all China have been produced, based on Landsat and CBERS-02B remote sensing data between 1978 and 2008 (1978, 1990, 2000 and 2008). These maps were mainly developed by manual interpretation and validated by substantial field investigation in 2009. Based on these maps, we analyzed the 2008 wetland distribution in China and discussed wetland changes and their drivers over the past 30 years. (i) There were about 324097 km of wetlands in 2008, for which inland marshes or swamps were the most common wetland type (35%), with lakes (26%) second. Most of the wetlands were in Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai and Tibet, occupying about 55% of the national wetland area. (ii) From 1978 to 2008, China's wetland area continually and significantly decreased, by about 33% based on changes in the wetland map. This was in sharp contrast to the increase in artificial wetlands, which increased by about 122%. Inland marshes accounted for the main loss of total wetlands from 1978 to 2000. From 2000 through 2008, riverine and lacustrine wetlands constituted the main wetland loss. Fortunately however, the rate of wetland loss decreased from 5523 to 831 km/a. (iii) The change ratio of lost natural wetlands (including inland and coastal wetlands) to non-wetlands has decreased slightly over the past 30 years. From 1978 to 1990, nearly all natural wetlands (98%) lost were transformed into non-wetlands. However, the ratio declined to 86% from 1990 to 2000, and to 77% from 2000 to 2008. (iv) All Chinese provinces were divided into three groups according to patterns of wetland changes, which could relate to the driving forces of such changes. Tibet was completely different from other provinces, as it was one representative example in which there was a net wetland increase, because of global warming and decreased human activity since 1990. Increased economic development caused considerable wetland loss in most eastern provinces, and artificial wetlands increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater, as a precious resource hidden underground, is an important component of the global water system. Transboundary aquifers containing substantial amount of groundwater often carry crucial ecological and social implications. Yet, it is unfortunate that transboundary aquifers have hardly been in the forefront of political and scientific discussions, and have not received due attention by policymakers. This article attempts to summarize the investigation on the eight transboundary aquifers that China shares with the neighboring countries. An overview on the groundwater resources in China, including its distribution, exploitation and challenges is also provided. Hydrogeological condition of the Heilongjiang-Amur River Basin aquifer, which is one of the eight major aquifers, is further elaborated. Cooperative activities carried out by China and Russia on monitoring and management of this aquifer are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering that grain production in Heilongjiang province, northeast China, consumes a lot of water and land, it is necessary to explore the grain production level under restricted water and land resources. This study uses the data envelopment analysis and Malmquist index models of grain production efficiency at the province and country levels from the perspective of space during the period of grain-growing. Furthermore, a logarithmic mean Divisia index model was introduced to construct the system dynamics model. The driving factors of food production efficiency in Heilongjiang province were revealed from the time angle, and the evolution of driving factors was simulated. The results showed the following: (1) although the decrease in the area of the rural population and crop planting has inhibited the growth of grain output in Heilongjiang province, the grain output will increase slightly in the future and is estimated to reach 65.01 million tons by 2030. (2) In 2015, the average grain production efficiency in Heilongjiang Province was 92.3%, and the index of change in grain production efficiency during the grain-growing period was 0.986, which indicates that the overall grain production efficiency in the region was declining, and the input and output were lower than expected. In the future, regional grain production inputs should be allocated to the areas where the grain production efficiency is not as effective as is desired. (3) The cultivated area has the largest contribution of grain production during the period of grain-growing, and the cumulative effect is 21.6 million tons; however, it is estimated that grain yield per hectare will exceed the cultivated land in 2021 as the leading factor promoting grain production, which shows that technological progress is the most important factor moving forward to promote grain production efficiency in Heilongjiang province. Therefore, the subsequent technical measures should be taken to improve grain-production conditions, and the parameter of grain yield per hectare should be used to improve grain production efficiency. The research framework of grain production efficiency is constructed based on space and time. It is of great practical significance to explore food security and reduce the demand for soil and water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]