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1. Investing in the foundation of sustainable development: pathways to scale up for early childhood development

Author

Richter, Linda M, Daelmans, Bernadette, Lombardi, Joan, Heymann, Jody, Boo, Florencia Lopez, Behrman, Jere R, Lu, Chunling, Lucas, Jane E, Perez-Escamilla, Rafael, Dua, Tarun, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Stenberg, Karin, Gertler, Paul, Darmstadt, Gary L, and Committee, Paper 3 Working Group and the Lancet Early Childhood Development Series Steering

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Health Sciences, Pediatric, Prevention, Generic health relevance, Quality Education, Child Development, Child Health Services, Child Protective Services, Child, Preschool, Developing Countries, Early Intervention, Educational, Financing, Government, Humans, Maternal Health Services, Politics, Poverty, Paper 3 Working Group and the Lancet Early Childhood Development Series Steering Committee, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract

Building on long-term benefits of early intervention (Paper 2 of this Series) and increasing commitment to early childhood development (Paper 1 of this Series), scaled up support for the youngest children is essential to improving health, human capital, and wellbeing across the life course. In this third paper, new analyses show that the burden of poor development is higher than estimated, taking into account additional risk factors. National programmes are needed. Greater political prioritisation is core to scale-up, as are policies that afford families time and financial resources to provide nurturing care for young children. Effective and feasible programmes to support early child development are now available. All sectors, particularly education, and social and child protection, must play a role to meet the holistic needs of young children. However, health provides a critical starting point for scaling up, given its reach to pregnant women, families, and young children. Starting at conception, interventions to promote nurturing care can feasibly build on existing health and nutrition services at limited additional cost. Failure to scale up has severe personal and social consequences. Children at elevated risk for compromised development due to stunting and poverty are likely to forgo about a quarter of average adult income per year, and the cost of inaction to gross domestic product can be double what some countries currently spend on health. Services and interventions to support early childhood development are essential to realising the vision of the Sustainable Development Goals.

Published
2017

2. Anthropometric deficits and the associated risk of death by age and sex in children aged 6–59 months: A meta‐analysis

Author

Susan Thurstans, Stephanie V. Wrottesley, Bridget Fenn, Tanya Khara, Paluku Bahwere, James A. Berkley, Robert E. Black, Erin Boyd, Michel Garenne, Sheila Isanaka, Natasha Lelijveld, Christine M. McDonald, Andrew Mertens, Martha Mwangome, Kieran S. O'Brien, Heather Stobaugh, Sunita Taneja, Keith P. West, Saul Guerrero, Marko Kerac, André Briend, Mark Myatt, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), SOUtenabilité et RésilienCE (SOURCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord]), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Epicentre [Paris] [Médecins Sans Frontières], United States Agency for International Development, USAID, Irish Aid: HQPU/2021/ENN, This paper is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and by funding from Irish Aid (grant number (HQPU/2021/ENN). The contents are entirely the responsibility of its authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government or represent or reflect Irish Aid policy., Tampere University, and Clinical Medicine

Subjects
Male, Adolescent, wasting, Thinness, underweight, 3123 Gynaecology and paediatrics, Clinical Research, Prevalence, Humans, sex, Child, Growth Disorders, Pediatric, Nutrition and Dietetics, Anthropometry, Nutrition & Dietetics, Wasting Syndrome, Prevention, Malnutrition, stunting, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Obstetrics and Gynecology, mortality, Good Health and Well Being, age, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Female, Zero Hunger, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition
Abstract

Risk of death from undernutrition is thought to be higher in younger than in older children, but evidence is mixed. Research also demonstrates sex differences whereby boys have a higher prevalence of undernutrition than girls. This analysis described mortality risk associated with anthropometric deficits (wasting, underweight and stunting) in children 6–59 months by age and sex. We categorised children into younger (6–23 months) and older (24–59 months) age groups. Age and sex variations in near-term (within 6 months) mortality risk, associated with individual anthropometric deficits were assessed in a secondary analysis of multi-country cohort data. A random effects meta-analysis was performed. Data from seven low-or-middle-income-countries collected between 1977 and 2013 were analysed. One thousand twenty deaths were recorded for children with anthropometric deficits. Pooled meta-analysis estimates showed no differences by age in absolute mortality risk for wasting (RR 1.08, p = 0.826 for MUAC < 125 mm; RR 1.35, p = 0.272 for WHZ < −2). For underweight and stunting, absolute risk of death was higher in younger (RR 2.57, p < 0.001) compared with older children (RR 2.83, p < 0.001). For all deficits, there were no differences in mortality risk for girls compared with boys. There were no differences in the risk of mortality between younger and older wasted children, supporting continued inclusion of all children under-five in wasting treatment programmes. The risk of mortality associated with underweight and stunting was higher among younger children, suggesting that prevention programmes might be justified in focusing on younger children where resources are limited. There were no sex differences by age in mortality risk for all deficits.

Published
2022

3. Protocol for a randomized pilot study (FIRST STEPS): implementation of the Incredible Years-ASLD® program in Spanish children with autism and preterm children with communication and/or socialization difficulties

Author

Fátima Valencia, Inmaculada Navas, Maria Elias, Laia Villalta, Marina Romero-González, Almudena Ramírez, Alexandra Garriz, Elena Urbiola, [Valencia,F, Urbiola,E, Garriz,A] Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. [Romero-González,M, Navas,I, Ramírez,A] Maternity Hospital, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain. [Romero-González,M, Ramírez,A] Department of Brain Health, CIMES, Faculty of Medicine-IBIMA, UMA, Málaga, Spain. [Elías,M, Villalta,L] Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain. [Villalta,L] Children and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain., and This paper reports on independent research financially supported by the Alicia Koplowitz Foundation.

Subjects
Parents, Medicine (General), Information Science::Information Science::Communication [Medical Subject Headings], Autism Spectrum Disorder, Psychiatry and Psychology::Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms::Psychology, Social::Family::Family Relations::Parenting [Medical Subject Headings], Psychological intervention, Medicine (miscellaneous), Pilot Projects, law.invention, Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Primates::Haplorhini::Catarrhini::Hominidae::Humans [Medical Subject Headings], Study Protocol, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Epidemiologic Study Characteristics as Topic::Clinical Trials as Topic::Multicenter Studies as Topic [Medical Subject Headings], law, Autistic children, Medicine, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Pharmacology (medical), Child, Child development, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Epidemiologic Study Characteristics as Topic::Clinical Trials as Topic::Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic::Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic [Medical Subject Headings], Parenting, Communication, 05 social sciences, Pilot, Autism spectrum disorder, Child, Preschool, Premature Birth, 050104 developmental & child psychology, Clinical psychology, medicine.medical_specialty, Parenting intervention, Pilotos, Psychiatry and Psychology::Mental Disorders::Mental Disorders Diagnosed in Childhood::Child Development Disorders, Pervasive::Autistic Disorder [Medical Subject Headings], ASD, Desarrollo infantil, 03 medical and health sciences, R5-920, Complex intervention, Intervention (counseling), Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Persons::Persons::Age Groups::Child [Medical Subject Headings], Autistic Disorder, Geographical Locations::Geographic Locations::Europe::Spain [Medical Subject Headings], Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Epidemiologic Study Characteristics as Topic::Pilot Projects [Medical Subject Headings], Infants autistes, business.industry, Public health, Trastorno del espectro del autismo, Socialization, medicine.disease, Mental health, Responsabilidad parental, Desenvolupament infantil, Preterm children, Spain, randomized controlled trial, Autism, Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena::Social Sciences::Sociology::Socialization [Medical Subject Headings], Diseases::Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications::Pregnancy Complications::Obstetric Labor Complications::Obstetric Labor, Premature::Premature Birth [Medical Subject Headings], business, Persons::Persons::Parents [Medical Subject Headings], Persons::Persons::Age Groups::Child::Child, Preschool [Medical Subject Headings], 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Nacimiento prematuro
Abstract

Abstract Having access to parenting interventions in the early years is key to improve the developmental outcomes of children with neurodevelopmental problems. The Incredible Years® (IY) Parent Program is a group intervention that has demonstrated efficacy in terms of reducing stress in parents, as well as improving behavioral, emotional, and social outcomes in children. The program has been recently adapted for families of children with autism or language delays (IY-ASLD®). This intervention has not yet been implemented in the Spanish Public Health System, where there is a scarcity of evidence-based interventions being offered to families with young children presenting neurodevelopmental problems. The main aims of this study are to determine the feasibility of implementing the IY-ASLD® program within Spanish Child Mental Health Services and to examine parents’ acceptability and satisfaction with the intervention. As a secondary objective, we aim to evaluate its preliminary effectiveness in terms of reducing parental stress and behavioral difficulties in their children. The FIRST STEPS study is a multicenter, pilot randomized controlled trial comparing the IY-ASLD® program with a treatment-as-usual (TAU) condition. Approximately 70 families of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and preterm children with communication and/or socialization difficulties (aged 2–5 years) will be recruited. Families will be assessed prior to randomization and after the intervention. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the intervention will consist of 22 weekly online sessions (approximately 6 months). The FIRST STEPS pilot trial will demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of reliably implementing the IY-ASLD® program within the Spanish Public Health System. The results of this study could represent the first step to inform policymakers in Spain when designing evidence-based healthcare pathways for families of children presenting ASD symptoms or neurodevelopmental difficulties at early stages. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04358484. Registered on 04 April 2020

Published
2021

4. Family, social and cultural determinants of long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) use in Madagascar: secondary analysis of three qualitative studies focused on children aged 5–15 years

Author

Andry Andrianasolo, Ammy Fiadanana Njatosoa, Chiarella Mattern, Bakoly Rahaivondrafahitra, Christophe Rogier, Mauricette Andriamananjara, Aina Harimanana, Thomas Kesteman, Dolorès Pourette, Elliot Rakotomanana, Jocelyn Razafindrakoto, Emma Raboanary, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centre population et développement (CEPED - UMR_D 196), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Paris (UP), Unité de Recherche sur le Paludisme [Antananarivo, Madagascar], Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Oxford University Clinical Research Unit [Hanoi] (OUCRU), Population Services International Madagascar [Antananarivo], Population Services International [Washington], Ministère de la Santé Publique [Antananarivo, Madagascar], U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative [Antananarivo] (PMI), U.S. President's Malaria Initiative [Atlanta, GA,], Institut international des sciences sociales [Antananarivo] (IISS), Primum Vitare, The publication process of this paper has been funded by USAID through the Research, Innovation, Surveillance and Evaluation (RISE) programme., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Mosquito Control, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Adolescent, lcsh:RC955-962, LLIN use, 030231 tropical medicine, [SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, Ethnic group, Qualitative property, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, parasitic diseases, medicine, Madagascar, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, 030212 general & internal medicine, Children over five, Insecticide-Treated Bednets, Child, Disease burden, Research, Public health, [SHS.ANTHRO-SE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Malaria, Infectious Diseases, Geography, Child, Preschool, Mosquito net, Female, Parasitology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Thematic analysis, Sociocultural factors, Qualitative research
Abstract

BackgroundAlthough it is accepted that long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) use is an effective means to prevent malaria, children aged 5 to 15 years do not appear to be sufficiently protected in Madagascar; the malaria prevalence is highest in this age group. The purpose of this research is to summarize recent qualitative studies describing LLIN use among the Malagasy people with a focus on children aged 5–15 years.MethodsQualitative data from three studies on malaria conducted between 2012 and 2016 in 10 districts of Madagascar were analysed. These studies cover all malaria epidemiological profiles and 10 of the 18 existing ethnic groups in Madagascar. A thematic analysis was conducted on the collected data from semi-structured interviews, direct observation data, and informal interviews.ResultsA total of 192 semi-structured interviews were conducted. LLINs are generally perceived positively because they protect the health and well-being of users. However, regional representations of mosquito nets may contribute to LLIN lower use by children over 5 years of age including the association between married status and LLIN use, which leads to the refusal of unmarried young men to sleep under LLINs; the custom of covering the dead with a mosquito net, which leads to fear of LLIN use; and taboos governing sleeping spaces for siblings of opposite sexes, which leads to LLIN shortages in households. Children under 5 years of age are known to be the most vulnerable age group for acquiring malaria and, therefore, are prioritized for LLIN use when there are limited supplies in households. In contrast, children over 5 years of age, who are perceived to be at less risk for malaria, often sleep without LLINs.ConclusionsPerceptions, social practices and regional beliefs regarding LLINs and vulnerability to malaria contribute to the nonuse of LLINs among children over 5 years of age in Madagascar. Modifying LLIN policies to account for these factors may increase LLIN use in this age group and reduce disease burden.

Published
2021

5. Variation in Anopheles distribution and predictors of malaria infection risk across regions of Madagascar

Author

Marcia C. Castro, Gauthier N. Emile, Romain Girod, Christopher D. Golden, Benjamin L. Rice, Hervet J. Randriamady, Nicholas J. Arisco, Luciano Michaël Tantely, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University [Cambridge], Unité d'Entomologie Médicale [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Madagascar Health and Environmental Research [Maroantsetra, Madagascar] (MAHERY), and We are grateful for the support from the United States Agency for International Development (Grant AID-FFP-A-14-00,008) implemented by Catholic Relief Services (CRS) in consortium with four local implementing partners in Madagascar. The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and not necessarily the views and opinions of the United States Agency for International Development. GeoStore funds provided by Airbus Defense & Space (Grant AH08211501).

Subjects
Male, Environmental change, Range (biology), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Distribution (economics), MESH: Madagascar, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Aged, 80 and over, Risk Factors, Planetary health, MESH: Demography, MESH: Risk Factors, MESH: Child, Disease ecology, MESH: Animals, MESH: Ecosystem, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Land use change, Aged, 80 and over, MESH: Aged, 2. Zero hunger, MESH: Middle Aged, biology, Multilevel model, Anopheles, Middle Aged, MESH: Infant, Infectious Diseases, Geography, MESH: Young Adult, Child, Preschool, Female, MESH: Mosquito Vectors, Adult, MESH: Socioeconomic Factors, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Adolescent, lcsh:RC955-962, 030231 tropical medicine, MESH: Malaria, Mosquito Vectors, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, MESH: Anopheles, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, MESH: Cross-Sectional Studies, Deforestation, Environmental health, Vector-borne disease, parasitic diseases, medicine, Madagascar, Animals, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, Socioeconomic status, Ecosystem, Aged, Demography, MESH: Adolescent, MESH: Humans, business.industry, Research, MESH: Child, Preschool, MESH: Animal Distribution, Infant, MESH: Adult, 15. Life on land, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Male, Malaria, Cross-Sectional Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, Parasitology, business, Animal Distribution, MESH: Female
Abstract

Background Deforestation and land use change is widespread in Madagascar, altering local ecosystems and creating opportunities for disease vectors, such as the Anopheles mosquito, to proliferate and more easily reach vulnerable, rural populations. Knowledge of risk factors associated with malaria infections is growing globally, but these associations remain understudied across Madagascar’s diverse ecosystems experiencing rapid environmental change. This study aims to uncover socioeconomic, demographic, and ecological risk factors for malaria infection across regions through analysis of a large, cross-sectional dataset. Methods The objectives were to assess (1) the ecological correlates of malaria vector breeding through larval surveys, and (2) the socioeconomic, demographic, and ecological risk factors for malaria infection in four ecologically distinct regions of rural Madagascar. Risk factors were determined using multilevel models for the four regions included in the study. Results The presence of aquatic agriculture (both within and surrounding communities) is the strongest predictive factor of habitats containing Anopheles larvae across all regions. Ecological and socioeconomic risk factors for malaria infection vary dramatically across study regions and range in their complexity. Conclusions Risk factors for malaria transmission differ dramatically across regions of Madagascar. These results may help stratifying current malaria control efforts in Madagascar beyond the scope of existing interventions.

Published
2020

6. Retinal findings in pediatric patients with Usher syndrome Type 1 due to mutations in MYO7A gene

Author

Jaume Català-Mora, Olaia Subirà, Jesús Díaz-Cascajosa, J.M. Caminal, M. A. Claveria, Joan Prat, Natalia Coll-Alsina, Noel Padrón-Pérez, Christine Petit, Crystel Bonnet, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat [Barcelona, Spain], Hospital Sant Joan de Déu [Barcelona], Syndrome de Usher et autres atteintes rétino-cochléaires, Institut de la Vision, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), ED 515 - Complexité du vivant, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Chaire Génétique et physiologie cellulaire, Collège de France (CdF (institution)), This work received no funding, We thank the families HEALTH-F2-2010-242013 (TREATRUSH). We also thank Bradley Londres for editing and improving the use of English in this document and Dr. Anne Kurtenbach for her critical review and comments of this paper., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), and Collège de France - Chaire Génétique et physiologie cellulaire

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Visual acuity, Adolescent, genetic structures, MYO7A, Usher syndrome, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Visual Acuity, Retina, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Ophthalmology, Medicine, Humans, Fluorescein Angiography, External limiting membrane, Child, Melanosome, Retrospective Studies, Retinal pigment epithelium, business.industry, Usher Syndrome Type 1, Retinal, medicine.disease, eye diseases, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Child, Preschool, Myosin VIIa, Mutation, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, Female, sense organs, medicine.symptom, business, Usher Syndromes, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Tomography, Optical Coherence
Abstract

International audience; Purpose: To describe retinal alterations detected by swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) in paediatric patients with Usher syndrome type 1 (USH1) and to compare these findings to previously published reports.Methods: Thirty-two eyes from 16 patients (11 males and 5 females) with a genetic diagnosis of USH1 because of MYO7A mutations underwent SS-OCT. Patients ranged in age from 4 to 17 years (mean, 11,13 ± 4,29). The subfoveal and macular area were analysed with SS-OCT at 1050 nm using 12 radial scans of 12.0 mm. Structural abnormalities were evaluated and correlated with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA).Results: The most common qualitative retinal abnormality was external layer damage in macular area. Specific alterations included external limiting membrane loss/disruption (27 eyes; 84.4%), disruption of the Myoid zone (27 eyes; 84.4%); Ellipsoid zone disruption (28 eyes; 87.5%), and loss of the outer segments (29 eyes; 90.6%). The damage of the retinal pigment epithelium was divided according to the loss of the different layers: phagosome zone (30 eyes; 93.8%), melanosome zone (29 eyes; 90.6%) and mitochondria zone (0 eyes; 0%). The presence of cystoid macular oedema (CMO) was significantly correlated with alterations in photoreceptors. Disruption or absence of the myoid and ellipsoid zones of the photoreceptors were the only variables independently associated with decreased BCVA.Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that the physiopathologic basis of early-stage Usher syndrome (USH) may be changes in the outer retinal layer, particularly the photoreceptors, which in turn may cause alterations-such as CMO-in the inner retinal layers. Accordingly, monitoring the condition of photoreceptors during follow-up may be advisable for the early detection of pathologic changes.

Published
2020

7. Cluster Analysis of Physical Activity Patterns, and Relationship with Sedentary Behavior and Healthy Lifestyles in Prepubertal Children: Genobox Cohort

Author

Gloria Bueno, Francisco Jesus Llorente-Cantarero, Concepción M. Aguilera, Juan Jose Bedoya-Carpente, Augusto Anguita-Ruiz, Mercedes Gil-Campos, Jose Manuel Jurado-Castro, Rosaura Leis, Azahara Iris-Rupérez, Rocío Vázquez-Cobela, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Ciencias Forenses, Anatomía Patolóxica, Xinecoloxía e Obstetricia, e Pediatría, [Leis,R, Bedoya-Carpente,JJ, Vázquez-Cobela,R] Unidad de Investigación en Nutrición, Crecimiento y Desarrollo Humano de Galicia, Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. [Leis,R, Llorente-Cantarero,FJ, Anguita-Ruiz,A, Vázquez-Cobela,R, Aguilera,CM, Bueno,G, Gil-Campos,M] CIBEROBN, (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition) Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. [Jurado-Castro,JM, Gil-Campos,M] Metabolism and Investigation Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute of Biomedicine Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. [Llorente-Cantarero,FJ] Department of Artistic and Corporal Education, Faculty of Education, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. [Anguita-Ruiz,A, Aguilera,CM] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology 'José Mataix', Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain. [Anguita-Ruiz,A, Aguilera,CM] Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, Granada, Spain. [Iris-Rupérez,A] GENUD Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain. [Bueno,G] Unidad de Endocrinología Pediátrica, Hospital Clínico Lozano Blesa, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain., and This work was supported bythe Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo e InnovaciónTecnológica (I + D + I), Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Health Research Funding (FONDOS FEDER) (PI051968, PI1102042 and PI1600871) and Redes temáticas de investigación cooperativa RETIC (Red SAMID RD12/0026/0015). The authors also acknowledge Instituto de Salud Carlos III for personal funding of A.A.-R: Contratos i-PFIS: doctorados IIS empresa en ciencias y tecnologías de la salud de la convocatoria 2017 de la Acción Estratégica en Salud 2013–2016 (IFI17/00048).This paper will be included in J.M.J.-C. doctorate, under the 'Social and Legal Sciences Program' at theUniversity of Córdoba, Spain.

Subjects
Male, obesity, Mediterranean diet, Health Behavior, Obesidad, Child Behavior, Diet, Mediterranean, Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Primates::Haplorhini::Catarrhini::Hominidae::Humans [Medical Subject Headings], Cohort Studies, 0302 clinical medicine, Surveys and Questionnaires, Cluster Analysis, Insulin, 030212 general & internal medicine, skin and connective tissue diseases, Child, Chemicals and Drugs::Lipids::Glycerides::Triglycerides [Medical Subject Headings], Nutrition and Dietetics, exercise, Psychiatry and Psychology::Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms::Behavior::Health Behavior [Medical Subject Headings], Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Therapeutics::Nutrition Therapy::Diet Therapy::Diet, Mediterranean [Medical Subject Headings], Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Equipment and Supplies::Electrical Equipment and Supplies [Medical Subject Headings], Conducta sedentaria, Ejercicio físico, Cardiovascular diseases, Psychiatry and Psychology::Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms::Behavior::Child Behavior [Medical Subject Headings], Cohort, Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Data Collection::Health Surveys::Nutrition Surveys::Diet Surveys [Medical Subject Headings], Female, Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena::Human Activities::Leisure Activities::Recreation::Sports [Medical Subject Headings], Club, Enfermedades cardiovasculares, lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Sports, musculoskeletal diseases, Electrical Equipment and Supplies, Anatomy::Digestive System::Pancreas::Islets of Langerhans::Insulin-Secreting Cells [Medical Subject Headings], Physical activity, Check Tags::Male [Medical Subject Headings], 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, lcsh:TX341-641, Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Statistics as Topic::Cluster Analysis [Medical Subject Headings], Disease cluster, Article, Information Science::Information Science::Data Collection::Questionnaires [Medical Subject Headings], 03 medical and health sciences, Screen time, Environmental health, Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena::Human Activities::Exercise [Medical Subject Headings], medicine, Humans, Persons::Persons::Age Groups::Child [Medical Subject Headings], Healthy Lifestyle, Obesity, Exercise, Triglycerides, business.industry, Psychiatry and Psychology::Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms::Psychology, Social::Life Style [Medical Subject Headings], Anthropometry, medicine.disease, Dieta mediterránea, cardiovascular diseases, stomatognathic diseases, Check Tags::Female [Medical Subject Headings], Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Epidemiologic Study Characteristics as Topic::Epidemiologic Studies::Cohort Studies [Medical Subject Headings], Sedentary Behavior, business, Food Science
Abstract

The authors would like to thank the children and parents who participated in the study and Ana Yara Postigo-Fuentes for the assistance with the English editing., Sedentary habits during childhood are associated with adverse health outcomes. The aim of this work was to cluster lifestyle behaviors and metabolic biomarkers to establish different patterns in children. Their physical and sedentary activities were evaluated by accelerometry, and questionnaires that included lifestyle behaviors, such as adherence to a Mediterranean diet, anthropometry and blood biochemical markers. Cluster analysis was performed to establish different groups based on physical activity levels. A total of 489 children were finally selected. Cluster 1 included children with a mostly sedentary state, whereas Cluster 3 included the most active children and Cluster 2 included children that did not fit into either the sedentary or the highly active groups. In Cluster 3, 56% of children were in a sports club, and a lower percentage used electronic devices in their rooms compared to the other groups. Cluster 1 children exhibited higher insulin, HOMA-IR and triacylglycerides with respect to the other groups. No differences were found regarding adherence to a Mediterranean diet. The choice to practice an extracurricular sport could be an influencing factor to increase exercise and ensure an active lifestyle in children. Reducing or limiting screen time mainly in children’s rooms could contribute to an active lifestyle., Plan Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica, Desarrollo e InnovacionTecnologica (I + D + I), Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Health Research Funding (FONDOS FEDER) PI051968 PI1102042 PI1600871, Redes tematicas de investigacion cooperativa RETIC (Red SAMID) RD12/0026/0015, Instituto de Salud Carlos III IFI17/00048

Published
2020

8. Human candidate gene polymorphisms and risk of severe malaria in children in Kilifi, Kenya: a case-control association study

Author

Ndila, Carolyne M, Uyoga, Sophie, Macharia, Alexander W, Nyutu, Gideon, Peshu, Norbert, Ojal, John, Shebe, Mohammed, Awuondo, Kennedy O, Mturi, Neema, Tsofa, Benjamin, Sepúlveda, Nuno, Clark, Taane G, Band, Gavin, Clarke, Geraldine, Rowlands, Kate, Hubbart, Christina, Jeffreys, Anna, Kariuki, Silvia, Marsh, Kevin, Mackinnon, Margaret, Maitland, Kathryn, Kwiatkowski, Dominic P, Rockett, Kirk A, Williams, Thomas N, Abathina, Amadou, Abubakar, Ismaela, Achidi, Eric, Agbenyega, Tsiri, Aiyegbo, Mohammed, Akoto, Alex, Allen, Angela, Allen, Stephen, Amenga-Etego, Lucas, Amodu, Folakemi, Amodu, Olukemi, Anchang-Kimbi, Judith, Ansah, Nana, Ansah, Patrick, Ansong, Daniel, Antwi, Sampson, Anyorigiya, Thomas, Apinjoh, Tobias, Asafo-Agyei, Emmanuel, Asoala, Victor, Atuguba, Frank, Auburn, Sarah, Bah, Abdou, Bamba, Kariatou, Bancone, Germana, Barnwell, David, Barry, Abdoulaye, Bauni, Evasius, Besingi, Richard, Bojang, Kalifa, Bougouma, Edith, Bull, Susan, Busby, George, Camara, Abdoulie, Camara, Landing, Campino, Susana, Carter, Richard, Carucci, Dan, Casals-Pascual, Climent, Ceesay, Ndey, Ceesay, Pa, Chau, Tran, Chuong, Ly, Clark, Taane, Cole-Ceesay, Ramou, Conway, David, Cook, Katharine, Cook, Olivia, Cornelius, Victoria, Corran, Patrick, Correa, Simon, Cox, Sharon, Craik, Rachel, Danso, Bakary, Davis, Timothy, Day, Nicholas, Deloukas, Panos, Dembele, Awa, Devries, Jantina, Dewasurendra, Rajika, Diakite, Mahamadou, Diarra, Elizabeth, Dibba, Yaya, Diss, Andrea, Djimdé, Abdoulaye, Dolo, Amagana, Doumbo, Ogobara, Doyle, Alan, Drakeley, Chris, Drury, Eleanor, Duffy, Patrick, Dunstan, Sarah, Ebonyi, Augustine, Elhassan, Ahmed, Elhassan, Ibrahim, Elzein, Abier, Enimil, Anthony, Esangbedo, Pamela, Evans, Jennifer, Evans, Julie, Farrar, Jeremy, Fernando, Deepika, Fitzpatrick, Kathryn, Fullah, Janet, Garcia, Jacob, Ghansah, Anita, Gottleib, Michael, Green, Angie, Hart, Lee, Hennsman, Meike, Hien, Tran, Hieu, Nguyen, Hilton, Eliza, Hodgson, Abraham, Horstmann, Rolf, Hughes, Catherine, Hussein, Ayman, Hutton, Robert, Ibrahim, Muntaser, Ishengoma, Deus, Jaiteh, Jula, Jallow, Mariatou, Jallow, Muminatou, Jammeh, Kebba, Jasseh, Momodou, Jobarteh, Amie, Johnson, Kimberly, Joseph, Sarah, Jyothi, Dushyanth, Kachala, David, Kamuya, Dorcas, Kanyi, Haddy, Karunajeewa, Harin, Karunaweera, Nadira, Keita, Momodou, Kerasidou, Angeliki, Khan, Aja, Kivinen, Katja, Kokwaro, Gilbert, Konate, Amadou, Konate, Salimata, Koram, Kwadwo, Kwiatkowski, Dominic, Laman, Moses, Si, Le, Leffler, Ellen, Lemnge, Martha, Lin, Enmoore, Alioune, Ly, Macharia, Alexander, Macinnis, Bronwyn, Mai, Nguyen, Makani, Julie, Malangone, Cinzia, Mangano, Valentina, Manjurano, Alphaxard, Manneh, Lamin, Manning, Laurens, Manske, Magnus, Marsh, Vicki, Maslen, Gareth, Maxwell, Caroline, Mbunwe, Eric, Mccreight, Marilyn, Mead, Daniel, Mendy, Alieu, Mendy, Anthony, Mensah, Nathan, Michon, Pascal, Miles, Alistair, Miotto, Olivo, Modiano, David, Mohamed, Hiba, Molloy, Sile, Molyneux, Malcolm, Molyneux, Sassy, Moore, Mike, Moyes, Catherine, Mtei, Frank, Mtove, George, Mueller, Ivo, Mugri, Regina, Munthali, Annie, Mutabingwa, Theonest, Nadjm, Behzad, Ndi, Andre, Ndila, Carolyne, Newton, Charles, Niangaly, Amadou, Njie, Haddy, Njie, Jalimory, Njie, Madi, Njie, Malick, Njie, Sophie, Njiragoma, Labes, Nkrumah, Francis, Ntunthama, Neema, Nyika, Aceme, Nyirongo, Vysaul, O'Brien, John, Obu, Herbert, Oduro, Abraham, Ofori, Alex, Olaniyan, Subulade, Olaosebikan, Rasaq, Oluoch, Tom, Omotade, Olayemi, Oni, Olajumoke, Onykwelu, Emmanuel, Opi, Daniel, Orimadegun, Adebola, O'Riordan, Sean, Ouedraogo, Issa, Oyola, Samuel, Parker, Michael, Pearson, Richard, Pensulo, Paul, Phiri, Ajib, Phu, Nguyen, Pinder, Margaret, Pirinen, Matti, Plowe, Chris, Potter, Claire, Poudiougou, Belco, Puijalon, Odile, Quyen, Nguyen, Ragoussis, Ioannis, Ragoussis, Jiannis, Rasheed, Oba, Reeder, John, Reyburn, Hugh, Riley, Eleanor, Risley, Paul, Rockett, Kirk, Rodford, Joanne, Rogers, Jane, Rogers, William, Ruano-Rubio, Valentín, Sabally-Ceesay, Kumba, Sadiq, Abubacar, Saidy-Khan, Momodou, Saine, Horeja, Sakuntabhai, Anavaj, Sall, Abdourahmane, Sambian, David, Sambou, Idrissa, Sanjoaquin, Miguel, Shah, Shivang, Shelton, Jennifer, Siba, Peter, Silva, Nilupa, Simmons, Cameron, Simpore, Jaques, Singhasivanon, Pratap, Sinh, Dinh, Sirima, Sodiomon, Sirugo, Giorgio, Sisay-Joof, Fatoumatta, Sissoko, Sibiry, Small, Kerrin, Somaskantharajah, Elilan, Spencer, Chris, Stalker, Jim, Stevens, Marryat, Suriyaphol, Prapat, Sylverken, Justice, Taal, Bintou, Tall, Adama, Taylor, Terrie, Teo, Yik, Thai, Cao, Thera, Mahamadou, Titanji, Vincent, Toure, Ousmane, Troye-Blomberg, Marita, Usen, Stanley, Vanderwal, Aaron, Wangai, Hannah, Watson, Renee, Williams, Thomas, Wilson, Michael, Wrigley, Rebecca, Yafi, Clarisse, Yamoah, Lawrence, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics [Oxford], University of Oxford, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute [Cambridge], St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, TNW and MM are funded through awards from the Wellcome Trust (grants 091758 and 202800 [to TNW] and grant 088634 [to MM]) and DPK and TGC receive support from the Medical Research Council (grant G19/9 [to DPK] and grants MR/K000551/1, MR/M01360X/1, MR/N010469/1, and MC_PC_15103 [to TGC]). The research leading to these results received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013, under grant agreement 242095) and from the Medical Research Council (grant G0600718). MalariaGEN is supported by the Wellcome Trust (WT077383/Z/05/Z) and by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (grant 566) as part of the Bill & Melinda Gates' Grand Challenges in Global Health Initiative. The Resource Centre for Genomic Epidemiology of Malaria is supported by the Wellcome Trust (grant 090770/Z/09/Z). Support was also provided by the Medical Research Council (grant G0600718). The Wellcome Trust also provides core awards to the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (grant 090532/Z/09/Z) and to the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (grant 098051). This work forms part of a larger collaboration with the MalariaGEN Consortium, whose members are listed at http://www.malariagen.net/projects/host/consortium-members. This paper is published with permission from the Director of the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)., MalariaGEN Consortium (Anavaj Sakuntabhai), and European Project: 242095,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2009-single-stage,EVIMALAR(2009)

Subjects
Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Gene Frequency, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Kenya, Malaria, Male, Polymorphism, Genetic, Hematology, macromolecular substances, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], Article, Genetic, [SDV.GEN.GH]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Human genetics, parasitic diseases, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Polymorphism, Preschool
Abstract

Summary Background Human genetic factors are important determinants of malaria risk. We investigated associations between multiple candidate polymorphisms—many related to the structure or function of red blood cells—and risk for severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria and its specific phenotypes, including cerebral malaria, severe malaria anaemia, and respiratory distress. Methods We did a case-control study in Kilifi County, Kenya. We recruited as cases children presenting with severe malaria to the high-dependency ward of Kilifi County Hospital. We included as controls infants born in the local community between Aug 1, 2006, and Sept 30, 2010, who were part of a genetics study. We tested for associations between a range of candidate malaria-protective genes and risk for severe malaria and its specific phenotypes. We used a permutation approach to account for multiple comparisons between polymorphisms and severe malaria. We judged p values less than 0·005 significant for the primary analysis of the association between candidate genes and severe malaria. Findings Between June 11, 1995, and June 12, 2008, 2244 children with severe malaria were recruited to the study, and 3949 infants were included as controls. Overall, 263 (12%) of 2244 children with severe malaria died in hospital, including 196 (16%) of 1233 with cerebral malaria. We investigated 121 polymorphisms in 70 candidate severe malaria-associated genes. We found significant associations between risk for severe malaria overall and polymorphisms in 15 genes or locations, of which most were related to red blood cells: ABO, ATP2B4, ARL14, CD40LG, FREM3, INPP4B, G6PD, HBA (both HBA1 and HBA2), HBB, IL10, LPHN2 (also known as ADGRL2), LOC727982, RPS6KL1, CAND1, and GNAS. Combined, these genetic associations accounted for 5·2% of the variance in risk for developing severe malaria among individuals in the general population. We confirmed established associations between severe malaria and sickle-cell trait (odds ratio [OR] 0·15, 95% CI 0·11–0·20; p=2·61 × 10−58), blood group O (0·74, 0·66–0·82; p=6·26 × 10−8), and –α3·7-thalassaemia (0·83, 0·76–0·90; p=2·06 × 10−6). We also found strong associations between overall risk of severe malaria and polymorphisms in both ATP2B4 (OR 0·76, 95% CI 0·63–0·92; p=0·001) and FREM3 (0·64, 0·53–0·79; p=3·18 × 10−14). The association with FREM3 could be accounted for by linkage disequilibrium with a complex structural mutation within the glycophorin gene region (comprising GYPA, GYPB, and GYPE) that encodes for the rare Dantu blood group antigen. Heterozygosity for Dantu was associated with risk for severe malaria (OR 0·57, 95% CI 0·49–0·68; p=3·22 × 10−11), as was homozygosity (0·26, 0·11–0·62; p=0·002). Interpretation Both ATP2B4 and the Dantu blood group antigen are associated with the structure and function of red blood cells. ATP2B4 codes for plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 4 (the major calcium pump on red blood cells) and the glycophorins are ligands for parasites to invade red blood cells. Future work should aim at uncovering the mechanisms by which these polymorphisms can result in severe malaria protection and investigate the implications of these associations for wider health. Funding Wellcome Trust, UK Medical Research Council, European Union, and Foundation for the National Institutes of Health as part of the Bill & Melinda Gates Grand Challenges in Global Health Initiative.

Published
2018

9. Organophosphate and brominated flame retardants in Australian indoor environments: Levels, sources, and preliminary assessment of human exposure

Author

Xianyu Wang, Andrew P.W. Banks, Phong K. Thai, Christie Gallen, Jochen F. Mueller, Chang He, Christine Baduel, Paul Bainton, Karin English, QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland Univ Technol, Int Lab Air Qual & Hlth, TRACES - Technologie et Recherche en Analyse Chimique pour l'Environnement et la Santé, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (ISA), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, This work was financially supported by the Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy and the University of Queensland (C02183). The authors would like to thank the owners of private houses and workers of offices who participated in this research. The authors also thank Dr. Daniel Drage for his experimental guidance, Dr. Michael Gallen and Dr. Laurence Hearn for their instrumental support, and the anonymous reviewers for their critical comments that helped to improve the quality of our paper. Mr. Chang He is supported by an International Postgraduate Research Scholarship granted by the Australian Government and a University of Queensland Centennial Scholarship granted by UQ. Prof. Jochen Mueller is funded by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FF120100546). Dr. Phong K. Thai is funded by a QUT VC Research Fellowship. Dr. Christine Baduel is funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR-16-ACHN-0026). Ms. Karin English is funded by an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship., and ANR-16-ACHN-0026,ACHILE,Evaluation de l'exposition environnementale enfantine via des techniques analytiques ciblees et non ciblees.(2016)

Subjects
Adult, Adolescent, Halogenation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Indoor air, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 010501 environmental sciences, Toxicology, Body weight, 01 natural sciences, Young Adult, chemistry.chemical_compound, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, [CHIM.ANAL]Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Ingestion, Child, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Aged, Flame Retardants, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Inhalation, Organophosphate, Australia, Infant, Dust, Environmental Exposure, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Pollution, Organophosphates, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Human exposure, Air Pollution, Indoor, Child, Preschool, Environmental chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract

Concentrations of nine organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in samples of indoor dust (n = 85) and air (n = 45) from Australian houses, offices, hotels, and transportation (buses, trains, and aircraft). All target compounds were detected in indoor dust and air samples. Median ∑9OPFRs concentrations were 40 μg/g in dust and 44 ng/m3 in indoor air, while median ∑8PBDEs concentrations were 2.1 μg/g and 0.049 ng/m3. Concentrations of FRs were higher in rooms that contained carpet, air conditioners, and various electronic items. Estimated daily intakes in adults are 14000 pg/kg body weight/day and 330 pg/kg body weight/day for ∑9OPFRs and ∑8PBDEs, respectively. Our results suggest that for the volatile FRs such as tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and TCIPP, inhalation is expected to be the more important intake pathway compared to dust ingestion and dermal contact.

Published
2018

10. Single low-dose primaquine for blocking transmission of plasmodium falciparum malaria - a proposed model-derived age-based regimen for sub-Saharan Africa

Author

Muhindo Mavoko, Htee Khu Naw, Estrella Lasry, Nicholas J. White, Sodiomon B. Sirima, Melissa C. Kapulu, Mores Loolpapit, Marie Claire Henry, Thomas N. Williams, Alfred Ngwa Amambua, Claude Rwagacondo, Rick M. Fairhurst, Nicholas P. J. Day, Joseph Okebe, Umberto D'Alessandro, Mahamadou Diakite, Rindra Randremanana, Mavuto Mukaka, James A. Berkley, Jean-Pierre Van Geertruyden, Charles O Obonyo, Malcolm E. Molyneux, Muna Affara, Philipe Brasseur, Peter G. Kremsner, Pascal Lutumba, Endalamaw Gadisa, Abraham Aseffa, Grace Malenga, Caterina I. Fanello, Grant Dorsey, Karen I. Barnes, Zolia Yah, Jane Achan, Patrice Piola, Kathryn Maitland, Chandy C. John, Davis Nwakanma, Joel J. Jones, W. Robert Taylor, Birgit Schramm, Marie A. Onyamboko, Junior Matangila, Philip Bejon, Geneva University Hospital (HUG), Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Wellcome Trust-Mahidol University [Bangkok]-University of Oxford [Oxford], KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), Imperial College London, University of Oxford [Oxford], Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia (MRC), University of Antwerp (UA), University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Epicentre [Paris] [Médecins Sans Frontières], Kinshasa Mahidol Oxford Research Unit (KIMORU), Wellcome Trust-Mahidol University [Bangkok]-University of Oxford [Oxford]-Wellcome Trust-Mahidol University [Bangkok]-University of Oxford [Oxford], Ecole de Santé Publique de Kinshasa (KSPH ou ESP), National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Bethesda] (NIAID-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Malaria Research and Training Center [Bamako, Mali], Université de Bamako, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Liverpool, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Amref Health Africa [Kenya], African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF), Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Ministère de la Santé, University of California [San Francisco] (UCSF), University of California, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indiana University System, Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme [Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso] (CNRFP), Groupe de recherche action en santé (GRAS), University of Cape Town, University of Tübingen, TNW is supported by a Fellowship from the Wellcome Trust (202800). The KEMRI–Wellcome Trust Research Programme in Kenya is funded through a Strategic Award from the KEMRI–Wellcome Trust Research Programme (203077). RMF was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health. NJW is a Wellcome Trust Principal Fellow., We acknowledge with gratitude the Demographic Health Survey of USAID for permission to download data from their website. This paper is published with permission from the Director of KEMRI., University of Oxford-Mahidol University [Bangkok]-Wellcome Trust, University of Oxford, Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Oxford-Mahidol University [Bangkok]-Wellcome Trust-University of Oxford-Mahidol University [Bangkok]-Wellcome Trust, University of California [San Francisco] (UC San Francisco), University of California (UC), RANDRIAMANANTSOA, Volatiana Manohisoa, and Wellcome Trust

Subjects
Male, Primaquine, Antimalarials / therapeutic use, lcsh:Medicine, MESH: Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, MESH: Clinical Protocols, MESH: Aged, 80 and over, 0302 clinical medicine, Clinical Protocols, MESH: Child, Epidemiology, 030212 general & internal medicine, Malaria, Falciparum, Child, MESH: Plasmodium falciparum, Aged, 80 and over, MESH: Aged, MESH: Middle Aged, biology, MESH: Malaria, Falciparum, Age Factors, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, General Medicine, Middle Aged, MESH: Primaquine, MESH: Infant, 3. Good health, MESH: Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency, Tolerability, MESH: Young Adult, Child, Preschool, Primaquine / administration & dosage, Female, [SDV.MP.PAR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Research Article, medicine.drug, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Plasmodium falciparum, 030231 tropical medicine, Antimalarials / adverse effects, Antimalarials, Malaria, Falciparum / prevention & control, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Pharmacokinetics, Age-based dosing, General & Internal Medicine, Internal medicine, parasitic diseases, medicine, Humans, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, MESH: Africa South of the Sahara, Dosing, Africa South of the Sahara, ddc:613, Aged, MESH: Adolescent, MESH: Age Factors, MESH: Humans, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, business.industry, lcsh:R, Malaria, Falciparum / transmission, MESH: Child, Preschool, Infant, MESH: Adult, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Antimalarials, MESH: Male, Malaria, Regimen, Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency, Primaquine / adverse effects, Primaquine / therapeutic use, Antimalarials / administration & dosage, Malaria, Falciparum / drug therapy, Transmission blocking, Human medicine, business, MESH: Female
Abstract

Background In 2012, the World Health Organization recommended blocking the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum with single low-dose primaquine (SLDPQ, target dose 0.25 mg base/kg body weight), without testing for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd), when treating patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. We sought to develop an age-based SLDPQ regimen that would be suitable for sub-Saharan Africa. Methods Using data on the anti-infectivity efficacy and tolerability of primaquine (PQ), the epidemiology of anaemia, and the risks of PQ-induced acute haemolytic anaemia (AHA) and clinically significant anaemia (CSA), we prospectively defined therapeutic-dose ranges of 0.15–0.4 mg PQ base/kg for children aged 1–5 years and 0.15–0.5 mg PQ base/kg for individuals aged ≥6 years (therapeutic indices 2.7 and 3.3, respectively). We chose 1.25 mg PQ base for infants aged 6–11 months because they have the highest rate of baseline anaemia and the highest risks of AHA and CSA. We modelled an anthropometric database of 661,979 African individuals aged ≥6 months (549,127 healthy individuals, 28,466 malaria patients and 84,386 individuals with other infections/illnesses) by the Box–Cox transformation power exponential and tested PQ doses of 1–15 mg base, selecting dosing groups based on calculated mg/kg PQ doses. Results From the Box–Cox transformation power exponential model, five age categories were selected: (i) 6–11 months (n = 39,886, 6.03%), (ii) 1–5 years (n = 261,036, 45.46%), (iii) 6–9 years (n = 20,770, 3.14%), (iv) 10–14 years (n = 12,155, 1.84%) and (v) ≥15 years (n = 328,132, 49.57%) to receive 1.25, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 15 mg PQ base for corresponding median (1st and 99th centiles) mg/kg PQ base of: (i) 0.16 (0.12–0.25), (ii) 0.21 (0.13–0.37), (iii) 0.25 (0.16–0.38), (iv) 0.26 (0.15–0.38) and (v) 0.27 (0.17–0.40). The proportions of individuals predicted to receive optimal therapeutic PQ doses were: 73.2 (29,180/39,886), 93.7 (244,537/261,036), 99.6 (20,690/20,770), 99.4 (12,086/12,155) and 99.8% (327,620/328,132), respectively. Conclusions We plan to test the safety of this age-based dosing regimen in a large randomised placebo-controlled trial (ISRCTN11594437) of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in G6PDd African children aged 0.5 − 11 years. If the regimen is safe and demonstrates adequate pharmacokinetics, it should be used to support malaria elimination. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12916-017-0990-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Published
2018

11. Underestimation of Leptospirosis Incidence in the French West Indies

Author

Sylvie Cassadou, Martine Ledrans, Pascale Bourhy, Philippe Quénel, Martina Escher, Claude Flamand, Jacques Rosine, Mathieu Picardeau, Institut de Veille Sanitaire (INVS), Cellule de l'Institut de Veille Sanitaire en régions Antilles Guyane, Cellule Interrégionale d'Epidémiologie Antilles-Guyane, Cellule interrégionale d'épidémiologie Antilles-Guyane [CIRE], Unité d'Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centre National de Référence de la Leptospirose-Centre Collaborateur FAO/OMS pour l'épidémiologie de la leptospirose-Biologie des Spirochètes, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut de recherche, santé, environnement et travail (Irset), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), CIRE Antilles-Guyane - Gourbeyre, Centre Collaborateur FAO/OMS pour l'épidémiologie de la leptospirose, Centre National de Référence de la Leptospirose - National Reference Center Leptospirosis (CNR), Biologie des Spirochètes / Biology of Spirochetes, CIRE Antilles-Guyane - Fort de France, The authors received specific funding only from the Institut de Veille Sanitaire, their institution. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Conceived and designed the experiments: SC JR CF ME ML PB MP PQ. Performed the experi- ments: SC JR ME PB. Analyzed the data: SC JR CF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PB MP. Wrote the paper: SC JR CF ME ML PB MP PQ. Organized and strenghtened the partners network: PQ ML., Jean-Baptiste Adrien, Hélène Bazus, Sylvie Boa, Fabrice Boulard, André Cabié, Arnaud Duthilly, Emilie Gaubert-Maréchal, Stéphanie Guyomard, Cécile Herrmann, Patrick Hoche- dez, Isabelle Lamaury, Claude Olive, Marion Petit-Sinturel, Raphaelle Théodose, the public health nurses of the CVAGS, all the General Practitionners of the two sentinel networks in Guadeloupe and Martinique, the ambulatory labs, the hospital labs, the hospital medical staffs, the Pasteur Institute of Guadeloupe, the Pasteur Institute of Paris and Jude Sweeney for the revision of the English text., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), and École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Antibodies, Protozoan, Disease, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Dengue fever, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental protection, Epidemiology, Enzyme-linked immunoassays, Child, Guadeloupe, Aged, 80 and over, Disease surveillance, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Middle Aged, Leptospirosis, Hospitals, 3. Good health, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Infectious Diseases, Child, Preschool, Female, France, Martinique, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Adolescent, lcsh:RC955-962, 030231 tropical medicine, 030106 microbiology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Sensitivity and Specificity, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Environmental health, Agglutination Tests, medicine, Humans, Aged, Demography, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Newborn, Outbreak, Infant, Correction, lcsh:RA1-1270, DNA, Protozoan, medicine.disease, Public and occupational health, Immunoglobulin M, business
Abstract

BACKGROUND:Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonosis affecting mainly tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, particularly South America and the Caribbean. As in many other countries, under-reporting of cases was suspected in the French West Indies because of inadequate access to diagnostic tests for the general population. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:In order to estimate the real incidence of leptospirosis in Guadeloupe and Martinique, a study was performed in 2011 using the three prevailing available biological tests for diagnosis: Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT), IgM ELISA and PCR. The study investigated inpatients and outpatients and used active case ascertainment from data provided by a general practitioners' sentinel network. The epidemiology of the disease was also described in terms of severity and demographic characteristics. Leptospirosis incidence was estimated at 69.4 (95%CI 47.6-91.1) and 60.6 (95%CI 36.3-85.0) annual cases per 100,000 inhabitants in Guadeloupe and Martinique, respectively, which was 3 and 4 times higher than previous estimations. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE:Inclusion of PCR and IgM ELISA tests for diagnosis of leptospirosis resulted in improved sensitivity in comparison with MAT alone. Our results highlighted the substantial health burden of the disease in these two territories and the importance of access to appropriate laboratory tests. Based on our results, PCR and IgM ELISA tests have now been included in the list of tests reimbursed by the national system of social security insurance in France. Our results also underline the relevance of implementing an integrated strategy for the surveillance, prevention and control of leptospirosis in the French West Indies.

Published
2016

12. Low health-related quality of life in school-aged children in Tonga, a lower-middle income country in the South Pacific

Author

Boyd Swinburn, Helen Mavoa, Marjory Moodie, Gavin Faeamani, Caroline Tupoulahi-Fusimalohi, Solveig Petersen, Kalesita Fotu, and the Wellcome Trust (UK), the National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), the Health Research Council (New Zealand), the current paper also by the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research and the Olle Engkvist Foundation (Sweden)

Subjects
Male, Economic growth, Epidemiology, Health Status, Distribution (economics), Quality of life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Child, community health, Psychiatry, education.field_of_study, Health Policy, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Tonga, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Global Health, Preventive Medicine, Community Health, Population Health, Gender Studies, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, adolescent health, humanities, 3. Good health, Mental Health, Community health, Income, child health, Original Article, Female, low-income population, mental health, quality of life, Adolescent health, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Population, Developing country, Psykiatri, RA1-1270, RA407-409.5, RA421-790.95, RA790-790.95, RC49-52, RJ101-103, medicine, Humans, education, Developing Countries, business.industry, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, lcsh:RA1-1270, Mental health, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Cross-Sectional Studies, business, Demography, New Zealand
Abstract

Background : Ensuring a good life for all parts of the population, including children, is high on the public health agenda in most countries around the world. Information about children’s perception of their health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and its socio-demographic distribution is, however, limited and almost exclusively reliant on data from Western higher income countries. Objectives : To investigate HRQoL in schoolchildren in Tonga, a lower income South Pacific Island country, and to compare this to HRQoL of children in other countries, including Tongan children living in New Zealand, a high-income country in the same region. Design : A cross-sectional study from Tonga addressing all secondary schoolchildren (11–18 years old) on the outer island of Vava’u and in three districts of the main island of Tongatapu (2,164 participants). A comparison group drawn from the literature comprised children in 18 higher income and one lower income country (Fiji). A specific New Zealand comparison group involved all children of Tongan descendent at six South Auckland secondary schools (830 participants). HRQoL was assessed by the self-report Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0. Results : HRQoL in Tonga was overall similar in girls and boys, but somewhat lower in children below 15 years of age. The children in Tonga experienced lower HRQoL than the children in all of the 19 comparison countries, with a large difference between children in Tonga and the higher income countries (Cohen’s d 1.0) and a small difference between Tonga and the lower income country Fiji (Cohen’s d 0.3). The children in Tonga also experienced lower HRQoL than Tongan children living in New Zealand (Cohen’s d 0.6). Conclusion : The results reveal worrisome low HRQoL in children in Tonga and point towards a potential general pattern of low HRQoL in children living in lower income countries, or, alternatively, in the South Pacific Island countries. Keywords : adolescent health; child health; community health; Epidemiology; low-income population; mental health; quality of life (Published: 20 August 2014) Citation : Glob Health Action 2014, 7 : 24896 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v7.24896

Published
2014

13. An examination of the association between premature mortality and life expectancy among men in Europe

Author

Svend Aage Madsen, Richard O. de Visser, Gary Raine, Alan White, Richard Hogston, Martin McKee, Péter Makara, Bruno de Sousa, Witold Zatonski, Noel Richardson, and The initial State of Men’s Health in Europe Report was funded through: European Commission DG Sanco Contract Number: 2009 63 02. This paper was a development on from that work and has not received additional funding.

Subjects
Gerontology, Adult, Male, Adolescent, death, premature, Psychological intervention, Disease, Young Adult, Sex Factors, Life Expectancy, healthCORE - IT Carlow, Cause of Death, Medicine, media_common.cataloged_instance, Humans, European union, Child, media_common, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, business.industry, Mortality, Premature, Mortality rate, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Age Factors, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Middle Aged, mortality, Europe, Premature death, Years of potential life lost, Mortality data, Child, Preschool, Life expectancy, Female, business
Abstract

BACKGROUND A feature of the health of men across Europe is their higher rates of premature mortality and shorter life expectancy at birth than women. Following the publication of the first State of Men's Health in Europe report, we sought to explore possible reasons. METHOD We analyzed trends in life expectancy at birth in 19 European Union member states (EU19) between 1999 and 2008 using mortality data obtained from Eurostat. We then used Pollard's decomposition method to identify the contribution of deaths from different causes and at different age groups to differences in life expectancy. RESULTS Between 1999 and 2008, life expectancy at birth in the EU19 increased by 2.74 years for men and by 2.09 years for women. Most of these improvements were due to reductions in mortality at ages >60, with cardiovascular disease accounting for approximately half these improvements for men. In 2008, life expectancy of men in the EU19 was 5.92 years lower than that of women. Deaths from all major groups of causes, and at all ages, contributed to this gap, with external causes contributing 0.96 years, cardiovascular disease 1.80 years and neoplasms 1.61 years. CONCLUSION Improvements in the life expectancy at birth of men and women have mostly occurred at older ages. There has been little improvement in the high rate of premature death in younger men, suggesting a need for interventions to tackle their high death rate.

Published
2013