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Carbon capture, transport and storage (CCS) is a very active field of research, because of its potential to make large reductions of emissions from fossil fuel combustion relevant to climate change. This paper reviews the recent and current work on practical injections of CO2 as research tests for storage projects and specifically focuses on industrial-scale or relevant injections into saline formations (about 1 Mt CO2 per year). All injection projects around the world have been reviewed, and 20 are reported to compile, depth, reservoir quality and injectivity, cost, and rate. This shows that testing of injection is concentrated onshore; however the projects with the highest total CO2 storage estimate are offshore. Pipeline transport systems are mostly used for the large projects. Formations targeted in the injection process are sandstone or carbonate. In the majority of cases initial projections of injectivity are confirmed in tests. A variety of monitoring techniques are used in all projects, these have detected CO2, but have not shown unexpected CO2 movement. Practical experiences of CO2 injection operations therefore suggest that similar operations can be successfully carried out in the saline formations of the UK North Sea and other large sedimentary basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Carbon dioxide is more and more pointed out as one of the factors mostly responsible of climate changes. As a consequence the reduction of CO2 emissions, especially in the energy generation field, is becoming a worldwide must. This paper presents an overview on the main issues that are expected to affect, from this standpoint, power generation scenario and a spur for a critical comparison among ways to capture CO2 by proposing new aspects to be considered within the evaluation criteria. In particular attention is drawn on the fully innovative opportunities that are offered by Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs) as a unique option suitable to effectively combine carbon capture from thermal plants and typical benefits of hydrogen and fuel cell power generation. As an example, such a new option is compared with one of the most common technologies forecast for reducing carbon dioxide emissions and relevant results are shortly presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]