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In the exploration of broadband radar absorbing structure (RAS), a new kind of multilayer gradient perforated RAS constituted of magnetic iron metal (Fe) and silicon carbide (SiC) is examined utilizing a top-down fabrication technique and metaheuristic grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm. The investigation of proposed structures and magneto-dielectric study of samples is carried out in 8.2 to 12.4 GHz (i.e., X-band). Distinct single and multilayered RASs are optimized using the GWO algorithm under certain restrictive conditions. In addition, the GWO algorithm is reinforced with a fitness function to acquire maximum bandwidth below -10dB threshold (RC≤-10 dB) in various oblique angles of incidence with a minimum coating thickness (t≤2.0 mm). Among all investigated RASs, triple-layer gradient perforated structure (TLGPS) is found to be effective which fulfills the lightweight, broadband, and angular stable behavior of an efficient absorber. TLGPS has considerably exhibited the concept of impedance gradient which assists in triumph broadband radar absorbing materials (RAMs) for low observable applications.

In Europe, 20% of road crashes occur at intersections. In recent years, evolving communication technologies are making V2V and V2I faster and more reliable; with such advancements, these crashes, as well as their economic cost, can be partially reduced. In this work, we concentrate on straight path intersection collisions. Connectivity-based algorithms relying on 5G technology and smart sensors are presented and compared to a commercial radar AEB logic in order to evaluate performances and effectiveness in collision avoidance or mitigation. The aforementioned novel safety systems are tested in a blind intersection and low adherence scenario. The first algorithm proposed is obtained by incorporating connectivity information to the original control scheme, while the second algorithm proposed is a novel control logic fully capable of utilizing also adherence estimation provided by smart sensors. Test results show an improvement in terms of safety for both the architecture and high prospects for future developments.

This isour fourth and final quarterly issue for Volume 1, 2021 of the IEEE Journal of Microwaves (JMW). We wind up our first year with 15 new articles: four invited manuscripts, nine regular contributions, and two of our Special Series pieces: Microwaves are Everywhere and Breakthroughs in Microwaves. As we plan for our future, we also look back on an exciting and satisfying inaugural year.

We investigate indoor human multi-target tracking in cartesian coordinates based on range, Doppler and Angle-of-Arrival measurements obtained with a four-antenna passive bistatic radar capturing 802.11ax Wi-Fi signals. A reference antenna selection method is described to perform angle processing correctly when dealing with target detection diversity among antennas. The tracking is performed by an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) to handle the non-linear relation between the measurement space and the state space. A Joint Probabilistic Data Association Filter is coupled to the UKF to handle the data association between tracks and measurements when dealing with multiple targets. Simulations are performed to determine the tracking parameters under heavy constraints and identify key scenarios. An experimental setup is built using Universal Software Radio Peripherals, featuring an over-the-air phase calibration for angle processing with an anchor antenna. It is used to validate the proposed single and multi-target tracking scheme., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

After the independent invention of radar in the early 1930s, the development of radar went rapidly during World War II (1939-1945) when both Axis and Allied forces relied on the system to get an edge over the other. Ever since the war, radar technology has substantially increased in its innovation and capability throughout the years. This paper examines the progress of radar technology following World War II (1939-1945) with an aim to provide a landscape of the prevalent radar system during the war which was mono-pulse tracking radar systems and moving-target indication (MTI) system. After a thorough background study of the past radar system, the paper highlights application of the newer developed Phased Array Radar System which was formulated out through the implementation of the improved capabilities of both prevalent systems. Moreover, the paper provides a brief overview of the modular system and formulates a time frame relating to the development of radar research. Thus, the paper, later on, foresees the prominent future where phased array systems could be expanded to civilian and non-civilian technological research by providing thorough research and comparative analysis. Phased array systems are found to a prominent possible cheaper alternative for the civilian and non-civilian system. It shows prominence to be an effective useful tool for radar systems.

This Editorial introduces a Special Issue of papers from the SEE International Conference RADAR 2019, which took place in Toulon, France, 23–27 September 2019. The papers are expanded versions of ones that were judged in the reviewing process to be of the highest quality and relevance. Benefitting from the unique location of the conference centre on the French Riviera, the conference was given the theme ‘Sensing from sea to space’, attracting nearly 400 attendees from 26 countries from all over the world (Figure 1). Engineers and researchers coming from private or public sector (universities and laboratories) shared their knowledge and experience on radar topics of common interests from physics to signal processing, from sensor validation to system design, and also on emerging technologies based on artificial intelligence; all topics being supported by 200 papers presented either in oral (150 papers in 36 sessions), or poster sessions (50 papers). Figure 2 shows the range of topics of the papers. 1 FIGURE Conference attendees by country 2 FIGURE Conference paper topics

In diesem Beitrag wird ein neuartiges Sensorsystem für die Mensch-Roboter-Kollaboration vorgestellt, das auf Millimeterwellen-Radartechnologie basiert und entscheidende Vorteile gegenüber aktuell genutzten Sensortechnologien bietet. Es besteht aus einem Radarsensorring, der beliebig an Roboterachsen angebracht werden kann, einem Sensorknoten und einer Auswertungseinheit. Das System wurde im Zuge des BMBF-geförderten Forschungsprojekts RoKoRa entwickelt und in einem funktionalen Demonstrator realisiert.

Presents a review of "Stimson’s Introduction to Airborne Radar, Third Edition" (Stimson, G.W., et al; 2014). There are four authors and nine expert contributors to this third edition of a classic introductory text. The original and key author, George Stimson, started the original manuscript when he was with Hughes Aircraft Company in the early 1960s to 1970s. As a private publication, the book was initially given away or sold at a nominal charge to Hughes’s customers and Stimson’s friends. He is a fine writer and has managed the production of the book for years. From the beginning, the book has had clear graphics and meticulous formatting of pages. This is an impressive book with a total of 52 chapters in 10 parts. It covers almost everything concerning airborne radar. It could serve as an airborne radar encyclopedia. Each chapter briefly introduces its subject, providing neither too much nor too little material. There are some mathematical equations, but all are at the algebra level and easy to grasp. The text includes many color graphs, drawings, and nice pictures, which makes it very easy to read. I would recommend this book to every radar designer, technician, operator, administrator, and program manager. The book covers the Doppler frequency of an aircraft, ground return, and return by a semiactive missile.

Modern navigation heavily relies on technology. A modern ship's bridge is a high-tech centre with various equipment, such as Radar/ARPA, Automatic Identification System (AIS), Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS), Global Positioning System (GPS), satellite communications, and so on. The ability to operate various maritime technologies is among the most important part of navigation officers’ knowhow. However, as any technology can be an error, there will be failure happen on maritime technologies, such as navigational sensors and computer-based bridge systems. As an unsafe behaviour, over-reliance on technologies in watch keeping may have disastrous consequences. This article analysed the relationship between safe navigation of a ship and an increasing reliance placed on technology by master and officers. It identified at which stage a reliance on technology becomes an over-reliance, and the major causes of this, such as insufficient training and fatigue. Finally, it examines the consequences of an over-reliance on technology and makes some proposals on how these consequences can be prevented.

A chronological synopsis of the history of the technology used in experimental and testing work relating to artillery pieces is presented. The period covered is from the mid-seventeenth century up ...

Many countries began satellite development from the beginning of the space era and especially after the Apollo era. Korea started satellite development in 1992 by launching small satellite KITSAT-1 more than 20 years after the Apollo 11 lunar landing. Since then, Korea has developed 15 satellites including eight small satellites, five low earth orbit (LEO) Korean Multi-Purpose Satellites (KOMPSAT), and two geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites. Korea is currently developing KOMPSAT 6 and 7 with advanced optical and radar observation capability, GEO-KOMPSAT 2B, middle-sized Compact Advanced Satellites (CAS), and next generation small satellite (NEXTSat). These efforts will raise Korea's satellite technology to the next level. To prepare strategies for efficient and effective development of satellites, it is essential to elaborately assess the economic impacts of previous satellite development projects and their application. In this paper, we examine the economic impacts of Korea's investment into the research and development of national satellites, and their application in the perspective of satellite value chain. To this end, we conducted a cost–benefit analysis on the development of representative satellites. As non-economic impacts, we examined the change of technology independence and technology level, network building effect, and aerospace ecosystem activation effects.

It is determined that the most effective way to change the backscatter diagram to reduce the radio visibility of objects is to form the geometric shape of the object in such a way that concentrates the reflected energy in a narrow range of angles, taking into account statistical patterns of orientation of the object of various absorbing materials and paints.The process of reducing the radar visibility of objects by using absorbing materials is described and it is substantiated that increasing the thickness of the absorbing material layer leads to an increase in the mass and size characteristics of the object, which is not always possible.The possibility and assessment of the reduction of radar visibility of objects, the surface of which is formed by a combination of flat faces due to the application of a phase-changing coating, is shown. The obtained backscattering diagrams of a rectangular face without coating and with coating.The analysis is carried out and the advantages of using a phase-changing coating in comparison with a radio-absorbing one are determined.The results show that by using a phase-shifting coating, it is possible to achieve changes in the characteristics of the backscattering diagram of an object whose surface is formed by flat faces.The possibility of using a large number of arbitrary laws of application of phase-changing coatings is shown, which will allow modifying the backscattering diagrams in any previously known direction. The prospects of using the proposed method are determined.

In this work, a multiband polarization converting metasurface is presented which achieves cross-polarization conversion in five frequency bands while linear-to-circular and circular-to-linear polarization transformation in eight frequency bands. The polarization transforming functionality of the structure is spread over an ultra-wide frequency range (5–37 GHz) covering most of X, C, Ku, K and Ka bands. Such an extraordinary ultra-wideband operation originates from multiple plasmonic resonances occurring in the structure based on two coupled rectangular split-ring resonators. Moreover, the polarization transforming capability is stable within the frequency range 5–19 GHz for wide oblique incidence angles, which is up to 60°, both for transverse-electric and transverse-magnetic polarizations. Furthermore, the proposed structure acts as a meta-mirror which preserves handedness of the circular polarization upon reflection. Measurements performed on the fabricated metasurface are found to be consistent with numerical simulation results. The ability to perform three functionalities through a single compact structure with extraordinary wideband, qualifies the proposed design to be a promising candidate for integration with important microwave applications such as satellite, radar, and 5G communication.

Open, systematic, and global approaches are needed to address the challenges of aeroconservation and pest management. Recent technical progress enables deeper investigation and understanding of aeroecology. Radar plays a central role in flying species monitoring in the global scope. The technology provides various ways of target detection and tracking, working for multiple ranges and different visibility. The existing technology allows deploying global monitoring of avian and insect species. This work discusses the essentials of the technology and the history of its application for bird and insect detection. The author describes the development of the topic according to the main groups of radar approaches: pulsed sets, vertical-looking solutions, harmonic systems, and efficient frequency modulated continuous wave radar. Advances in big data processing, robotics, computation, and communications enable practitioners to combine the discussed radar solutions aiming at global avian and insect biodiversity monitoring and negative human impact systematic estimation.

The Arecibo Observatory first opened in 1963 and has been a marvel of engineering ever since (Figure 1). It has been a monumental instrument for scientific research in the fields of astronomy, planetary radar, ionospheric probing and high-frequency (HF) heating modification, and optical probing of the atmosphere.

On 21 November 2019, a commemorative plaque recognizing the IEEE Milestone “Zenit Parabolic Reflector L-band Pulsed Radar, 1938” was unveiled at the School of Radiophysics, Biomedical Electronics, and Computer Systems at the V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University (KhNU).

In this paper we analyze of the A 50 air defense system. Attention we paid to shielding the radar signals of the " Шмель " system. We present the individual stages of the construction of the system, its purpose and basic technical data. At the beginning of 2011, the Russian aircraft detection and guidance systems entered a new era thanks to the commissioning of the long-awaited modernized A-50U OKB Beriev aircraft. By mid-2013, two A-50Us were in operation, the third was expected by the end of the year and the fourth is planned to be commissioned in 2014. The modernization of the A-50 can be seen as a huge leap forward for the Air Force, which finally put computers into operation 21st century display systems paired with powerful radar.

There is an extensive and rapidly growing body of literature on armed Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles (UCAVs) focused on the US War on Terror. However, smaller Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for military...

The modernisation of the Hungarian Army and the success of the Zrínyi 2026 Programme basically depend on the understanding and professional lifecycle-support of the latest technologies. Consequently, it is a priority to collect, evaluate and transfer advanced research findings and collected expertise on the concepts related to sensors, including Radars. The software modules define the quality, while the flexibility of the interfaces determine the efficiency of the signal and data processing of the information of different sensor types. The software-based solutions play a key role in the artificial intelligence supported cognitive data processing and the effectiveness of the soldiers or decision-making commanders. This article summarises the most recent results of the radar-related research, taking into account domestic and Eastern European expectations.

The effect of the radar skin return from the platform on which a cross-eye jammer is mounted is significant in many practical cross-eye jamming scenarios. However, all published analyses of skin-return affected cross-eye jamming have significant limitations. These limitations are addressed by deriving equations for the distribution of the cross-eye gain in the presence of skin return. The values of these results are demonstrated by using them to gain insight into how skin return affects cross-eye jamming.

An integrated scheme of X-ray communication and detection is proposed in this paper, which is used for the detection of the unknown target inside the coating while communication. In contrast to the X-ray communication methods reported previously, simultaneous communication and radar detection have two distinct features. One is that both communication and detection signals share the same X-ray source and channel, so the spatial resources can be effectively utilized. The other is that X-ray can penetrate the metal shielding structure and detect the internal materials effectively. In order to achieve the above goals, the propagation feasibility of an X-ray signal in space and space sparse plasma environment are first analyzed. Simulation and experiment results indicate that the X-ray carrier can realize transmission without attenuation in space environment. Then, an X-ray radar and communication demonstration system is built to verify the detection ability of coated materials. Experimental results show that when the characteristic spectrum value of the unknown target is much higher than that of the rest shell, the spatial X-ray radar system can achieve more accurate discrimination. Finally, a conclusion is reached, and some feasible detection suggestions are provided for this simultaneous detection and communication system.

Event-based neural networks are currently being explored as efficient solutions for performing AI tasks at the extreme edge. To fully exploit their potential, event-based neural networks coupled to adequate preprocessing must be investigated. Within this context, we demonstrate a 4-b-weight spiking neural network (SNN) for radar gesture recognition, achieving a state-of-the-art 93% accuracy within only four processing time steps while using only one convolutional layer and two fully connected layers. This solution consumes very little energy and area if implemented in event-based hardware, which makes it suited for embedded extreme-edge applications. In addition, we demonstrate the importance of signal preprocessing for achieving this high recognition accuracy in SNNs compared to deep neural networks (DNNs) with the same network topology and training strategy. We show that efficient preprocessing prior to the neural network is drastically more important for SNNs compared to DNNs. We also demonstrate, for the first time, that the preprocessing parameters can affect SNNs and DNNs in antagonistic ways, prohibiting the generalization of conclusions drawn from DNN design to SNNs. We demonstrate our findings by comparing the gesture recognition accuracy achieved with our SNN to a DNN with the same architecture and similar training. Unlike previously proposed neural networks for radar processing, this work enables ultralow-power radar-based gesture recognition for extreme-edge devices. ispartof: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL NETWORKS AND LEARNING SYSTEMS vol:34 issue:6 pages:2869-2881 ispartof: location:United States status: published

Driving with too short of a safety distance is a common problem in road traffic, often with traffic accidents as a consequence. Research has identified a lack of vehicle-mountable devices for alerting the drivers of trailing vehicles about keeping a sufficient safe distance. The principal requirements for such a device were defined. A conceptual study was performed in order to select the components for the integration of the device. Based on the results of this study, a working prototype of a flexible, self-contained device was designed, built and tested. The device is intended to be mounted on the rear of a vehicle. It uses radar as the primary distance sensor, assisted with a GPS receiver for velocity measurement. A Raspberry Pi single-board computer is used for data acquisition and processing. The alerts are shown on an LED-matrix display mounted on the rear of the host vehicle. The device software is written in Python and provides automatic operation without requiring any user intervention. The tests have shown that the device is usable on almost any motor vehicle and performs reliably in simulated and real traffic. The open issues and possibilities for future improvements are presented in the Discussion.

In this paper the results of development and investigation on textile-based radar absorbing materials for protection against battlefield radar are presented. This research has been carried out within the Project “Adaptive Camouflage for the Soldier” (ACAMSII) which has received funding from the European Union’s Preparatory Action for Defence Research—PADR programme under grant agreement No 800871. To develop the fabrics with microwave shielding and absorbing properties samples of woven fabrics were coated with compositions containing inherently conducting polymers (ICPs), carbon-based formulations or their mixtures. For coating screen printing and knife-over-roll techniques were applied, as our aim was to develop the fabrics coated with conductive layer only on the back side of camouflage pattern printed fabric, that it could be integrated in the military camouflage clothing system. In the radar threat evaluation, as a part of ACAMSII project, it was pointed up that a major threat to dismounted soldiers are battlefield radars commonly operating within X and Ku-bands. Consequently, the investigation of reflection and transmission properties of developed textile fabrics was performed in a frequency range of 6–18 GHz, which cover the defined frequencies relevant to the application. It was found that shielding effectiveness (SE) as well as absorption properties depend not only on the amount and type of conductive paste topped on the fabric, but also resides in the construction parameters of fabrics and their finishing before coating.

The development of new sensing abilities, such as hyperspectral sensors, small man-portable infrared sensors, battlefield radars and faster AI based data processing requires new capabilities of camouflage materials. Military systems also have to work in changing environments calling for adaptivity. ACAMSII is an EU funded project within the Preparatory Action for Defence Research (PADR) programme under grant agreement No 800871. Scientists from Sweden, Germany, Portugal, France, Lithuania and the Netherlands cooperate in the project. ACAMSII conducts applied research on improved Camouflage for the Soldier with purpose to provide increased survivability in diversified environments. The ACAMSII multifunctional camouflage demonstrator consists of three main parts: • The IR adaptivity is realized by integrating phase changing and low emissivity materials in the printed camouflage patterned textile. • Adaption to background colours and lighting conditions in the visible range is managed by operating and driving light emitting diodes (LEDs) embedded in a panel of clothing textile material. The LEDs are controlled by means of a camera and a light sensor placed in the back. Thermochromic materials give further adaptation. • Woven fabric is coated with microwave shielding and absorbing materials reduces the radar signature. For a soldier combat system, not only camouflage properties are of importance but also the comfort properties of the system is evaluated. In this paper emphasis is put on military needs (top-down or market pull) and scientific aspects and technical readiness level of available technology and materials (technology push or down-up), on how to build a consortium in an international collaboration during a pandemic. The concept of EDA Overarching Strategic Research Agenda is introduced and the projects relation to this explained. Only general aspects and results from the three-year project, ending 2021, is presented here whereas specific details of the camouflage system are presented in other papers presented during the session.

The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the implementation of a sample Industry 4.0 solution in a manufacturing company in terms of evaluating the use of the assessment methodology in accordance with the RADAR logic resulting from the EFQM model. The case study from a mature automotive plant employing approximately 1,000 people and being a part of an international manufacturing network of market leaders in safety systems is presented. Members of the working team were positively surprised when discovering that the EFQM model is a part of a company’s DNA. This chapter shows the advantages of using this model to achieve specific KPIs over other models like the Baldrige Excellence Framework.

The Space Exploration Synthetic Aperture Radar (SESAR) is a P-band radar instrument for planetary applications being developed at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). This radar will enable unprecedented surface and near-subsurface measurements of planetary bodies including the Moon, Mars, and asteroids. The radar will measure full polarimetry at meter-scale resolution while featuring a low power, lightweight, beamforming design, specifically developed to meet stringent requirements of planetary instruments. The ongoing prototype development is maturing the SESAR technology for upcoming planetary mission opportunities.

NovaSAR-1, equipped with an S-band radar instrument developed by Airbus Defence and Space in Portsmouth UK, was the first low cost radar imaging satellite; launched in September 2018 the satellite swiftly entered service with the mission partners and continues to offer nominal services. Since the launch of NovaSAR-1, advances in radar technology have evolved to allow Airbus to offer a low cost radar satellite with an increased performance-to-cost ratio. In this paper the authors present an overview of the developments from the NovaSAR instrument to the latest S250 offering.

In order to solve the problem that the air-to-ground data transfer rate is much lower than the radar data rate, the onboard system is commonly used for storing the airborne radar data. However, there are two main problems in the data storage using the traditional file management method. The first is that the frequent data updating of the file allocation table (FAT) and the file directory table (FDT) cause a high frequency of address jumps among the discontinuous areas, which leads to a long response time. The second is that the updating frequencies of the FAT, the FDT and the data region are seriously inconsistent, which results in uneven wear of the three areas. To solve these two problems, a file management method, which optimizes the data writing in the three areas of the FAT, the FDT and the data region, is proposed in this study. An actual measurement is carried out on a data storage system of the airborne radar using the proposed file management method. The result shows that the proposed method significantly reduces the updating frequency of FAT and FDT, and achieves the wear levelling of file area and data region.

In this chapter, we have first presented how to extract natural poles from the simulated transfer function of a target and how to use them for identification purposes. We have introduced a new representation of poles with quality factor Q and natural pulsation of resonance 0 in order to better separate information: the Q parameter permits to bring out clearly the resonance behaviour of targets (Q is a discriminatory of the aspect ratio of targets), and the natural pulsation of resonance 0 depends on dimensions of targets. Next, we have extended our study to resonances of targets with apertures. The simple example of a PC rectangular open cavity has permitted to show how resonance parameters depend on object dimensions and how internal and external resonances can be distinguished, by comparison of poles of the open cavity and the closed box. Internal resonances having a lower damping coefficient |m| than external resonances, they have a higher quality of resonance Qm, and can therefore be more easily extracted. That is why, we have used this interesting property of internal resonances in order to identify an aircraft with air-intakes. Thus, we have shown that the use of selective narrow frequency bands permits a better extraction of poles in the case of complex objects, as aircrafts with air-intakes.

A new type of wave guiding structure is proposed is this paper. The guiding channel is developed on the full planar dielectric substrate and aligned with electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) units. Since the bandgap of these mushroom-like units is calculated with a coverage of the channel working band, these units are of great importance on ensuring the transmission efficiency and eliminating the coupling effect between channels. Then, this wave guiding structure is extended to the design of a six-element leaky wave antenna array with a complete size of 25.6 mm × 80.6 mm, which is working at Ku band from 12.0 GHz to 12.8 GHz and achieving a bandwidth of about 0.8 GHz, a gain of 11.36 dBi, and an efficiency of ca. 86.7% at 12.0 GHz. Within the working frequency band, this antenna topology achieves a frequency-dependent beam scanning in the forward directions, and it offers a potential for radar application on road speed detecting with low costs.

It is a very challenging task to develop a good radar wave absorber with wide bandwidth that corresponds to reflection loss (RL) ≤ − 10 dB and lower coating thickness using radar absorbing material alone. However, this goal can be achieved with the application of advanced electromagnetic (EM) structures such as fractal frequency selective surfaces (FFSSs). The prior knowledge of the suitability of an FFSS for a particular nanocomposite material based on its dielectric constant (ɛ′) is a very crucial factor. Therefore, a critical analysis has been carried out to choose the suitable FFSS geometries for a given set of nanocomposite materials having a ɛ′ ranging in between 1 and 20. The higher iterated Minkowski loop FFSS-impacted nanocomposite has been chosen for the experimental validation based on its good radar wave absorption capability. The Minkowski loop FFSS-impacted radar absorbing coating (RAC) has been fabricated, and its performance evaluation has been carried out. The measured RL of −17.9 dB at 10.8 GHz with a wide bandwidth of 2.9 GHz (RL≤−10 dB) has been noticed for 2.2 mm thick RAC. The findings provide an effective way to develop thin and broadband absorber for various practical EM applications.

Bioradar technology, a novel noncontact detection technology that monitors the vital signs of the human body, has attracted the attention of researchers and scholars in recent years. It has been gradually improved, influenced by developments in a number of fields, including biomedical engineering, radar, computers, and electronics as well as by the growing application requirements of medicine, rescue and military operations, public security, and human-machine interaction. Bioradar technology combines the technologies of radar and biomedical engineering. It can detect tiny physiological movements caused by human vital signs (i.e., breathing and heartbeat) within a certain distance and through nonmetallic substances (such as brick walls, ruins, and rubble) without using electrodes; it is thus considered a powerful tool for a variety of civilian, law enforcement, and military applications.

Over-the-horizon radar (OTHR) is a technology with enhanced range allowing for persistent and cost-effective surveillance of Australia's northern approaches. This technology has been developed over a long period of time, with the first Australian experiments conducted in the 1950s and the delivery of the Jindalee Operational Radar Network (JORN) in 2003. JORN consists of three OTHR systems dispersed in remote areas of Australia's interior, each with a range of 1,000-3,000 km. State-of-the-art OTHR technology developed in partnership with the Australian Defence Science and Technology Group (DSTG)-National Security and Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Division is currently being integrated into JORN by BAE Systems Australia as a part of AIR2025 JORN Phase 6, which also serves to extend the operational life of type (LOT) to beyond 2040.

In order to fast analyze the aircraft Radar Cross Section (RCS) and accurately reduce it with Radar Absorbing Materials (RAM), a comprehensive analysis method based on Higher-Order Method of Moments (HOMOM), termed Locally Coating Method (LCM), is proposed in this paper. There are two steps to fast analyze coatings for RCS reduction in this method: analyze the RCS of various parts before coating the aircraft; model a coating over the aircraft and analyze the wave absorbing effect of it. The aircraft RCS is calculated as a whole but analyzed in various parts by LCM, and thus the RCS contribution of different parts can be compared without disturbing the current continuity. A model expansion algorithm is also presented in LCM to model absorption coatings on specified aircraft parts for later stage RCS calculation of the coated aircraft. Keywords: Coating modeling, Higher-Order Method of Moments (HOMOM), Radar Absorbing Materials (RAM), Radar Cross Section (RCS), Stealth technology

A three‐dimensional ground‐penetrating radar survey was performed on the altar wall, which faced the risk of collapse, of a 16th‐century church in Michoacan, Mexico. The ground‐penetrating radar survey with high‐frequency antennas aimed to locate structural cracks and texture arrangements, the latter through the interpretation of the patterns in the electromagnetic data. The results indicate that the superficially visible cracks or fractures, except for the lateral ones at each end of the wall, disappear at a depth of between 15 and 25 cm. The lower part of the wall below a height of 3.97 m presents an area with multiple diffractions, which suggests that the masonry is made of ‘stone and mud’ and the tilt appears precisely where the adobe wall starts. Using 1500 and 900 MHz antennas, the identified texture of the wall shows at least three leaves or layers with diverse materials and a wooden beam embedded in the wall. Additionally, the survey near the church with a 200 MHz antenna supports the hypotheses that local construction materials were used here. The results inspire us to continue applying ground‐penetrating radar, a non‐destructive method, to diagnose the walls and structures of historical monuments before any intervention.

Nowadays, the interference cancellation or mitigation plays a key important role in the effective use of the advanced radar technology. This article is focused on the symposium presentations related to Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations (EMSO) of the radar systems. The modernisation of the Hungarian Army, the success of the Zrínyi 2026 program, basically depends on the understanding and the professional service of new technologies during their lifecycle. In civilian applications, the inter-radar interference of automotive radars is an emerging problem for automotive radar applications in case of dense deployment. Consequently, it is a priority task to gather, evaluate and transfer collected expertise on the advanced research findings and concepts related to emerging sensor technologies. It looks like the permanent engineering/scientific policies should be implemented to monitor and maximise radar performance to support safety measures required within EMSO. The article summarises the most recent results of the radars taking into account the domesticexpectations.

We have performed an initial stage conceptual design study for the Deep Interior Scanning CubeSat (DISCUS), a tandem 6U CubeSat carrying a bistatic radar as main payload. DISCUS will be operated either as an independent mission or accompanying a larger one. It is designed to determine the internal macroporosity of a 260-600 m diameter Near Earth Asteroid (NEA) from a few kilometers distance. The main goal will be to achieve a global penetration with a low-frequency signal as well as to analyze the scattering strength for various different penetration depths and measurement positions. Moreover, the measurements will be inverted through a computed radar tomography (CRT) approach. The scientific data provided by DISCUS would bring more knowledge of the internal configuration of rubble pile asteroids and their collisional evolution in the Solar System. It would also advance the design of future asteroid deflection concepts. We aim at a single-unit (1U) radar design equipped with a half-wavelength dipole antenna. The radar will utilize a stepped-frequency modulation technique the baseline of which was developed for ESA's technology projects GINGER and PIRA. The radar measurements will be used for CRT and shape reconstruction. The CubeSat will also be equipped with an optical camera system and laser altimeter to sup- port navigation and shape reconstruction. We provide the details of the measurement methods to be applied along with the requirements derived of the known characteristics of rubble pile asteroids., Submitted to Advances in Space Research

In this paper, the design of a graded honeycomb radar absorbing structure (RAS) is presented to realize both a wide bandwidth and absorption over a wide range of angles. For both transverse-electric and transverse-magnetic polarization, a fractional bandwidth of more than 118.6% is achieved for at least a 10 dB reflectivity reduction when the incident angle is

In order to realize the infrared stealth ability for the metamaterial-based EM absorbers, the polyurethane(PU)/aluminum (Al) composite coating with low infrared emissivity is successfully applied on its surface. The influences of the floating rate of Al particles on the infrared emissivity and their compatibility feature with metamaterial-based EM absorbers have been systematically investigated. Infrared emissivity values are measured using IR-2 Infrared Emissometer in the wavelength range of 8–14 μm and the electromagnetic wave absorption properties of the metamaterial-based EM absorbers with or without infrared coatings are measured by the arch method. When the content and floating rate of Al powders are 20% and the 90%, respectively, the metamaterial-based EM absorber with infrared Al/PU coating displays not only a lower emissivity but also good electromagnetic wave absorbing properties which means the good infrared-radar compatibility condition can be achieved. The results indicate that, after coating with this PU/Al infrared layer, the infrared emissivity of metamaterial absorbers can be greatly lowered from 0.65 to below 0.204 and meanwhile its good radar absorbing performance can still be maintained without much reduction.

This session highlights innovations in 5G and Radar systems announced within the last year. The invited product papers are at the cutting edge within the exciting emerging fields of 5G and Radar. The papers delve into practical system-related topics, mass-production related challenges and solutions (e.g., cost, reliability, thermal/voltage issues, packaging, etc.) in addition to circuit content and silicon measurement results.

Miniaturized and highly capable science instruments are being developed for CubeSats at an increasing rate. These instruments have enabled significant, if niche, science to be performed by CubeSats in the areas of Earth remote sensing, astrophysics, space physics, and soon to include planetary science. CubeSat instruments now available and proven include infrared spectrometers, a variety of radiometers, magnetometers, radar for bistatic radar studies (relatively) high-resolution optical imagers, highly sensitive photometers, Lidar, field and particle sensors, and neutron spectrometers. Development of these instruments has been facilitated by a variety of evolving technologies leading to miniaturization, lower mass, low power consumption, and excellent capabilities. These capable new CubeSat instruments are starting to support applications and missions that were once the realm of large, extremely expensive spacecraft systems. A survey and overview of these instruments is provided along with an assessment of their impact and a brief projection of a vision for future development and related science missions.

This chapter introduces the name Alan Dower Blumlein and the tremendous flow of ideas that came from this one man within a decade. It discusses the invention of stereophonic sound, the moving coil microphone and the sound for film. The sudden flourish of what became known simply as ‘High Fidelity’ is introduced and the resultant global market that was developed. Blumlein’s work on RADAR is also briefly discussed as many may not know of this, or his subsequent death while testing new variations of RADAR in an aircraft crash.

This paper mainly introduces the development status of radio frequency / infrared stealth materials, puts forward the application of nanostructured composite materials in stealth field, describes the characteristics and stealth mechanism of nanostructured composite materials, expounds the research status of a nanostructured composite carbon fiber material in radar and infrared stealth technology, and introduces the latest research results and application status of this material prepared by The 33rd Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation in detail.Through data simulation and modeling, the stealth characteristic data of the nanostructured composite carbon fiber material are calculated. The material performance has reached the international advanced level, which can be applied in the future more complex electromagnetic environment, further improving the wartime survival ability of electronic equipment, and looking forward to the application prospect of the new nanostructured composite materials in the field of stealth.

In anti-air and anti-missile system, this paper aims at the severe threaten by anti-radiation weapon. It provides five ways against anti-radiation weapon, including pre-warning, cajolery, intercept to destroy, adopting advanced radar system and radar set net. Under protection of our army electronics equipment and personnel’s safety, we should strike electronics equipment and personnel of the enemy with all our might.