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The papers in this symposium were initially presented at the Global Political Economy Network conference at Loughborough University in London in April 2019. It is also possible that female-led firms may find it harder to implement innovations learned by exporting: this seems to be particularly a problem facing larger female-led firms. Rather than treating institutions as exogenous and policy as endogenous, these authors investigate the effect upon institutions of a policy choice to adopt inflation targeting. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: This paper provides a structural model to value startup companies and determine the optimal level of research and development (R&D) spending by these companies. Design/methodology/approach: This paper describes a new variant of float-the-money options, which can act as a financial instrument for financing R&D expenses for a specific time horizon or development stage, allowing the investor to share in the startup's value appreciation over that duration. Another innovation of this paper is that it develops a structural model for evaluating optimal level of R&D spending over a given time horizon. The paper deploys the Gompertz-Cox model for the R&D project outcomes, which facilitates investigation of how increased level of R&D input can enhance the company's value growth. Findings: The author first introduces a time-varying drift term into standard Black-Scholes model to account for the varying growth rates of the startup at different stages, and the author interprets venture capital's investment in the startup as a "float-the-money" option. The author then incorporates the probabilities of startup failures at multiple stages into their financial valuation. The author gets a closed-form pricing formula for the contingent option of value appreciation. Finally, the author utilizes Cox proportional hazards model to analyze the optimal level of R&D input that maximizes the return on investment. Research limitations/implications: The integrated contingent claims model links the change in the financial valuation of startups with the incremental R&D spending. The Gompertz-Cox contingency model for R&D success rate is used to quantify the optimal level of R&D input. This model assumption may be simplistic, but nevertheless illustrative. Practical implications: Once supplemented with actual transaction data, the model can serve as a reference benchmark valuation of new project deals and previously invested projects seeking exit. Social implications: The integrated structural model can potentially have much wider applications beyond valuation of startup companies. For instance, in valuing a company's risk management, the level of R&D spending in the model can be replaced by the company's budget for risk management. As another promising application, in evaluating a country's economic growth rate in the face of rising climate risks, the level of R&D spending in this paper can be replaced by a country's investment in addressing climate risks. Originality/value: This paper is the first to develop an integrated valuation model for startups by combining the real-world R&D project contingencies with risk-neutral valuation of the potential payoffs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Project failures, especially in cost and budget management, challenge various sectors by straining financial resources, causing delays, and undermining stakeholder confidence. These issues disrupt schedules and damage organisational reputations, highlighting the need to address underlying causes for improved project success and sustainability. This paper is aimed at investigating the primary reasons for project failures, focusing on leadership and governance in managing project cost and budget performance. A qualitative approach in a form of exploratory design was used, and interviews were conducted with Middle and Senior Managers (n = 15) in their respective offices. Manual thematic analysis was used to analyses the data collected. The study found that lack of leadership, lack of stakeholder involvement, poor budget control, poor budget planning, poor communication, stakeholder dissatisfaction and stakeholder's engagement are the primary reason for project failure at Transnet. This paper suggests that Transnet Engineering should establish leadership development programs for project managers, standardised budget control and planning procedures to prevent financial overruns and adopt robust communication and stakeholder engagement framework to improve information flow and stakeholder involvement throughout the project lifecycle. This research is necessary to bridge the knowledge gap and provide policy and practical actionable recommendation to address leadership and governance challenges at Transnet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Assessing uncertainty and its effects on the public sector: guest editors’ introduction to the thematic issue of Public Sector Economics" explores the concept of economic uncertainty and its impact on public policy. It discusses the historical context of uncertainty, its relevance in economic behavior, and the emergence of empirical studies on the topic. The article also highlights various approaches to measuring uncertainty, such as social media data analysis and forecasting disagreement. Additionally, it delves into the importance of macroprudential policies in mitigating the negative effects of uncertainty in the economy. [Extracted from the article]

Owning a home has become a distant, often unattainable dream for many Americans since the 2007–2009 recession. The shortage of homes has decreased affordability, forcing 43 million U.S. households to become renters rather than owners. Racially targeted policies and widespread discrimination, coupled with neoliberal urban renewal policies, have forced communities of color, especially immigrants and the foreign-born, at the greatest disadvantage in homeownership. This paper examines tract-scale disparities in homeownership across major racial/ethnic groups. Using the U.S. Census Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) 2019 definition of the 13-county-metropolitan statistical area (MSA) of Nashville, Tennessee, as the study area, I use five-year American Community Survey (ACS) (2015–2019) data estimates to examine the spatial disparity in homeownership and its predictors. Nashville MSA is one of the fastest-growing southern gateways, and it is also the largest, most diverse, and most intermixed metropolis in Tennessee. It contains higher than the state's overall share of foreign-born, and during 2019–2040, its share of immigrants is projected to grow by 40.7%, making it the best-suited laboratory for race/immigrant-focused research on housing. This analysis finds significant differences in race-based mean per-capita income, with Whites ($32,522) and Asians ($32,556) at the top, whereas Blacks ($25,062) and Hispanics ($20,091) are at the lowest. The ratio of race-based per-capita-income-versus-median housing values is the highest for Whites (15.19) and Asians (15.07) and the lowest for Blacks (11.49) and Hispanics (9.27), putting these two groups as the most disadvantaged regarding their affordability. Regression models suggest lower White homeownership in higher diversity tracts among foreign-born-not-citizens (FBNCs), whereas Black and Hispanic homeownerships are higher in tracts with higher diversity among FBNCs. Interestingly, Asian homeownership is high in tracts with high-income Black tracts, pointing toward the increasing significance of class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The external public audit, plays one of the most important roles in ensuring the efficient management of public funds and contributes to the identification, combating and prevention of financial fraud, a contribution that can be evaluated by analysing deviations with financial implications on the public budgets. The objective of this paper is to highlight the existence of direct proportionality between the quality of public audits with the value of identified deviations. After reviewing the specialized literature, we used the qualitative methodology to synthesize the data contained in the Annual Public Reports on local public finances published by the Court of Accounts of Romania and we analysed factors as additional income, damages, referrals to criminal investigation bodies. The sample includes the territorial administrative units of the counties and municipality 's of Romania. The results of the study revealed that, although through its audit actions, the Court of Accounts of Romania identified deviations like additional income or damages with a constant value for the audited years, the referrals to the criminal investigation bodies are in a decrease. At the end of the paper the conclusions, future directions and limitations of the study are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, Earned Value Management (EVM) has provided quantitative metrics to assess performance against budget and schedule and regarded as a valuable technique for cost control on projects. Despite significant growth over the last three decades, there remains a lack of understanding regarding the practical applications and limitations of EVM. The efficiency of EVM relies on accurate, timely data input and discrepancies can lead to flawed decision-making. EVM assumes all deliverables meet quality standards, necessitating independent quality assurance procedures. As such, EVM alone does not provide a complete picture of project performance. Although it identifies deviations from the plan, it does not clarify root causes or suggest corrective actions. EVM's limitations become more apparent as project management evolves with Agile, Scrum and Lean methodologies. The rigid nature of EVM can conflict with the adaptive and iterative processes in Agile environments and its complexity may hamper stakeholder understanding. To address modern project demands, a more holistic approach integrating EVM with Agile principles data analytics and risk management is essential. This multifaceted strategy enhances project monitoring, providing stakeholders a broader, more informed view of performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of budget as a technique for planning and control is universal in modern organizations, especially, in the commercial (business) entities. However, for budget to succeed in its mission of enhancing the value of the business, human factor is of prime importance. The objective of paper was to ascertain the exact nature and influence of leadership style in budget implementation and performance in Nigeria. The paper investigated impact of leadership style in budget performance in Nigeria. It sampled a cross section of experienced junior and senior management staff in quoted and unquoted companies to gain in insight into the influence of leadership style in budget performance. The data were analyzed using exploratory and inferential statistics. It is recommended that managers should be wary of pseudo-participation in budgeting because of its likely negative impact. In addition, no specific leadership style should be completely discountenanced. A contingency approach is advocated in the management of budgets, particularly, during periods of crisis in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Young Science / Mladá Veda is the property of Vydavatelstvo Universum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on the information construction and taking a hospital as an example, this paper analyzes the current situation, existing problems, and reasons for financial management. This paper puts forward the scheme of optimizing hospital financial management and points out that accounting, asset management, cost management, and performance are all based on accounting. Even though with the continuous improvement and development of hospital informatization, various infrastructures have been built, the problems are more prominent. This can be solved by improving the focus on the products, and processes by reducing waste, or by increasing the quality. In hospitals, the core layer of hospital information technology is the financial management construction and development, and it is also an indispensable factor. It is better to improve the hospital's financial fine management level and promote the hospital's sustainable development. It is not enough to improve the assessment management and comprehensive budget management. It is necessary to integrate the perfect Health Information System, enterprise resource planning system, scientific research system, and structured query language database, establish a comprehensive financial management platform, and obtain data information and indicators of various economic operations in hospitals. Experiments show that the consumables sorting optimization algorithm in this paper can improve the equipment management of medical finance to some extent. In other aspects, this system also incorporates information technology to make enhancements to the original financial management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the distinctions between managing projects in Owner Organizations (OOs) and Supplier Organizations (SOs) in terms of various management functions. The author emphasizes the differences in planning, organizing, and leading between internal projects in OOs and customer projects in SOs. They also discuss the challenges faced by OOs in obtaining resources and maintaining motivation and reputation compared to the higher priority and straightforward nature of SO projects. Additionally, the article suggests that there are other performance domains beyond cost and financial that should be considered in project management. Further research is encouraged to gain a better understanding of managing projects in different organizational contexts. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: The article contains an analysis of inquiry results concerning the KOMAG employees’ job satisfaction and its impact on management processes. As in recent years a management style and paradigm were mainly oriented onto improving the employees’ motivation and commitment, it is important to highlight the significance of job satisfaction. Satisfied employees go beyond their formal duties, required by job description, and they are ready to put in an extra effort to achieve organizational goals. Based on available literature and on the results of conducted inquiry, the Authors concentrated their research work on human resources management in the aspect of motivation, leadership and organizational culture as well as their impact on job satisfaction and employees performance. The paper is ended with conclusions which can be treated as a form of guidelines for managers responsible for investments in building values and a maintenance of all the efficient activities oriented onto management processes of human resources. Design/methodology/approach: The main objective of the undertaken research work includes a presentation of the KOMAG employees’ job satisfaction survey, enabling to improve human resources management processes. A realization of research-and-cognitive objectives enabled to obtain knowledge concerning an important aspect of management activities. The main methods used for the research are as follows: - an analysis of publications, - a case-study method, - a heuristic method, - a method of diagnostic investigation (questionnaires). The subject scope of the paper embraces human resources management, in particular in the aspect of employees’ job satisfaction. Findings: The findings show an urgent need of introducing management measures oriented onto an improvement of the KOMAG employees’ level of job satisfaction, in particular in the area of appreciation needs. An introduction of the holocration system should be taken into consideration as it rejects a traditional model of a company and makes self-organizing collective bodies active and creative. It is worth highlighting that an encouragement of employees to undertake activities of innovative character and an appreciation of their achievements are equally important as risk assessment and budget management in projects. Originality/value: An approach to the management process of human resources seems to be new due to highlighting the job satisfaction aspect. Some recommendation and guidelines, based on survey results, are also a sort of novelty as they emphasize the aspect of appreciation needs. A suggestion of implementing holocration processes at the KOMAG Institute of Mining Technology confirms this new approach to managing human resources in an efficient manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to examine the financial health of selected public universities in Malaysia. The study assessed the performance of Malaysian research universities, on the primary reserve ratio, viability ratio, return on net asset ratio and net operating revenue ratio, as well as the Hirschman-Herfindahl Index for revenue diversification from 2010 to 2020. Results suggest poor financial health, high dependence on government funding and revenue volatility. Several universities recorded consecutive financial deficits in recent years. Third-stream revenues are low, and the universities are struggling to generate the 25% self-generated revenue target set by the government. This paper provides longitudinal empirical data on the financial health of public universities and has important implications for policymakers and university management in budget allocation and financial management decisions, particularly given the adverse financial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the rapid development of information technology, the impact of AI on budget management and organizational performance has attracted attention. This paper studies application of AI in budget management. Applying AI in capital budgeting and financial budgeting is effective in a changeable environment. At the same time, it has been found that AI can significantly improve organizational performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Value management (VM) is a useful method to use when dealing with issues such as budget and schedule challenges arising in the construction industry. However, little research has been done to measure the performance of VM studies, which has made many potential users reluctant to use VM. This paper presents a critical review of the development of performance measurement in general and the performance measurement in the construction industry, with a special focus on the performance measurement of VM studies in construction. The strengths and weaknesses of the existing measurement frameworks are investigated in the context of VM studies. It is concluded that traditional performance measurement of VM studies focusing on cost reduction is insufficient. Many other perspectives, such as clarifying objectives, and improving communication among stakeholders, should be considered seriously when making the measurement. This paper reveals that the existing frameworks to measure VM studies are inappropriate. It suggests that perspectives such as multicriteria measurement, flexible framework for different practice, and benchmarking to identify best practice could be adapted to develop a performance measurement framework for VM studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of VAT rate increase from 15% to 16% in the Republic of Kosovo for the period 2002-2014. Analysis and collection of data through the years are used to make comparisons and draw conclusions about the effects of VAT on the budget of the Republic of Kosovo. How does this increase of VAT rate impact the budget revenues in the case of the Republic of Kosovo? The answers for this question are given through analysis on econometric models which enable to validate hypotheses and link the VAT rate with the budget revenue. Having in mind that VAT is one of the major contributors in the budget of the Republic of Kosovo, results show that the increase of VAT rate has a positive impact on the budget revenues and the budget of Kosovo has been increased because of the increased VAT rates. The contribution of this paper is to offer a better understanding on the relationship between VAT rates and budget revenues. The results obtained provide the necessary recommendations that shall serve for institutions and decision makers to make fair decisions in the interest of the country's economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the effect of college financial budgeting, this paper combines the comprehensive budget management strengthening model to construct the school financial budget execution performance management model and selects data envelopment analysis (DEA) and stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) as empirical analysis methods. Moreover, this paper puts forward the idea of analyzing the proportion of investment funds and obtains the optimal distribution proportion through mathematical methods. Under the circumstance that the total funding input remains unchanged, this paper adjusts the investment ratio to improve the efficiency of the colleges and centers in the school and combines actual needs to construct an intelligent model of financial budget execution performance management for colleges and universities that relies on the comprehensive budget management enhancement model. In addition, the model effect verification is carried out on this basis. According to the research, the energy system proposed in this paper plays an important role in the performance management evaluation of the financial budget implementation of colleges and universities and can effectively improve the effect of college financial budgets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Economic Science is the property of Modern Economic Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

High dimensional learning is a perennial problem due to challenges posed by the "curse of dimensionality"; learning typically demands more computing resources as well as more training data. In differentially private (DP) settings, this is further exacerbated by noise that needs adding to each dimension to achieve the required privacy. In this paper, we present a surprisingly simple approach to address all of these concerns at once, based on histograms constructed on a low-dimensional random projection (RP) of the data. Our approach exploits RP to take advantage of hidden low-dimensional structures in the data, yielding both computational efficiency, and improved error convergence with respect to the sample size—whereby less training data suffice for learning. We also propose a variant for efficient differentially private (DP) classification that further exploits the data-oblivious nature of both the histogram construction and the RP based dimensionality reduction, resulting in an efficient management of the privacy budget. We present a detailed and rigorous theoretical analysis of generalisation of our algorithms in several settings, showing that our approach is able to exploit low-dimensional structure of the data, ameliorates the ill-effects of noise required for privacy, and has good generalisation under minimal conditions. We also corroborate our findings experimentally, and demonstrate that our algorithms achieve competitive classification accuracy in both non-private and private settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of modern technology allows enterprises to continuously expand the means of financial management. The use of advanced information technology and modern management means makes the financial management of enterprises continue to improve, but there are also many problems. In the face of various types of risks that enterprises may face at present, in addition to strengthening financial accounting, enterprises should also recognize the various risks that the double-edged sword of financial management informatization may bring to enterprise financial management and carefully analyze the reasons for the emergence of risks, from the ideological and technical means to continuously improve the entire process of financial management informatization, which is an important topic for every financial worker to discuss. This paper mainly studies and innovates the data mining process and the support vector machine model and designs the data preprocessing method in the data mining process to perform feature selection and optimize the parameters of the support vector machine model. The specific process is as follows: based on CRISP-DM, the industry-standard model of the data mining process, a series of data preprocessing, eigenvalue extraction, parameter optimization, training set pruning, and other methods are designed from business understanding, data understanding, data preparation, and other aspects to improve data quality. In the traditional support vector machine, when the test sample is located at the boundary point of the hyperplane, the judgment may be wrong. In the aspect of SVM model improvement, according to the discrimination method of SVM, the weighted K-nearest neighbor algorithm is introduced to redistinguish the qualified test samples in the feature space. From the whole process of data mining, a data mining system is designed, which is "data preprocessing standardization + genetic algorithm feature selection + training set pruning + support vector machine classifier discrimination optimization." Finally, this paper uses a series of data mining optimization methods designed to mine the actual financial data of listed companies and has achieved good results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South African Schools Act, No. 84 of 1996 (RSA, 1996) heralded a shift in decision-making powers through decentralising school governance from the state to local communities. One of the primary functions of school governing bodies (SGBs) is to manage school finances. It is imperative for SGBs to design and implement irrefutable finance policies that clearly and unambiguously spell out specific structures and processes by applying relevant legislation and regulations enforced by the Ministry of Education. Using a generic qualitative approach within an interpretivist paradigm, this paper accentuates the oversight functions of SGBs to manage budgets effectively and efficiently. This research was grounded in a social constructivist paradigm and data were collected by way of semi-structured interviews and document analysis. Findings revealed that many SGBs place very little importance on the oversight functions of budgets which usually result in the mismanagement of school funds. This is reflected in poor finance policy formulation and implementation, and the absence of operational mechanisms (e.g. budget variance analysis) to curb wasteful and fruitless expenditure. Furthermore, challenges associated with the non-compliance of a finance policy and the failure of SGBs to take timely corrective action exasperate the problems of poor financial management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore how COVID-19 has affected the author's management accounting teaching and research. Design/methodology/approach: This paper is a reflection essay on management accounting. Findings: The author realized that the textbooks, because of the lack of integration among management accounting techniques, do not prepare the students with the ability to make the quick changes required by COVID-19. The author expects that they will have to introduce integration to the management accounting textbooks and courses. Qualitative research will be helpful in identifying the management accounting techniques now integrated in practice. The author further expects the beneficial practices that were learned from online and remote teaching during the pandemic will be with them into the future. Research limitations/implications: This paper is limited as it is a personal reflection. Practical implications: COVID-19 has required organizations be increasingly agile, particularly in the use of budgets and other management accounting techniques. Social implications: Opportunities are identified for improving the teaching and use of management accounting, especially regarding strategy and budgeting. Originality/value: The extreme nature of pandemics intensifies the observations of the functioning of disciplines such as management accounting. Everyone learns from extreme experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes one of the Italian sprawl drivers: the circle triggered by the use of urban charges to solve budget problems. From 2005 to 2018, Italian municipalities could use urban charges to solve normal budget problems: they could plan new urban areas to provide new urban charges, new building and services, and they could manage old and new services at the expense of normal budget. The planning of unnecessary urban areas was effectively influenced by budget problems. The paper illustrates this issue during a period without open data sources in order to improve land management and environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the impact of unemployment insurance financing on inequality and the labor market. It mentions that unemployment insurance financing as a uniform payroll tax in the U.S. It discusses that Medicare and Social Security tax receipts tend to decline modestly after recessions.

This paper traces the development of spending reviews from their origins in a set of budgetary innovations in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s – notably zero-base budgeting (ZBB) and Planning, Programming and Budgeting Systems (PPBS) – to their application internationally for budget management and fiscal consolidation. Spending reviews have been successfully developed and applied in mostly advanced economies but, because they rely on advanced tools of fiscal analysis and established public financial management systems, their application in low- and middle-income countries is more limited. Many countries use spending reviews to identify budgetary savings or to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the government's spending policies and programmes. The reviews can either be comprehensive or target specific programmes or areas of spending. Finance ministries are the cornerstone of an effective spending review process, which requires strong analytical skills and tools, as well as reliable data. Line ministries also play a key role and good use can be made of external experts. Political oversight and good governance are fundamental to success, but countries have followed a variety of models in designing their spending review processes; simpler approaches are available for countries with low capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the risk management of budget challenges throughout the budget process is greater than ever. The process of change has been driven by new information and communication technologies, resulting in e-government. The purpose of this scientific paper is to see whether budgetary challenges have an effect on the performance of e-government in complex financial systems based on factors F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5: lack of information, lack of cooperation, lack of resources and reduction of focus, lack of budget experts and financial stability, and shortcomings and inconsistencies during the budget process. Therefore, this study aims to advance the understanding of how to manage risks from budgetary challenges by focusing on a novel approach to improve e-government performance in complex financial systems. Empirical research was based on three key issues: an approach to e-government, analyzing which variables need more attention to risk, and learning how to meet budgetary challenges to improve performance during governance. For this study, the data were conducted by Kosovo's public institutions, more specifically at the central level (Ministry of Finance) and at the local level (38 municipalities of Kosovo). A total of 38 questionnaires were analyzed and divided into three sessions, which were analyzed through three analyses, such as factor analysis, data reliability analysis, and multiple regression analysis, using SPSS version 23.0 for Windows. The research was conducted over the years 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020, while the analysis involved several processes, where some of the factors were removed in order to make the model acceptable. In this case, 21 variables were tested and divided into 5 factors. The results showed that special attention should be paid to these factors to reduce budgetary challenges and increase the performance of e-government in complex financial systems, such as (a) lack of resources (staff, funds, infrastructure, tools, etc.), (b) increasing the focus on risk management even after the transfer of funds from the ministry to the municipality, (c) the selection of programs based on priorities and not on the basis of wishes and policies, (d) having political stability, rule of law, and more control, and (e) having regulations and guidelines from the practices of developed countries as well as taking into account the opinions of budget experts. The implications of this paper have to do with only a considerable number of variables, which were taken in the study as well as only in the municipalities of Kosovo. In this case, for other analyses by other researchers, other variables can be analyzed in other countries by making comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociologia & Antropologia is the property of Sociologia & Antropologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A "portfolio‐of‐systems" is a collection of systems related by common management and budgeting, and at least some relationship to mission or missions. A portfolio‐of‐systems describes the not uncommon situation where an office is responsible for multiple systems in multiple phases of development but those systems are not related by common design, common manufacturing, or necessarily interconnected operationally. The relationship is fundamentally one of management, although other linkages might be present or designed if such additional linkages are deemed beneficial. The portfolio‐of‐systems concept differs from systems‐of‐systems and product‐line or family‐of‐systems constructs. This paper describes generalizations of architecting techniques for portfolio situations, particularly recognizing the presence of many largely independent components in multiple stages of development with an ongoing or episodic process. The paper presents two case studies of actual portfolios: One a portfolio of operational demonstration systems and the other a portfolio of weather satellites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article invetigates the relationships between budget, on the one hand, and technical, quality, scope and stakeholder management project specifications, on the other hand. It argues that budgeting is a viable management instrument that ought to be used as a directing tool towards executing organisational plans and procedures. Budgets are unavoidable strategic tools used in the planning of an organisation's effective supply of services or goods. Therefore, budgets serve as financial representations of the work, services or goods that will be generated and/or delivered by organisation. On the off-chance that budgeting is carried out and monitored appropriately, and in this manner taking every one of the elements affecting legitimate management of budgets plans into account, the organisation ought to have the option to use its resources ideally to achieve its objectives. The strategic imperatives and the type of leadership in an organisation determine the budgeting processes, which vary from one organisation to the next. "Hence, genuine perspectives and sentiments should be solicited from budget managers at all levels of the organisation as well as their expectations regarding planning as an administration tool." This article takes note of issues that managers are concerned with, in relation to the budgetary process in the Public Sector. Also, the paper explains the reasons underlying the current situation and it makes future-oriented suggestions that could have a significant impact on the uses of budget planning as a compelling management tool in project execution. The objectives of this article are to: identify the relationship between budget and technical specifications; discuss the relationship between budget and quality specifications; analyse the relationship between budget and scope specifications; and, examine the relationship between budget and stakeholder management. Data was collected using questionnaires, which was analysed using MS Excel spreadsheet and the results were interpreted. The findings point to the necessity for intensive training and empowerment of budget holders in order to ensure that budgets, budgeting processes, project implementation and anticipated service delivery to the public are all in line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The finances are used to authorize the expenditure and activities contained in it. The planned sports and expenditures contained within the budget provide a trendy against which the actual success of the firm can be measured and evaluated. The piecemeal budgets of the subunits of the firm are so framed that each solar-unit is made to contribute to the success of the overall price range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Educational Studies (1673-1298) is the property of Journal of Educational Studies Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although there is a sizeable budget for biosecurity management in New Zealand, there will never be sufficient resources to intervene in all incursions of harmful species, including invasive freshwater plants. Given the inherent complexity in making decisions on interventions, responses are often decided in relation to specific incursions as they happen within their particular context. This paper uses New Zealand case studies to test if there are general economic principles related to intervention in invasive freshwater plants which can be used to improve decision-making. The general principles were; the sooner eradication is started and/or the smaller the incursion size, the lower the cost will be; eradication is more expensive than alternative responses in the short term but is cheaper than long term impacts of no intervention and/or ongoing control programs; and preventing new incursions is cheaper in the long run than eradication. The three principles were considered to be logical in an economic sense and can contribute to supporting intervention decision-making at a macro-level (i.e. across the majority of incursions) and provide more holistic outcomes for society in relation to management programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflecting on the economic growth and its constituents, Raghuvir Kelkar and Kaliappa Kalirajan examine whether India has achieved its potential in merchandise exports and analyse the role of governance structures in facilitating enhancing export efficiency. The health sector over the same period improved its share from 1.2 to 1.6 percent of GDP, but the allocation in this sector too stayed below the recommendations of the 15th Finance Commission. With an impressive economic growth rate averaging around 7.0 percent during 2003-2004 to 2019-2020, India is currently the fifth largest economy in the World. [Extracted from the article]

The paper deals with the talent management issue as one of the effective human resource management practices during the global pandemic caused by COVID-19 and points to the main challenges and priorities in the research area. Talent management has undergone a dynamic development in recent years. It has recently become a frequently discussed concept among business and academics alike and one of the priorities of the modern management of all companies. The paper also presents the results of research carried out on a sample of 137 human resources managers. Respondents who participated in the questionnaire survey are human resources managers in companies operating in the Slovak Republic at national and international markets. Data were collected using the online questionnaire. For the research, two research hypotheses were established. The hypotheses aimed to determine whether there are statistically significant relationships between the scale of talent recruitment and selection process over the past year; the change in the management and organizational style of the company during the COVID-19 pandemic; the existence of the statistically significant relationship between the budget allocated to talent management and headhunting practices over the last year. The hypotheses were verified using correlation analysis and the methods of inductive statistics. Testing the statistically significant relationships verified hypothesis H1. It confirmed the existence of statistically significant relationships between the scale of the talent recruitment and selection process over the past year and the change in management and organization of the company during the COVID-19 pandemic. The hypothesis H2 was rejected. It stated the absence of statistically significant relationships between the budget for talent management in the organization during the COVID-19 pandemic and the competition for qualified talent for the last year. The questionnaire survey results pointed how human resources managers in companies operating in the Slovak Republic perceive the situation associated with the current COVID-19 pandemic. The findings identified the pandemic impact on talent management and how human resources managers see human resource management's future and priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mature internet advertising platforms offer high-level campaign management tools to help advertisers run their campaigns, often abstracting away the intricacies of how each ad is placed and focusing on aggregate metrics of interest to advertisers. On such platforms, advertisers often participate in auctions through a proxy bidder, so the standard incentive analyses that are common in the literature do not apply directly. In this paper, we take the perspective of a budget management system that surfaces aggregated incentives—instead of individual auctions—and compare first and second price auctions. We show that theory offers surprising endorsement for using a first price auction to sell individual impressions. In particular, first price auctions guarantee uniqueness of the steady-state equilibrium of the budget management system, monotonicity, and other desirable properties, as well as efficient computation through the solution to the well-studied Eisenberg–Gale convex program. Contrary to what one can expect from first price auctions, we show that incentives issues are not a barrier that undermines the system. Using realistic instances generated from data collected at real-world auction platforms, we show that bidders have small regret with respect to their optimal ex post strategy, and they do not have a big incentive to misreport when they can influence equilibria directly by giving inputs strategically. Finally, budget-constrained bidders, who have significant prevalence in real-world platforms, tend to have smaller regrets. Our computations indicate that bidder budgets, pacing multipliers, and regrets all have a positive association in statistical terms. This paper was accepted by Gabriel Weintraub, revenue management and market analytics. Funding: D. Panigrahi was supported in part by the National Science Foundation [Awards CCF 1535972, CCF 1750140, and CCF 1955703]. Supplemental Material: The data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4310. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the problem of query restriction in supply‐chain financial blockchain system, this paper proposes a privacy budget management and noise reusing method in multichain blockchain environment based on Hyperledger multichannel technology and community clustering algorithm. A historical record book is established to manage the privacy budget according to historical query types, and a differential privacy protection algorithm based on noise reusing is used to generate and reusing noise. In the experiments, we tested the privacy budget loss, data utility and system performance based on the business data‐set from chemical supply chain. The experimental results show that the blockchain system with multichain structure based on community clustering algorithm reduces the system data storage space and decreases request processing time effectively. The privacy budget loss of the proposed method is about 1/3 of that of the pure Gaussian mechanism method. After 100 queries, the total amount of noise is about 8% less than that of pure Gaussian mechanism. Besides that, the noise reusing algorithm reduces the loss of the privacy budget and breaks through the query limitation caused by privacy budget wasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiscal responsibility law has become an important instrument for better fiscal management and ensuring fiscal discipline, particularly so in the federal countries where their subnational governments often indulge in fiscal indiscipline. In 2003, India adopted the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act for rule-based fiscal discipline, and the states of India were also asked to adopt their own fiscal rule legislation in line with the legislation adopted by the central government. As a fiscally weak Indian state, Assam enacted the Assam Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (AFRBM) Act in 2005 for better fiscal management. The paper attempts to examine the impact of the AFRBM Act on the fiscal performance of the state by analyzing the dynamics of the fiscal variables in the pre- and post-AFRBM Act periods. The study finds that the state has improved its fiscal condition after the introduction of the AFRBM Act, even though it has remained prone to fiscal shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The paper aims to present the results of a study aimed at constructing economic and mathematical models used in decision-making in the management of budget procurement of a region, contributing to the efficient use of budget funds. One of the key problems in this area is the assessment of the quality of procurement Design/methodology/approach: One of the key problems in this area is the assessment of the quality of procurement, the solution of which requires the application of economic and mathematical methods, models, tools and algorithms built into information systems for supporting decision-making. The introduction of these systems brings to a qualitatively new level the system of relations between subjects of budget procurement. The paper analyzes modern publications on the implementation of public procurement and related issues of efficiency (savings) of budgetary funds. Findings: The indicators on the basis of which the evaluation of the quality of regional procurement is determined are proposed. The architecture of the information system for decision support in the evaluation of procurement quality has been developed. The system has the property of adapting to changes in the state of the environment through the constant accumulation of statistical data characterizing the procurement and adjustment of the parameters of the mathematical model in accordance with them. A mathematical model is built into the control loop that allows ranking the indicators of budget purchases by the degree of their influence on the effective attribute. The role of a functional feature is the quality of budget procurement. The mathematical model is based on the application of the mathematical apparatus of correlation and regression analysis. The impact of each of the factor attributes on the functional attribute has been assessed. Originality/value: The mathematical model is based on the application of the mathematical apparatus of correlation and regression analysis. The impact of each of the factor attributes on the functional attribute has been assessed. Real statistics are given that characterize budget procurements carried out in retrospect. The coefficients of the linear regression model are determined based on the use of the STATISTICA application software package. The proposed decision support information system with a regression model built into it allows one to make scientifically and quantitatively sound decisions when assessing the quality of budget purchases of a region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The idea of the present paper was to assess budget management in local government units in Poland in 2019-2021 using multi-criteria analysis methods. The evaluation was broken down by different types of LGUs using the TOPSIS method based on minmax normalization. The survey was conducted using secondary data obtained from the Ministry of Finance website, broken down by budget (per capita) and debt indicators. For all LGUs in total, the best position in 2019-2021 was found in voivodeships, whose ranking remained unchanged despite the COVID-19 pandemic. An analogous situation was observed in rural municipalities. The last position in the ranking was occupied by towns with powiat status (2019) and metropolitan areas (2020-2021). Between 2019 and 2021, the number of entities placed in financial condition class 2 was increasing only in towns with powiat status. A reduction in financial condition (in Class 2) was also evident in rural municipalities, in powiats, and metropolitan areas. Over the years 2019-2021, there was a reduction in the number of entities with financial condition class 3 in rural municipalities and towns with powiat status. The leaders in benchmarking in rural communes were Kleszczów and Godkowo; urban-rural communes: Kamieńśk and Lubniewice; urban communes: Krynica Morska and Hel; cities with county rights: Sopot and Świnoujście, metropolises: Katowice and Warsaw, voivodeships: Pomeranian and Greater Poland. The powiats were characterized by great diversity, the best places in the ranking in individual years went to the Wolsztyński, Sztumski and Golubsko- Dobrzański powiats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an ensemble learning model that deploys a Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) to predict two relevant functional indices, the International roughness index (IRI) and the rut depth (RD), considering multiple influence factors. To train and validate the proposed models, more than 1600 different records were extracted from Long-Term Pavement Performance database. The most suitable hyper parameters for the GBDT model are determined through a grid search and 5-fold cross-validation. Then, a sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the final input variables among the initial considered factors. Further, the optimized models utilise SHAP (Shapley Additive explanation) to interpret the results and analyse the importance of influencing factors. Finally, a comparison experiment with reference artificial intelligence approaches demonstrates that, the GBDT model can outperform the artificial neural network (ANN) and the random forest regression (RFR) methods in terms of quality of prediction results, reaching a coefficient of determination (R2) equal to 0.9. The proposed model can provide more precise pavement performance values and may be useful for providing accurate reference for pavement maintenance and optimising the available budget for road administrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the budgetary, patrimonial and fiscal performance of public entities, through accounting and fiscal statement analysis techniques, is an essential tool for good fiscal and budget management. In 2011, STN chose the municipality of São Francisco do Conde as a pilot municipality in the implementation of international accounting rules. Considering this municipal context as a favorable scenario for a good performance of public accounts, this paper sought to analyze the performance of the finances of São Francisco do Conde between 2015 and 2019. Satisfactory budget management was identified in the municipality, balanced asset management, but with the need for action to avoid imbalances, and poor fiscal management, with insufficient cash, accumulation of obligations, and lack of control over municipal revenues, with high dependence on other entities, evidencing a worrying panorama regarding fiscal sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]