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Scholars concur that free and fair elections are essential for proper democratic functioning, but our understanding of the political effects of democratic voting systems is incomplete. This article mitigates the gap by exploiting the gradual transformation of voting systems and ballot structures in Brazil's 1998 executive elections to study the relationship between voting systems and viable and nonviable candidates' vote shares, using regression discontinuity design. It finds that the introduction of electronic voting concentrated vote shares among viable candidates and thus exhibited electoral bias. We posit that this result occurred because viable candidates were better able to communicate the information that electronic voters needed to cast valid ballots than were their nonviable counterparts. The article uses survey data to demonstrate that electronic voters responded to changes in ballot design and internalized the information viable candidates made available to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a democratic regime, voting is crucial to making collective decisions. Unfortunately, although this activity has great significance and value, little effort has been made to improve the way we vote. Paper ballots are still the most used method, although this method is relatively simple, brings many inconveniences, and represents a contradiction to the modern world and its advances. This paper mostly focuses on a review study of blockchain-based voting systems. It aims at identifying the strategies and the guidelines as well as provides a comprehensive end-to-end electronic voting system based on blockchain, with the help of cryptographic techniques such as zero-knowledge proofs to improve privacy. The novelty of this paper is that we tackle the limitations of electronic voting systems found in the literature, including cost, identity management, and scalability problems. Our purpose is to provide key elements for organizations on how to design their proper electronic voting system based on blockchain technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Block chain is presenting new chances to develop new categories of digital services. Even though research on the topic is still in its early stages, it has mostly focused on the technical and legal challenges rather than utilizing this ground-breaking concept and creating better digital services. The study offers a novel block-chain based E-voting system that tackles some of the drawbacks of current systems and assesses some of the well-known block chain frameworks in order to build a block-chain based E-voting system. It has long been challenging to develop a secure electronic voting system that maintains the fairness and privacy of paper ballots while ensuring the transparency and flexibility afforded by electronic systems in current electoral schemes. We concretely assess the technology's potential by explaining a case study, including the election process and the implementation of a blockchain-based application that improves security and reduces the cost of holding national elections. A block chain is a type of distributed database that is this allows for the sharing of all data among all network users. By definition, a block chain system has several benefits that are suitable for electronic voting system. It is independent of a centralized server because its distributed architecture guarantees great system performance. Availability. Since each participant has full data, using the protocol, they may verify each block uploaded to the chain regarding the electronic voting system we propose, the double envelope encryption is combined here. Block chain technology and technique. This is the mechanism for turning the people's opinions into action in order to better manage system. Traditional elections have not pleased either the people or the government in recent years. They are not completely secure because ballots are easily tampered with. Additionally, it raises concerns about transparency and voter safety. Furthermore, it takes far too long to count the votes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current traditional paper ballot voting schemes suffer from several limitations such as processing delays due to counting paper ballots, lack of transparency, and manipulation of the ballots. To solve these limitations, an electronic voting (e-voting) scheme has received massive interest from both governments and academia. In e-voting, individuals can cast their vote online using their smartphones without the need to wait in long lines. Additionally, handicapped voters who face limited wheelchair access in many polling centers could now participate in elections hassle-free. The existing e-voting schemes suffer from several limitations as they are either centralized, based on public blockchains, or utilize local private blockchains. This results in privacy issues (using public blockchains) or large financial costs (using local/private blockchains) due to the amount of computing power and technical knowledge needed to host blockchains locally. To address the aforementioned limitations, in this paper, we propose an online voting scheme using IBM cloud-based Hyperledger Fabric. Our scheme allows voters to cast their encrypted votes in a secure manner. Then any participant can obtain the ballot results in a decentralized and transparent manner, without sacrificing the privacy of individual voters. We implement the proposed scheme using IBM cloud-based Hyperledger Fabric. The experimental results identify the performance characteristics of our scheme and demonstrate that it is feasible to run an election consisting of thousands of participants using cloud-based Fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

24 The rest of this paper will focus primarily on stateless BMDs, wherein the paper ballot is the only way to know the voter's intent, and where vote casting is a manual process, where the voter moves the ballot to a 20 VVSG Vol 1, Version 1.1, section 3.2.2.2, pp. 48-49. 20 For hand-marked ballots, these scanners can flag common error modes, including when a voter has indicated more than one vote in a contest which allows at most one vote (i.e., "overvoting", which can never happen with a BMD, but is possible with hand-marked paper). 58 He offers as an example an election with 20 BMDs, each of which prints 140 ballots during an election, for a total of 2800 ballots, of which 14 ballots have been altered by malware in the BMDs. For contrast, consider the paper ballot in Broward County, Florida in 2018, where the contests for U.S. Senate and Congressional Representative were placed under the long ballot instructions in the left column, leading a potentially significant number of voters to miss them entirely 11. 7 Procedures for voters to spoil their ballots vary from state to state. [Extracted from the article]

Voters use traditional paper ballots, a method limited by the factors of time and space, to ensure their voting rights are exercised; this method requires a lot of manpower and resources. Duplicate voting problems may also occur, meaning the transparency and reliability of the voting results cannot be guaranteed. With the rapid developments in science and technology, E-voting system technology is being adopted more frequently in election activities. However, E-voting systems still cannot address the verifiability of the election process; the results of a given election and the credibility of the host organization will be questioned if the election's verifiability cannot be ensured. Elections may also pose a series of problems related to privacy, security, and so on. To address these issues, this paper presents a public, and verifiable E-voting system with hidden statistics; this system is based on commitment, zk-SNARKs, and machine learning. The system can deal with a large number of candidates, complex voting methods, and result functions in counting both hidden and public votes and can satisfy the requirements of verifiability, privacy, security, and intelligence. Our security analysis shows that our scheme achieves privacy, hidden vote counting and verifiability. Our performance evaluation demonstrates that our system has reasonable applications in real scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reassesses the claim that electronic voting systems help voters to avoid common mistakes that lead to their votes remaining uncounted. While prior studies have come to mixed conclusions, I provide new, more robust evidence based on a case study of extended Internet voting trials in Geneva canton, Switzerland. The trials almost exclusively involved referendum votes. For causal identification I exploit the unique circumstance that federal safety legislation created a near-natural experiment, with some of the canton's municipalities participating in the trials and others not. Using difference-in-differences estimation, I find that the residual vote rate decreased by an average of 0.3 percentage points if municipalities offered the possibility to vote online in addition to (mostly optically scanned) paper ballots. For cantonal measures, which are located towards the bottom of ballot papers in Geneva, the reduction increases to 0.5 percentage points. These remain relatively modest effects, and I find no evidence for a knock-on effect on electoral outcomes. However, on average only around 20% of votes were cast online where the opportunity existed, and online voting was most popular among voters with high levels of education. Despite the small effect sizes, the results of this study therefore point to the potential of Internet and, more generally, electronic voting technology to reduce avoidable voter mistakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E-voting is expected to offer prominent advantages over traditional voting methods. Advantages include faster tallying, greater accuracy, prevention of void ballots, and lower cost. However, many experts express concerns about the potential for large-scale fraud. Recently, many paper based end-to-end (E2E) voter verifiable systems providing individual verifiability and universal verifiability have been proposed. These systems, unlike previous voting systems, are used in polling booths and without access to trusted computing devices at the time of voting. In this paper, we propose a practical and secure E2E voter verifiable system using a paper receipt based on cryptographic technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most e-voting schemes make use of central servers. Users are obliged to trust these servers, which represent a vulnerability of the scheme. In the last few years, a very small group of schemes has been published that overcomes this handicap by using a peer-to-peer (P2P) approach. These are known as boardroom e-voting schemes, whereby users take the role of the servers. They act as managers of the process: they cast votes, keep a record of them, and verify the cryptographic operations made by others. Nevertheless, ballots must fulfill certain constraints which conflict with the possibilities of recent debate tools. These tools allow users to decide what to vote on, thus enabling the ballot frame to remain unknown before the voting process. The scheme presented here is a new boardroom voting protocol. It provides privacy, eligibility, and verifiability among other relevant features. The key advantage of this system is its high degree of flexibility, due to the absence of a need to impose any constraint on the ballots. This paper includes experimental results with two debate groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australian elections are digitising. Electronic ballots, electronic certified lists, electronic scrutiny, and electronic data are becoming part of the electoral status quo. The digitisation of elections in Australia induces new vulnerabilities that malign foreign entities can exploit to subvert the nation's democratic sovereignty. Problems such as inauthenticity, data insecurity, and disinformation are amplified in today's epoch of digital era governance. Since these problems have the potential to erode the legitimacy of Australian elections, it is imperative to deepen understanding of these risks to optimise the nation's democratic resilience. Through applying a conceptual framework derived from democratic theory and public policy, this paper assesses the vulnerability of Australia's elections to foreign interference based on the Australian electoral system irrespective of adversary capabilities. It finds that Australia's federal elections are relatively secure from hard cyber security risks due to digital-analogue hybridity in electoral processes, but they are vulnerable to soft cyber risks such as digital disinformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, E-voting has received great attention due to its advantages in efficiency and accuracy. Fan et al. presented a novel E-voting system named HSE-Voting by utilizing homomorphic signcryption. The HSE-Voting system was claimed to gain a provable security goal under the standard proof. In this paper, we illustrate that their scheme may suffer from some potential security issues. On the one hand, the voting information could be recovered by the authentication center (AC). On the other hand, any malicious voter could disrupt the voting system undetected by locally modifying his ballot. In order to increase the resilience of the voting system to risks, an improvement of the HSE-Voting system is developed. Our improved system fixes the above security weaknesses but increases the computation cost on the AC side by a small amount. In addition, the proposed scheme satisfies voter anonymity, ballot privacy, and verifiability of election results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of election ballots can influence voters' behavior. Features of the ballot are particularly important if they systematically harm the electoral chances of some groups. In Brazil, voters type the four or five-digit number of their chosen candidate into an electronic voting machine to cast a ballot. Some numbers have sequences that are easier to memorize and recall than others. I show that candidates with memorable numbers receive a boost in their vote share. Moreover, I demonstrate that women are less likely to be assigned memorable numbers. This paper highlights the importance of thinking thoroughly about the implications of seemingly innocuous characteristics of voting procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with paper-based voting, electronic voting not only has advantages in storage and transmission, but also can solve the security problems that exist in traditional voting. However, in practice, most electronic voting faces the risk of voting failure due to malicious voting by voters or ballot tampering by attackers. To solve this problem, this article proposes an electronic voting scheme based on homomorphic encryption and decentralization, which uses the Paillier homomorphic encryption method to ensure that the voting results are not leaked until the election is over. In addition, the scheme applies signatures and two layers of encryption to the ballots. First, the ballot is homomorphically encrypted using the homomorphic public key; then, the voter uses the private key to sign the ballot; and finally, the ballot is encrypted using the public key of the counting center. By signing the ballots and encrypting them in two layers, the security of the ballots in the transmission process and the establishment of the decentralized scheme are guaranteed. The security analysis shows that the proposed scheme can guarantee the completeness, verifiability, anonymity, and uniqueness of the electronic voting scheme. The performance analysis shows that the computational efficiency of the proposed scheme is improved by about 66.7% compared with the Fan et al. scheme (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2019.10.016). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote electronic voting, often called online or Internet voting, has been subject to research for the last four decades. It is regularly discussed in public debates, especially in the context of enabling voters to conveniently cast their ballot from home using their personal devices. Since these devices are not under the control of the electoral authority and could be potentially compromised, this setting is referred to as an "uncontrolled environment" for which special security assumptions have to be considered. This paper employs general election principles to derive cryptographic, technical, and organizational requirements for remote electronic voting. Based on these requirements, we have extended an existing methodology to assess online voting schemes and develop a corresponding reference attacker model to support the preparation of tailored protection profiles for different levels of elections. After presenting a broad survey of different voting schemes, we use this methodology to assess and classify those schemes comparatively by leveraging four election-specific attacker models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the involvement of citizens who are limited by the election mechanism, namely Law Number 7 of 2017 concerning General Elections which regulates the 2019 Election, the regulation regulates the provision of ballots for only 2% (two percent) of the DPT for each TPS, while the DPT as the reference, there are still problems in the form of anomalous data, large voter participation resulting in a shortage of ballots during the election. The research methodology used is in the form of qualitative research and combines a sociological juridical approach, this research area is in Riau Province using primary data. The results of this study indicate that there is a shortage of ballot papers, due to the large number of voter participation in the election, but not registered on the DPT or DPTb, many voters go to polling stations using only electronic ID cards or other identities, these voters who experience a shortage of ballots and cannot vote, the solution to overcome this problem is to increase socialization so that voters register in the election and do not lose their right to vote, as well as improve the accuracy of DPT data collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Election allows the voter of a country to select the most suitable group of candidates to run the government. Election in Pakistan is simply paper-based method but some certain political and socio-economic issues turn that simple process in complicated and disputes once. Solutions of such problems are consisting of many methods including the e-voting system. The e-voting system facilitates the voters to cast their votes by electronic means with very easy and convenient way. This also allows maintaining the security and secrecy of the voter along with election process. Electronic voting reduces the human-involvement throughout the process from start to the end. Such system is not established yet in Pakistan. Hence, every election is disputed always. In this paper we proposed the framework of an e-voting system and simulation with the use of blockchain ledger technology. The proposed framework owns the capacity to deal with ballots in Pakistan. The novelty of the framework is that the e-voting system is linked to National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) database which assures voter's validation. The fundamental requirements were kept in consideration during the performance evaluation of the system. The results are processed and depicted specially with reference to the number of voters and voting stations, real time of vote casting, network bandwidth and controlling principles. The results support the decision makers and guide them in the foundation and customization of an e-voting system in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews scholarly articles on the application of blockchain technology for secure electronic voting (e-voting). Furthermore, the feasibility of using blockchain technology to replace the existing manual or semi-digitized voting system in developing countries with Nigeria as a case study is performed. To analyse the current state and preparedness of adopting Blockchain Enabled E-voting (BEEV) system in Nigeria, this paper employs the qualitative SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) and PEST (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological) analysis approach. This evaluation leads us to identify internal and external factors and the strategic direction in adopting BEEV in Nigeria. It is the authors' opinion that this approach could also be tailored to evaluate situations of other developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic voting (e-voting) has been studied for many years. Recently, researchers find that blockchain can provide an alternative secure platform for e-voting systems, because of its properties of tamper resistance and transparency. However, existing blockchain-based schemes either require central authorities to tally ballots or can only handle a limited number of voters. This paper tries to propose a self-tallying e-voting system, i.e. the public can verify the validity of all ballots and tally the ballots without a centralized authority. To achieve this goal, we solve two challenges, namely how to cancel out all random numbers used for ballots and to prove the validity of ballots using a non-interactive zero knowledge proof. Our scheme is proved to be secure and shown to be practical by experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The raised use of data innovation appears to alter both the arrangement of administrative administrations and the energy of vote based system. E-voting or Electrical democratic represents present day vote based system. Ecasting a ballot will be at itts best when followed the current legittimate and administrative structure. "Vote", give or register or elect your leaders for the democratic process. Cittizens vote for leaders to represent them and their ideas, and the leaders support the cittizens' interests (For e.g: Residents choosing their nation chiefs). Many Democratic Country, experience difficulty casting a ballot (Even in India). A portion of the issues in question are off base democratic during decisions, unpracticed staff, difficult to reach or uncertain surveying stations, and lacking democratic hardware. The new indigenous leader web based democratic framework settles this precise issue. Itt should be noticed that clients, for this sittuation, residents, make some huge memories outline during the democratic run for the voting system in that place. The objective of this research paper is to think of another arrangement, accompanies a litttle expectation to absorb information, residents should be prepared on the best way to practice their entittlement to cast a ballot on the web. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thailand uses the ballot paper in the general election since 1933. In the present day, technology has been involved in daily basics. This study aims to explore the hypothesis of the election system in Thailand which can use the technology in the election process name as electronic voting (e-voting) or still need to use the traditional method. Before implementation, it should study in terms of the area that is ready to implement the new method and where still need to use the current one. This study takes the relevant factors to analyze with the data of each area collected from various sources. The clustering method used in this study is k-means. Then to find the acceptable k cluster the silhouette method is used. The result is 2 cluster is a perfect fit with the 11 factors that used in this study. The first cluster is Bangkok which is the capital city to be matched with the e-voting method and the second cluster is the remainder province in Thailand (76 provinces). This can be used for the next study in terms of supply chain design for e-voting and developing the ballot paper logistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic Voting Technologies (EVTs) are increasingly used in elections, whether as electronic voter identification or digital ballot counting. Enthusiasts state that EVTs can avoid manual error and interference, thereby curbing corruption. African elections infamous for electoral rigging and marred by low trust, making them the perfect case for EVTs. However, as this essay shows, EVTs in authoritarian settings can prove more harmful than beneficial. Electronic ballots can misfunction or be manipulated. Moreover, the mandatory collection of biometric data by states can lead to increased civilians surveillance and repression. This paper details the pitfalls of EVTs and ethical dilemmas. It concludes that in the absence of political will, the creation of large databases curbs rather than enhances democratic freedoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E-voting has gradually replaced the traditional voting methods to make it easier for people to conduct an election. Recently, Liu et al. propose an unconditional secure e-voting scheme using secret sharing and k-anonymity. Their scheme achieves correct tallying results without revealing raw voting information. However, in this paper, we observe that Liu et al.'s scheme cannot achieve coercion resistance in e-voting since the voter can prove the content of his ballot to the colluded candidates. Then, we propose an improved e-voting scheme to cover up the ballot of the voter with masked values. In this way, even if the voter colludes with corresponding candidates, he cannot prove which candidate he has voted for. Moreover, comparing with Liu et al.'s scheme, the security analysis shows that our proposed e-voting scheme achieves these security requirements like the coercion resistance, integrity of ballots, privacy of ballots, multiple-voting detection, and fairness. Through performance analysis, the experimental results show that our proposed e-voting scheme has higher time efficiency. Compared with other schemes, our scheme achieves a complete voting process and obtains the correct tallying result without complex computation and intricate communication process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic voting is an essential tool in modern society. In this paper, we investigate anonymous quantum voting for the travelling ballot. At present, there exist some anonymous quantum travelling ballot protocols, but these protocols are not practical because of the lack of non-reusability or verifiability. Based on Chinese Remainder Theorem, an anonymous quantum voting protocol of the travelling ballot is proposed with an entanglement state, where the partial qubits of the entangled state as the quantum ballot are sent to each voter one-by-one and the other as the corresponding quantum certificate to the tallyman. The proposed protocol can not only ensure non-reusability but also can verify the correctness of the votes. (1) Define phase operators as voting operators based on Chinese Remainder Theorem; (2) Present an anonymous quantum voting protocol for the travelling ballot; (3) Meet more security requirements, e.g., verifiability, non-reusability and anonymity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]