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Introduction The barrier properties of paper-based packaging may not be sufficient for long-term storage to ensure the quality and taste of packaged food products. All this requires researching the technological features and developing a combined packaging material in which the base paper is combined with polymer materials or a metallized coating is applied to its surface. Results and discussion Food products are very sensitive to the influence of external factors, so the barrier properties of paper-based packaging become insufficient for long-term storage to ensure the quality of food products and their taste properties. All this requires the development and mastery of the production of modern barrier combined packaging materials and conducting research on the development of requirements for base paper in order to obtain combined, namely: metallized packaging materials. As research results have shown, base paper should be characterized by high resistance to mechanical influences in the process of processing, as well as exploitation of the finished material. It should have a surface that provides optimal interaction with the foil, have high barrier and protective properties. In the process of carrying out research on the creation of a new combined package, the requirements for the metallized material and the quality of the base paper were determined. The index of smoothness of the surface of the base paper should not be lower than 150 s, and its moisture content should not exceed 4%, because its higher values, as experiments have shown, do not allow creating the necessary rarefaction in the chamber for metallization and ensuring the uniformity of metal application. In the case of spraying aluminum with increased residual humidity of the paper, intensive oxidation processes take place, which negatively affect the quality of the coating, its protective properties and the strength of adhesion (adhesion) to the surface of the substrate. As a result of the research, graphical dependences of the electrical resistance and opacity of the metallized material on the thickness of the coating were also obtained, which plays an important role in improving the protective, barrier and other properties of the packaging. Experimental data were also obtained that illustrate the influence of the speed of rewinding and the smoothness of the surface of the base paper in the process of metallization in a vacuum on the indicator of electrical resistance, which is an indirect characteristic of the thickness of the metallized coating of the material. The conducted studies of the new combined metallized packaging material also showed that the coating contributes to the improvement of the protective properties of the material and the tightness of the packaging, namely: reducing gas permeability, weakening the effect of optical radiation on products, increasing the opacity and smoothness of the surface. Conclusions New packaging materials created in the course of research - paper with a metallized coating can be used in packaging processes.

Standards are a set of guidelines or criteria used to ensure consistency, quality, safety, and compatibility in products, services, and processes [...]

Hydrocarbon gases, especially toxic ones like benzene and xylene, pose threats to human health and the environment. But existing detection techniques, like bulky GC-MS or portable PID, cannot fulfill people's requirement of affordable and reliable hydrocarbons monitoring for the purpose of personal exposure assessment. Here, a simple, low cost, and light hydrocarbon gases sensor using a smartphone camera as a readout was developed based on the paper based milli-cantilever bending induced by polymer swelling. Its sensing cantilever was composed of three layers: functional layer of polyethylene film, adhesive layer of double-side tape, and a substrate of weighing paper. And the dimensions of the milli-fabricated sensing cantilever are 8 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, and 50 μm thick. The sensor response was the displacement of milli-cantilever free end. As proof of concept, its performance to typical hydrocarbons of xylene, hexane, and BTEX was carefully examined. For all of them, the sensor showed good performance of linear response to hydrocarbon concentrations, wide detection range, low detection, and fast response. Taking xylene for example, the sensor showed wide detection range of 15-140 ppm, low detection limit of 15 ppm, and fast response of 30 s. The sensor cross-sensitivity to other hydrocarbons was consistent with polymer swelling theory that the more carbons the hydrocarbon has, the higher the sensor sensitivity. Taking advantage of the rough materials chosen and simple fabrication procedure, the developed sensors also had high stability with time, low cost, and good uniformity. The developed sensor is affordable both physically and financially, has good performance, could meet hydrocarbons monitoring requirements for occupational safety or air pollution in petroleum industry, and would benefit people's health.

Among the various non-convectional energy resources, solar energy has great potential when it comes to conversion into electrical power.Increases efficiency of solar system is desirable for maximum power output.In order to maximisepower output, needs to keep the panels in proper angle with the sun.This paper deal with the generation using solar powerby window blinds.The proposed system ensures the optimization of the conversion of solar energy into electricity by properly orienting the panel in accordance with the position of the sun south facing window.

Today with the enormously increasing and the advancing technologies the need of the automation has been reached to a great extent and will further increase in the future. Therefore, in this view our research work deals with the design, testing and implementation of cost-effective CNC based PCB Milling Machine which can be deployed in small scale industries and most targeted areas like academicinstitutions(engineering) toencourage self-designing of electronic circuits among students. Technically the control mechanism is sole work of AT Mega 328P Arduino microcontroller with auxiliary drivers which help in precise step control of stepper motors whose rotational movement appears as a controlled linear motion of x, y& z-axis each deployed with this motor. The input signal in form of design, picture is interpreted in form of G-codes through dedicated firmware which are installed in the Arduino Programming IDE to help generate the actuating signals proportional to the interpolating situations. This paper discusses about the additional feature of human safety system using IR sensors which are employed around the periphery of the working area.

A new perovskite material, CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO), is proposed as an efficacious electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution/reduction reactions for the development of zinc-air batteries (ZAB). Synthesis of this material adopted an effective oxalate route, which led to the purity in the electrocatalyst composition. The CCTO material is a proven potential candidate for energy applications because of its high dielectric permittivity (ε) and occupies an improved ORR activity with better onset potential, current density, and stability. The CCTO perovskite was also evaluated for the zinc-air battery as an air electrode, corresponding to the high specific capacitance of 1165 mAh g-1 with the greater cyclic efficiency and minimum variations in both charge/discharge processes. The highest power density (Pmax) measured was 32 mW cm-2. The OCV (Open Circuit Potential) obtained was 1.44 V for the as-developed battery. Also, the CCTO based paper battery shows an excellent performance achieving a specific capacity of 947.79 mAh g-1. The obtained results promise CCTO as a potential and cheap electrocatalyst for application in energy applications.

Gracia Paper adalah UMKM pembuatan kertas roll untuk mesin kasir. Bagian dari proses produksi kertas roll pada UMKM yang memiliki tingkat bahaya tinggi adalah proses penggulungan kertas dengan memanfaatkan mesin bor. Proses ini masih dilakukan secara manual dimana pekerja memegang bor dengan posisi pergelangan tangan yang menekuk dalam waktu cukup lama dan dilakukan secara berulang-ulang. Analisa keluhan pekerja dilakukan dengan membagikan kuesioner Nordic Body Map kepada enam pekerja. Hasil kuesioner menunjukkan pekerja mengalami sakit pada pergelangan tangan kanan, punggung, leher dan pergelangan tangan kiri setelah bekerja. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara dan kuesioner Nordic Body Map, dilakukan analisa RULA pada tiga proses yaitu pengukuran dimensi kertas roll, penggulungan kertas roll dan penempelan selotip pada kertas roll. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui besarnya resiko pekerjaan dan tindakan perbaikan yang harus diambil untuk mengurangi keluhan fisik pekerja. Nilai akhir RULA tertinggi terdapat pada proses penggulungan kertas roll dengan nilai 7. Untuk mengetahui spesifikasi alat bantu yang akan dirancang dibagikan kuesioner lanjutan perancangan produk. Dari kuesioner dihasilkan tiga desain alat bantu. Pemilihan desain terbaik dilakukan dengan metode AHP, berikutnya dilakukan simulasi rancangan perbaikan dengan software CATIA. Hasil perhitungan RULA hasil simulas turun menjadi 3. Setelah dilakukan implementasi produk dan dilakukan analisis RULA, didapatkan hasil nilai akhir RULA 3, artinya level resiko rendah.

Aim. Our main purpose is to explain the connection between the work and the intimate existence of Søren Kierkegaard, and how freedom operates in both of them. Concept. The article makes visible new writing ways that open from within Kierkegaard's work. Analytical reading of Kierkegaard's Journals and the comparative interpretation of the rest of Kierkegaard's work in terms of communicative styles and explains the genesis and location and type of communication of the Journals within the framework of the Kierkegaardian Corpus. Results. Kierkegaard’s philosophy is present and indicates the extremely personal place in which the author possessed its work. Conclusions. We conclude the unavoidable importance of the Journals for the interpretation of Kierkegaard's work. The reason why the Journals are for Kierkegaard's „The Book of the Judge” lies in the direct, personal and intimate communication of its writing. Existence as free and self-conscious action constitutes the core of the article. On it rests the personal development of the individual and the incommensurable value of his life and work.

In a unique approach to develop a “green” solution for in-situ monitoring, low-cost inkjet-printed temperature sensors on paper substrate were fully integrated into natural fiber-reinforced lightweight components for which structural health monitoring is becoming increasingly important. The results showed that the sensors remained functional after the vacuum infusion process, furthermore, the integration of the sensors improved the mechanical integrity and stability of the lightweight parts, as demonstrated by tensile testing. To verify the qualification of the printed sensors for the target application, the samples were exposed to varying temperature and humidity conditions inside of a climate chamber. The sensors showed linear temperature dependence in the temperature range of interest (−20 to 60 °C) with a TCR ranging from 1.576 × 10−3 K−1 to 1.713 × 10−3 K−1. Furthermore, the results from the tests in humid environments indicated that the used paper-based sensors could be made almost insensitive to changes in ambient humidity by embedding them into fiber-reinforced lightweight materials. This study demonstrates the feasibility of fully integrating paper-based printed sensors into lightweight components, which paves the way towards integration of other highly relevant sensing devices, such as strain and humidity sensors, for structural health monitoring of smart, sustainable, and environmentally compatible lightweight composite materials.

The continuity of transformer operation is very necessary for utilities to maintain a continuity of power flow in networks and achieve a desired revenue. Most failures in a transformer are due to the degradation of the insulating system, which consists of insulating oil and paper. The degree of polymerization (DP) is a key detector of insulating paper state. Most research in the literature has computed the DP as a function of furan compounds, especially 2-furfuraldehyde (2-FAL). In this research, a prediction model was constructed based on some of most periodical tests that were conducted on transformer insulating oil, which were used as predictors of the insulating paper state. The tests evaluated carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), breakdown voltage (VBD), interfacial tension (IF), acidity (ACY), moisture (M), oil color (OC), and 2-furfuraldehyde (2-FAL). The DP, which was used as the key indicator for the paper state, was categorized into five classes labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 to express the insulating paper normal aging rate, accelerating aging rate, excessive aging danger zone, high risk of failure, and the end of expected life, respectively. The classification techniques were applied to the collected data samples to construct a prediction model for the insulating paper state, and the results revealed that the fine tree was the best classifier of the data samples, with a 96.2% prediction accuracy.

Pressure sensor, as one of the most common components in the sensing systems, has attracted plenty of attention in recent years with urgent needs. Herein, a highly sensitive flexible pressure sensor based on conducting polymer (CP)-coated paper is developed via an ultra-simple approach of synthesis and fabrication. This paper-based sensor displays an ultra-low detection limit as low as 0.3 Pa level, and outstanding sensitivity (∼2 kPa−1, P ≤ 75 Pa), which can rank the top among that of the reported pressure sensors. The advantages based on paper framework such as low cost, portability, and easy disposability further enhance its feasibility. Meanwhile, combining its rapid and precise response at room temperature and the recognized stability of PPy in the ambient environment, the sensor would ensure direct and continuous environment monitoring with low energy consumption.

One of the benefits of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is improved traffic safety and efficiency, for example due to the capability to share vehicular messages in real-time. While most of the vehicular messages only need to be shared by nearby vehicles, some messages (e.g., announcement messages) may need to be more broadly distributed, for example to vehicles in a wider region. Finding a single trusted entity to store and distribute such messages can be challenging, and vehicles may not be inclined to participate (e.g., generation and distribution of announcement messages) unless they can benefit from such participation. In addition, achieving both security and privacy can be challenging. In this paper, we propose a blockchain based secure data sharing system to address the above challenges in an IoV setting. Specifically, in our system, announcement messages are stored using blockchain. To encourage/incentivize participation, vehicles that faithfully broadcast the announcement messages and/or contribute to the block generation will be rewarded by some cryptocurrency. Our system is also designed to be privacy-preserving and realizes both priori and posteriori countermeasures.

The online monitoring is becoming increasingly important for operators of high voltage assets. One of the most important assets are transformers, especially power transformers, which are mainly insulated with paper together with an insulating liquid for impregnation. An important parameter is the aging condition of the insulating paper, which allows an estimation of the operational safety. This variable is determined by the degree of polymerization (DP-value) and provides information about the mechanical stability of the paper. However, paper samples are currently required for the measurement, which is carried out in a laboratory in accordance with IEC 60450, whereby the paper is destroyed. This study is conducted to determine the DP-value of a paper insulation using a novel, patented optical sensor. The investigation shows that oil-free paper samples have very strong linear correlation between the value measured with the sensor and the DP-value. Therefore, a condition assessment is possible within seconds, as the measurement by means of the optical method is significantly faster and more precise than the conventional viscometric method. It also shows that the assessment is independent of the insulating oil, in which the paper is aged. The sensor could be used for an improved condition assessment of transformers to increase the operational safety.

Fly-ash is a by-product of various thermal power plants. The utilization of fly-ash is a big concern in the current scenario as its production rate is much higher than its consumption rate. Cenosph...

The use of waste paper as a fibrous semi-finished product in the production of paper and paperboard products makes it possible to somewhat reduce the consumption of cellulose. However, waste paper contains a number of water-polluting components of mineral and organic nature, which were introduced into its composition at the stage of production. One of the issues that may arise in the design of technological systems for the production of a given type of paper or cardboard or in the reconstruction of existing production to reduce losses of fibrous semi-finished products and ensure their optimal use or reduce fresh water consumption is to calculate the pollution and also to determine the impact of cardboard and paper production tanks and treatment plants on the dynamics and level of watercourse pollution. To study and analyze the paper and cardboard production processes, which belong to the class of complex technological systems, a methodology was developed that, using computer technology, allows assessing the state of a technological system until its implementation in action. However, from a practical point of view, methods still should be developed that will allow the designer to find solutions to problems that may arise at the design stage of the technological system for production of a given type of paper or cardboard or in the reconstruction of existing production. These problems are related to the calculation of the pollution level and the determination of impact from cardboard and paper production tanks and treatment facilities. The purpose of this article is to conduct research and forecast calculations based on mathematical models to determine the patterns of influence exerted by tanks on the dynamics and level of watercourse pollution in the production of paper and cardboard. The generalized technological system of cardboard production, which is presented in the form of a material flow graph, is taken as an object for research. Water-soluble contaminants of mineral and organic nature enter the production system together with fibrous raw materials, partly with fresh water, and with chemical additives used to impart certain qualities to the product at the stage of its production and at the stage of mechano-chemical water purification. In order to study their impact, it is necessary to conduct at least two stages of calculations on a personal computer using pre-designed models for the dynamics and level of watercourse pollution. At the first stage, the dynamic characteristics of each element of the technological system were equated to elements that do not have a dynamic delay and for which the passage of all watercourses is subject to the speed at which the cardboard web is cast on the mesh. The number of cycles before equilibrium is 99. In the second stage of calculations, it was taken into account that the four tanks in the technological system of production are characterized by a moment of delay and, therefore, the values ​​of delay factors were chosen based on water reserves that accumulate in these basins. The number of cycles before equilibrium in the second stage increased to 264. The main conclusion from the analysis of two options: the technological system in both cases goes to equilibrium at equal values ​​for all components of water-soluble mineral and organic components. However, there are often situations when, in the process of developing (designing) a complex technological system for the production of paper or cardboard, developers are interested in the weighted average concentration of water-soluble mineral components that most affect the state of water flows, and then the technological system can be simplified and presented as a single container linked to the environment. Analysis of the calculation formula of the time for the technological system to reach equilibrium shows that the time value is largely determined by the ratio of the water capacity (W) of the process system to the amount of water (BS) removed from the system. The greater the water capacity of the technological system and the smaller the BS, the longer the time the technological system reaches equilibrium. The next step of the study is to verify the results obtained on the basis of adequate mathematical models in actual production conditions.

The main idea of this research is to design a rechargeable paper battery from local cheap and available materials. The practical part is represented by adding Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to conductive polymer (PSS PEDOT) with adding different mineral salts for then study the quantum of electrical conductivity and heat influence on electrical conductivity and acidity factors of the Electrolyte solution.The next step was to produce a rechargeable, flexible battery manufactured from regular cellulose paper, sulfone, and ionic solution.The measurements were made using modern laboratory devices to study the electrical properties, conductivity, resistance (Hall Effect), and voltage quantum of the ionic solution. Through the results we obtained, we noticed an increase in the conductivity of the ionic solution when adding mineral salts. The voltage quantum of one battery ranged between 0.3-0.3 volts, also several batteries were connected in series, and the result was 1.8 volts. Manufactured paper batteries can be recharged with a direct current source and recover their efficiency marked up 98-99%.

Improving the production efficiency is one of the main management tasks for the pulp and paper industry. This can be achieved through the use of automated planning systems, designed to take into account the features and limitations of particular production. Such systems allow, on the basis of orders received from consumers, a voluminous production schedule to be made to take into account the needs for raw materials, the productivity of paper or cardboard machines, and the optimal cutting of the canvas on longitudinal cutting machines. Linear programming method for solving optimization problems. Computer simulation using optimized packages to compare the results with the options used in production. Cutting planning processes were optimized on the basis of standard orders for rolled products of an enterprise in the Kyiv region. The problem of optimizing the cutting planning process and criteria for increasing the production efficiency is formalized. The target function is to increase the profit of production by minimizing material losses in planning the cutting of the master rill and minimizing the storage of related products in production warehouses. To solve the optimization problem, it is proposed to use our own method of calculating the optimal cutting patterns for the manufacture of finished products on a longitudinal cutting machine. The MS Office SOLVER package was used for the calculations. Different cutting options were compared via the target function. Important criteria for this inspection are the fulfillment of the entire order, the availability and storage of related products outside the order, and the minimization of time for the reconfiguration of machines. Longitudinal cutting machines of this production can be adjusted only manually, and it takes a long time. Also, technological restrictions on the allowable width of the edge are an important requirement for cutting patterns. All patterns that do not meet these restrictions cannot be compared. There are three options for comparison. An option is made according to the proposed method and with an optimization package using the Simplex method and a number of technological limitations inherent in this production. An option is selected by the production planner manually taking into account previous experience. And the variant of cutting orders is made by the production management system, which accompanies the process of planning and transfer of tasks for longitudinal cutting machines. The function takes the maximum value in the option offered by the production scheduler. But this option is not optimal, because a person adds rolls to the satellite to improve the cutting map to fulfill all orders. This in turn leads to overfulfillment of orders and production of additional products in a warehouse where they can be stored for years until the expiration date. The option offered by the automotive system does not require the use of accompanying rolls but unfortunately does not meet the requirements for optimal cutting of the material. Automatic cutting leaves a large edge that is already within the maximum allowable limitations of the machines and, moreover, does not lead to the execution of the entire order. This violates the basic requirement for production such as full execution of the order. Therefore, this option cannot be used either. The optimal cut for profit maximization is the option obtained using the roll planning technique. This technique allows the average weight of the roll to be obtained through the use of production history. The estimated weight is used to convert the order from tons to the number of pieces. Cutting patterns for the production of the order in this way are presented and, taking into account the technological limitations of production, can be calculated on the basis of the Simplex method in optimization packages. Such cutting patterns have no satellites and allow the fulfilment of all orders. The roll planning technique reduces the number of clippings and avoids overproduction. The analysed cutting plans show that the use of satellites reduces the profitability of the enterprise and does not always minimize material costs.

Traction transformer is vital equipment in high-speed railway. Insulation status decides its safety and reliability, and the frequency-domain dielectric spectrum (FDS) test is one of the most effective methods reflecting the changing of insulation status. For field applications, the following problems should be addressed: 1) how to obtain the result of paper insulation from the combined result of the oil–paper insulation system and 2) how to discriminate the defects of insulation paper between aging and damp. In this article, the first problem was transferred to a nonlinear equation set, and a cuckoo search algorithm optimized by the differential evolution algorithm and the quadratic interpolation (QI) method (CS-DQ algorithm) was proposed to solve it. Then, the insulation states were discriminated by establishing a multiclass least-squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) model, in which the CS-DQ algorithm was also used. Finally, a diagnostic approach for the insulation paper in the traction transformer was proposed. The results in the laboratory show that the pure result of insulation paper can be obtained, and the insulation states can be discriminated effectively by using the proposed approach. Meanwhile, the proposed CS-DQ algorithm has a better performance than the conventional CS algorithm. The results of field testing also verify the proposed approach.

This paper studies the secure transmission in a multiuser broadcast channel where only the statistical channel state information of the eavesdropper is available. We propose to apply secret dirty-paper coding (S-DPC) in this scenario to support the secure transmission of one user and the normal (unclassified) transmission of the other users. By adopting the S-DPC and encoding the secret message in the first place, all the information-bearing signals of the normal transmission are treated as noise by potential eavesdroppers and thus provide secrecy for the secure transmission. In this way, the proposed approach exploits the intrinsic secrecy of multiuser broadcasting and can serve as an energy-efficient alternative to the traditional artificial noise (AN) scheme. To evaluate the secrecy performance of this approach and compare it with the AN scheme, we propose two S-DPC-based secure transmission schemes for maximizing the secrecy rate under constraints on the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and the normal transmission rates. The first scheme directly optimizes the covariance matrices of the transmit signals, and a novel approximation of the intractable SOP constraint is derived to facilitate the optimization. The second scheme combines zero-forcing dirty-paper coding and AN, and the optimization involves only power allocation. We establish efficient numerical algorithms to solve the optimization problems for both schemes. Theoretical and simulation results confirm that, in addition to supporting the normal transmission, the achievable secrecy rates of the proposed schemes can be close to that of the traditional AN scheme, which supports only the secure transmission of one user.

A scaling-up of the impregnation process for the preparation of catalytic ceramic papers was developed by which Co and Ce oxides were incorporated on to a ceramic paper structure. To this end, a spray generator and a vacuum system were coupled, allowing the preparation of catalytic ceramic papers in the form of circular sheets 16 cm in diameter and 0.3-cm thick. The catalytic papers were set inside a metallic case in order to conform a diesel particulate filter (DPF), which was tested at bench scale placing the filter at the exhaust pipe of a FIAT turbocharged diesel engine. The catalytic ceramic papers showed elevated capacity to trap soot particles, as opacity measurements indicated. Temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) was employed to evaluate the performance of the catalytic systems both for the simultaneous combustion of soot and hydrocarbons collected after test bench runs. TPO results for soot combustion on catalytic papers prepared at laboratory scale (1.6 cm diameter) were compared with those obtained for the scaled-up system (16 cm diameter) incorporating soot from a suspension of the carbonaceous particles in n-hexane. Similar activities were obtained, indicating the success of the scaling-up procedure. Bench-scale tests showed that catalytic ceramic papers have mechanical and catalytic properties adequate to be used as DPF.

For the analyst, experiment is the most important stage in many fundamental and applied research. In order to study the object as much as possible and learn about the complex of its properties, it is necessary to investigate it, namely: to carry out experimental researches and to record the results of these studies on the media. This is necessary to compare the achieved level of knowledge of the object with that of the researcher in the process of literary and patent searches. In the future, the knowledge gained during the experimental research is used for practical purposes. This is the main task of scientific search. In turn, the effectiveness of experimental research largely depends on the methodology used in the process of scientific research. The researcher's attention should be focused on at least three aspects of carrying out the search work, at the expense of which it is possible to save considerable time and material resources and, at the same time, to obtain the desired results. In the first stage, it should be noted that the study of the state of technological systems for the production of semi-finished products, paper and cardboard shows that the individual blocks of such technological systems, and therefore the whole technological system is affected by the mass of independent deterministic values, called factors. These factors exert their influence in the process of mass preparation, including the stage of dissolution; cleaning; grinding; composing the composition; casting; pressing, drying of a cloth. After all, the production of paper or cardboard is a sequence of interrelated processes, which, in the long run, ultimately depend on the quality of the products being manufactured. In order to effectively reduce the number of factors that exert their influence, it is advisable for the experimenter to make a preliminary assessment of the influence of each of the factors identified in the literature and patent searches, and to form a group of the most significant factors on this basis. In the future, these factors will be involved in the next stages of experimental research. However, intuitive selection of significant factors is quite subjective and may lead to erroneous conclusions from the results of the analysis of the research results. Therefore, at the stage of preliminary research it is recommended to use statistical methods of selection of factors, namely: methods of expert assessments. These methods are based on the statistical processing of data obtained from a survey of specialists in the field of knowledge or analysis of scientific research. Expert assessments are based on the results of the most recent and unpublished scientific works performed by each expert. Despite their subjectivity, peer reviews provide useful, objective information. This information makes it possible to evaluate the impact of each factor under study. Using this method, the opinion of the expert group is considered to be more reliable than the opinion of the individual expert. The method is based on the fact that the unknown characteristic of the studied phenomenon is treated as a random variable, and each expert's individual assessment of the truth and significance of an event is a reflection of its law of distribution. In the second stage of research, an important aspect is to achieve maximum informativeness of the experiment. It is known that in the course of experimental research, the object under study responds differently to changing factors (one or more simultaneously) and, thus, exhibits its complex of properties. The task of the researcher is to plan the experimental studies so that the object in the course of its research maximally manifested its entire complex of properties, regardless of the internal structure of the investigated object, as well as the influence of these or other factors. Thus, the maximum reliability of the results of experimental studies in the conditions of random "noise" interference is ensured. Subsequently, multicriteria analysis of the basic plans and local transformations of each of them are carried out in order to select the most suitable for implementation at the request of the researcher. This is the second aspect of the methodology. The third, and very important, aspect of research methodology is the development of adequate mathematical models [4], on the basis of which a favorable field is created for modeling and finding optimal conditions with the use of computer technologies. At this stage, taking into account the complexity of technological systems for the production of semi-finished products, paper and cardboard, a number of adequate mathematical models, suitable for modeling purposes, have been created. Further stages of research work are the use of created mathematical models for modeling purposes. The task is to predict the levels of pollution of water flows of complex technological systems of paper and cardboard production with water-soluble organic, as well as mineral components under conditions of reduction of fresh water consumption from 40 m3 \ t to 10 m3\ t. This will give you an opportunity to determine the initial semi-finished products, a complex of auxiliary chemicals, as well as with the scheme of return water use.

Die Faserbewegungen und mikromechanischen Mechanismen während der Umformung von Papier sind bis heute nicht gänzlich geklärt. In dieser Arbeit werden die Einsatzmöglichkeiten der akustischen Emissionsmessung (AE-Messung) zur Analyse des Faserverhaltens untersucht. Zu diesem Zweck werden Zugversuche mit Papierproben an einem Miniaturzugprüfstand durchgeführt. Zusammenhänge zwischen mikromechanischen Prozessen im Papier und den Peak-Frequenzen der detektierten AE-Signale werden aufgedeckt. The fibre movements and micromechanical mechanisms during the forming of paper are still not fully understood. This paper investigates the application of acoustic emission analysis (AE analysis) for the characterization of fibre behaviour. For this purpose, tensile tests with paper samples are performed on a miniature tensile test rig. Correlations between micromechanical processes in the paper and the peak-frequencies of the detected AE signals are found.

The adaptation of renewable energy has been increasing in a very encouraging way all over the world. Among various renewable energy resources, wind and solar energy are the promising sources of alternative energy. Wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) have been employed in parallel as a hybrid system for better electricity service. This paper presents a case study and modeling of wind-solar hybrid system in Hriharpur Gadi village, Sindhuli District, Nepal. The hybrid system yields 110kWh of energy per day meeting the village’s electricity demand of 87 kWh per day. Moreover, the hybrid power system with battery storage system is modeled using MATLAB simulator. Further, improvising in the existing modeling has been presented to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the system.

Al-air batteries are generally fabricated by rigid and heavyweight materials such as metal or plastic, meanwhile a bulky electrolyte solution either in static or circulation is requisite to ensure their steady operation. Therefore, they are less suitable for powering flexible and portable devices with lower power demand, such as wearable electronics, point-of-care test assays, RFID tags, etc. This work develops a flexible and lightweight Al-air battery with much less electrolyte storage, which is totally fabricated on a cellulose paper. The Al foil anode is embedded inside the paper substrate during paper-making process, while the air-breathing cathode is deposited onto the paper surface using an oxygen reduction ink. Despite its simple structure and low cost, this flexible Al-air battery can deliver a satisfactory power density of 19 mW cm −2 with alkaline electrolyte, and its operation lifespan is as long as 58 h with only 25 mg Al when saline electrolyte is employed. The corresponding Al specific capacity is as high as 2338 mA h g −1 . In addition, this battery exhibits an excellent flexibility when facing different bending angles from 60 to 180° and multiple bending times greater than 1000. Furthermore, a flexible current or voltage output can be easily obtained by scaling up or stacking the present flexible Al-air battery, respectively, and the corresponding stacking efficiency is as high as 94%. In the future, non-metal oxygen catalyst will be employed to improve its environmental friendliness, and hot-pressing will be adopted to further increase its robustness to external deformation.

Turn-by-turn (TBT) route guidance technology installed on mobile phones is very popular among car drivers for wayfinding purposes. Previous studies examined their effect on spatial knowledge predominantly on pedestrians or in virtual environments. Drivers' spatial knowledge was experimentally compared in two random groups: audiovisual route guidance using the TBT navigation feature of the Google Maps app installed on a mobile phone, and a paper map. Participants drove their own vehicles to a predesignated destination in an unfamiliar residential neighborhood. Spatial knowledge tests (orientation, landmark recognition and route recognition) were subsequently administered. The scores of map-assisted drivers were uncorrelated and, on average, higher in orientation (deviation in direction), landmark recognition and route recognition (error percentage). The landmark recognition scores of drivers assisted by TBT route guidance were significantly lower with a very large effect size. The route recognition scores of drivers assisted by route guidance showed strong correlations with orientation and with landmark recognition scores. Results can be attributed to the differences in cognitive effort required to complete the wayfinding task: unlike memorizing a global map survey, passively following TBT audiovisual instructions does not require drivers to actively encode, transform, and continuously monitor their egocentric position in space. Drivers also showed somewhat poorer performance relative to studies with pedestrians which can be explained by the greater mental effort, compared to wandering on foot, involved in wayfinding while safely driving a rapidly moving vehicle. The future implications of the increasing dependence on mobile navigation technologies are further discussed.

Recent Industry looking for paper battery with highly flexibility, easily handling and high voltage. Currently, battery occupies a large quantity of vicinity and contributes to a big part of device weight. In this paper, we use carbon nanotubes with conventional sheet of cellulose based paper as cathode, aluminum foil as anode and a polyethylene (plastic paper) of 50µm as a separator to obtain adaptability, ultra-thin electricity storage without a loss of integrity and performance. In this attempt folded anode and cathode sheets which resulted increase in voltage and achieved approximately 40% more than other paper batteries. Voltage 3.38V is achieved which is better than the preceding existing paper battery voltage.

In this paper, I draw attention to the need for new, critical forms of textual representation that can begin to discuss the liminal refugee figure, tracing Kao Kalia Yang’s refugee narrative against the autobiography of the self-proclaimed exile, Ariel Dorfman. Unlike Dorfman’s Heading South, Looking North, which returns to a Modernist exile tradition of isolation and singularity while relegating the refugee to a position of silence, Yang’s The Latehomecomer negotiates the interconnected relationships between the writer and the collective, accepting the challenge of writing a refugee narrative. Although both authors are pushed from their homelands and share a similar need for refuge, only one has the ability to strategically take on the label of “Exile” instead of “Refugee.” And, in doing so, Dorfman presents the “Exile” as the more legible status, one that allows for an intellectualized and singular retelling and that, inadvertently, creates a false dichotomy between the voiced exile and the voiceless refugee. With John Beverley’s notion of testimonio, which draws together the issues of representing voicelessness and collectivity, I argue that Yang provides an example of how to represent what is often portrayed as a silent and marginalized group. Ultimately, by giving voice and agency to a peripheral collective, Yang’s memoir provides new models for thinking critically about refugee literature, particularly as it confronts Western traditions of understanding forced displacement and the construction of the refugee as a mass of silent victims.

Although traditional fire detectors are widely used in many occasions, they still show some limitations, such as slow fire response and poor resistance to severe conditions. Thus, it is urgent to design and exploit early fire-warning device with ultrafast response and flame-retardant ability to provide timely and fast alarm. Herein, graphene oxide paper functionalized with phosphoric acid (GO-PA) is fabricated by a facile and environmentally friendly water evaporation-induced self-assembly approach. Based on the flame-induced electrical resistance transformation characteristic of GO-PA, a fire-warning detector is designed to reliably monitor early fire. Fire alarm can be triggered within 0.5 s when GO-PA samples are attacked by fire. The GO-PA composite paper is more sensitive than GO-based fire sensors reported in the literature. Phosphorus atoms are in situ doped into graphene structure during flame exposure. Combustion reaction of GO is significantly retarded by the incorporated PA, thus fire duration time of GO is greatly improved. This work paves a new way to improve fire detection performance of GO-based sensors. This work provides a guide for the development of advanced fire detection and early-warning sensors to provide reliable and continuous alarm signals.