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Boreal mixed forests of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca) can provide higher outputs of many ecosystem goods and services, combined with resilience for changing environmental conditions. In this study, we examine the growth of white spruce and aspen over a range of stand compositions created by spot and broadcast treatments of broadleaves using manual and chemical means, aspen spacing, and untreated control. Twenty-two growing seasons postharvest, treatment responses created a range of broadleaf densities and spatial arrangements, reflected in significant differences in heights and diameters of the spruce mixedwood component. At this early seral stage, treatments have generated diversity in both tree species composition and stand structure. Modeling of the stand structures created by the different treatments provided outcomes ranging from pure conifer to broadleaf dominated when assessed by merchantable volumes. Broadleaf manipulations changed the relative proportion of spruce and broadleaf species in a mixture, achieving a variety of potential landscape and stand-level goals. Treatment differences were often not statistically significant until at least 16 years after stand initiation. Monitoring the achievement of mixedwood management goals will require longer time periods than currently employed for broadleaf or conifer monocultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Understory protection harvesting is a form of partial cutting that can be used in aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)-dominated stands that have understories of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). This practice involves removing 75% to 85% of the merchantable aspen while minimizing damage to the advance spruce regeneration, in addition to leaving 15% to 25% of the aspen standing to reduce potential windthrow of the spruce understory. In this paper, we summarize results from 18 stands measured 10 to 12 years after understory protection harvest. Diameter growth of spruce increased during the first five years after harvest while height growth increased during the second five-year period (5 to 10 or 7 to 12 years after release). Consistent with other studies, mortality rates of aspen trees ≥7.1 cm DBH (diameter breast height, 1.3 m) averaged 45.0% over the 10–12 year period following harvesting. Spruce mortality averaged 27.5% over the same 10–12 year period. Substantial aspen regeneration was evident across most harvested blocks, with aspen sapling densities 10–12 years from harvest being higher in removal (14,637 stems⋅ha−1) than in buffer areas (6686 stems⋅ha−1) and in extraction trails (7654 stems⋅ha−1). Spruce sapling (>1.3 m height and <4 cm DBH) densities averaged 1140 stems⋅ha−1 in removal areas at ages 10–12, with these trees likely being present as seedlings at the time of harvest. Mixedwood Growth Model projections indicate merchantable volumes averaging 168 m3⋅ha−1 (conifer) and 106 m3⋅ha−1 (deciduous) 70 years from harvest, resulting in MAI (mean annual increment) for this period averaging 2.0 m3⋅ha−1⋅y−1 with MAI for a full 150-year rotation of approximately 2.5 m3⋅ha−1⋅y−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Fig 2, the label "r2 = 0.36, P < 0.0001" refers to Panel A, and the label "r2 = 0.28, P < 0.0001" refers to panel B. Please see the correct Fig 2 here. Mean aspen DBH vs. percentage of trees that were aspen (= relative aspen density) across stands where aspen grew with white spruce, black spruce, Alaskan paper birch, or a combination (A) and aspen basal area vs. mean aspen DBH (B) across study sites. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Forestry Chronicle is the property of Canadian Institute of Forestry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We evaluated the Mixedwood Growth Model (MGM) at a whole model scale for pure and mixed species stands of aspen and white spruce in the western boreal forest. MGM is an individual tree-based, distance-independent growth model, designed to evaluate growth and yield implications relating to the management of white spruce, black spruce, aspen, lodgepole pine, and mixedwood stands in Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Our validation compared stand-level model predictions against re-measured data (volume, basal area, diameter at breast height (DBH), average and top height and density) from permanent sample plots using combined analysis of residual plots, bias statistics, efficiency and an innovative application of the equivalence test. For state variables, the model effectively simulated juvenile and mature stages of stand development for both pure and mixed species stands of aspen and white spruce in Alberta. MGM overestimates increment in older stands likely due to age-related pathology and weather-related stand damage. We identified underestimates of deciduous density and volume in Saskatchewan. MGM performs well for increment in postharvest stands less than 30 years of age. These results illustrate the comprehensive application of validation metrics to evaluate a complex model, and provide support for the use of MGM in management planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing boreal mixed stands of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) is more likely to sustain a diversity of values and has the potential to increase productivity at both the site and landscape levels compared with pure broadleaf or conifer management. In this study, we examine growth of white spruce and aspen after 11 growing seasons over a range of aspen densities created by spot and broadcast treatment of broadleaves using manual and chemical means, aspen spacing, and an untreated control. Results indicate that survival and growth of both spruce and aspen were similar across the range of treatments. Spruce groundline diameter was greater, and height to groundline diameter ratio was lower, for the treatments in which aspen was chemically controlled or uniformly spaced compared with the control. Light measurements at the individual tree level suggested that increased light availability improved white spruce diameter growth. Spruce height growth did not vary by treatment. The status of these experimental mixedwoods was compared with current conifer and mixedwood regeneration evaluations, as well as the preharvest composition of the original stand. After 11 growing seasons, growth of aspen and white spruce indicated that opportunities exist to further modify aspen density to enhance treatment longevity and effectiveness to produce a greater range of boreal mixedwood stand types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertical and horizontal patterns of light within gaps and expansion of trees into gaps were examined in young stands dominated by trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) in northeastern British Columbia and northwestern Alberta. Lateral growth of branches of aspen edge trees averaged 15.2 cm/year and was similar to crown expansion rates reported for edge trees in eastern North America. Branches growing into gaps were significantly longer than those growing away from gaps and are likely to lead to gap shrinkage and reductions in light within gaps. However, height growth of edge trees was not significantly different from that of trees within the surrounding stands. Models describing relationships between diffuse transmittance and locations within gaps and surrounding stand height were developed in this paper. Sky view angle (SVA) was found to be effective for predicting transmittance to different locations within gaps. When SVA values exceed 1.2 (at the B.C. sites), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) will receive <40% of full sunlight, which is less than optimal for spruce height growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In mixedwood boreal forests of western Canada, stands classified as “pure deciduous” by forest inventories sometimes contain a few large white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) trees among or emerging from the canopy. These trees are important as regeneration seed sources and for habitat structure. Neither their abundance nor the characteristics of stands in which they occur have previously been quantified. Of 275 “pure aspen” stands in northeastern Alberta, 19.6% contained at least one such spruce detectable in an aerial photograph. These trees were found in stands across the range of sampled canopy heights, densities, age classes, and stand sizes and were often present in the interior of stands, not just on the perimeter. The frequency of 3 ha cells containing at least one spruce was related to (i) stand shape and size, (ii) amount of mature white spruce in adjacent forest, (iii) canopy height, (iv) stand age, and (v) stand density. We conclude that such trees are relatively abundant and widely distributed within the boreal mixedwood forests of Alberta. There is presently no provision to maintain this landscape element within managed forests. More information is needed to determine if or how they should be considered in forest management planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forestry Chronicle is the property of Canadian Institute of Forestry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Environmental concerns and economic pressures on forest ecosystems have led to the development of sustainable forest management practices. As a consequence, forest managers must evaluate the long-term effects of their management decisions on potential forest successional pathways. As changes in forest ecosystems occur very slowly, simulation models are logical and efficient tools to predict the patterns of forest growth and succession. However, as models are an imperfect representation of reality, it is desirable to evaluate them with historical long-term forest data. Using remeasured tree and stand data from three data sets from two ecoregions in northern Ontario, the succession gap model ZELIG-CFS was evaluated for mixed boreal forests composed of black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.), balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.), jack pine (Pinus banksiana L.), white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.), American larch (Larix laricina [Du Roi] K. Koch), and balsam poplar (Populus balsamefera L.). The comparison of observed and predicted basal areas and stand densities indicated that ZELIG-CFS predicted the dynamics of most species consistently for periods varying between 5 and 57 simulation years. The patterns of forest succession observed in this study support gap phase dynamics at the plot scale and shade-tolerance complementarity hypotheses at the regional scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In 1992, the Western Boreal Growth and Yield Association (WESBOGY) began a long-term study to evaluate the dynamics of regenerated aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)—white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) mixedwood stands following manipulation of aspen to a range of densities. In this study six levels of aspen (0, 200, 500, 1500, 4000stemsha−1 and natural) and three levels of spruce (0, 500 and 1000stemsha−1) densities have been created. Data from four locations demonstrate substantial variation in initial aspen densities following clearcutting of aspen dominated stands. After 9 years densities begin to converge with the highest rates of mortality associated with high starting densities. A model was developed that shows a significant relationship between the proportion of trees surviving to the end of a year and the density at the beginning of the year. Size-density relationships based on quadratic mean root collar diameter, mean tree volume and mean tree height are presented. Three to four years following spacing of aspen to densities ranging from 200 to 4000stemsha−1 there were no significant effects of density on aspen size. In addition, spacing of the aspen had no significant effect on spruce height at year 9 (3–4 years after spacing), but spruce root collar diameter (RCD) was significantly smaller in the unspaced compared to the spaced plots. The ratio of height to root collar diameter (HDR) for white spruce showed a significant and clear response to aspen density and increased with increasing aspen density. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Temporal, spatial, and structural patterns of adult trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) mortality were studied in intact 150-year-old stands in the southwestern boreal forest of Quebec. For both species, mortality decreases (number of dead trees/total number of trees) with distance from the lake edge until 100–150 m, from which point it slightly increases. Strong peaks in mortality were found for 40- to 60-year-old aspen mainly between 1974 and 1992. Such mortality in relatively young aspen is likely related to competition for light from the dominant canopy trees. Also, the recruitment of this young aspen cohort is presumably the result of a stand breakup that occurred when the initial aspen-dominated stand was between 90 and 110 years old. For spruce, strong peaks in mortality were found in 110- to 150-year-old trees and they occurred mainly after 1980. No clear explanation could be found for these peaks, but we suggest that they may be related to senescence or weakening of the trees following the last spruce budworm outbreak. Suppressed and codominant aspen had a much higher mortality ratio than spruce in the same height class, while more surprisingly, no difference in mortality rate was found between dominant trees of the two species. Most spruce trees were found as standing dead, which leads us to reject the hypothesis that windthrow is an important cause of mortality for spruce in our forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The boreal forest is the single largest terrestrial store of carbon on Earth, and approximately 25% of these carbon stocks are in the forest floor. Climate change is expected to alter boreal vegetation, and aspen-dominated stands will replace conifers in Western Canada. We investigated how these vegetation shifts could affect the composition and function of soil microbial communities, using forest floor samples from the Ecosystem Management Emulating Natural Disturbance (EMEND) project in northwestern Alberta, Canada. Soil microbial communities were surveyed in rhizosphere and bulk forest floor of 17-year-old spruce clear-cuts where aspen was naturally regenerating, mature stands of aspen and spruce, and 17-year-old clear-cuts of aspen. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was used to characterize microbial community composition and multiple substrate induced respiration (MSIR) to quantify microbial community functional capacity. Carbon source utilization by microorganisms was investigated through natural abundance isotope analysis of individual PLFAs. Rhizosphere samples had a significantly higher proportion of fungi and a higher gram-negative to gram-positive bacteria ratio compared to bulk soil. Fungi and gram-negative bacteria biomarkers in the rhizosphere showed 13C depletion compared to bulk forest floor, indicating that they had assimilated more newly-photosynthesized carbon than bulk forest floor microbes. Aspen trees exerted a greater influence over their rhizospheres than spruce trees in terms of microbial community composition and functional capacity, and aspen rhizospheres showed the highest basal respiration. In less than two decades, aspen regeneration in former spruce stands shifted the composition of microbial communities towards that of native aspen stands, with the rhizosphere microbiome responding more quickly than bulk forest floor. This study suggests that predicted vegetation shifts in the boreal have the potential to cause more immediate and profound changes in the rhizosphere, and emphasizes the need to include the rhizosphere in future studies. • Clear differences existed between rhizosphere and bulk soil microbial communities. • Natural abundance 13C PLFA patterns differed between rhizosphere and bulk soil. • Vegetation shift caused changes in microbial communities in less than two decades. • Rhizosphere microbes responded more readily to the vegetation shift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the development of an individual tree-height increment models for white spruce and aspen growing in the boreal mixed-species in Alberta. Selection of a base height-increment function; Incorporation of tree and stand level variables using the parameter prediction approach.

The Spatial Alaskan Forest Ecosystem Dynamics (SAFED) model was validated across four of the most common vegetation types found in interior Alaska. The vegetation types were an alder (Alnus spp.) - balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) site (FP2), an old-growth balsam poplar and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) site (FP3), a mixed deciduous (primarily birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)) and white spruce site (UP2), and a mature white spruce site (UP3). The FP site types are common on the floodplain along the Tanana River and the UP site types are common in the uplands in interior Alaska. SAFED is based on nitrogen productivity for vegetation growth, litter fall quantity and quality, and microbial efficiency for forest floor decomposition. The state factors (climate, topography, and disturbance) are used to describe a broad-scale classification of the landscape to define basic limitations for the driving variables. Climate and ecosystem-level disturbances are handled as restricted stochastic processes. The model has been programed in a spatial framework as an ARC/INFO AML within the GRID package. The current version of the model has been validated as functional from an individual tree basis (1-m2 cell size) in a number of forest types found in interior Alaska. The growth, litter fall, and forest floordecomposition were compared with data from the sites. An estimate ofyearly carbon balance for the four sites was calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]