1. Apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide inhibits LPS-induced inflammation through the inactivation of AP-1 and MAPK signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophages and protects mice against endotoxin shock.
- Author
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Hu W, Wang X, Wu L, Shen T, Ji L, Zhao X, Si CL, Jiang Y, and Wang G
- Subjects
- Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents pharmacology, Cell Survival drug effects, Cyclooxygenase 2 genetics, Cyclooxygenase 2 metabolism, Dinoprostone metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Inflammation chemically induced, Juglans chemistry, Lipopolysaccharides, Macrophages drug effects, Macrophages metabolism, Mice, Nitric Oxide metabolism, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II genetics, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II metabolism, Plant Extracts pharmacology, RAW 264.7 Cells, RNA, Messenger genetics, RNA, Messenger metabolism, Transcription Factor AP-1 antagonists & inhibitors, Transcription Factor AP-1 genetics, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha genetics, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha metabolism, p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases genetics, p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases metabolism, Apigenin pharmacology, Inflammation drug therapy, MAP Kinase Signaling System drug effects, Transcription Factor AP-1 metabolism
- Abstract
Apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide (AG), an active flavonoid derivative isolated from the agricultural residue of Juglans sigillata fruit husks, possesses multiple pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidant, anti-complement, and aldose reductase inhibitory activities. To date, no report has identified the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of AG. This study was therefore designed to characterize the molecular mechanisms of AG on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells and on endotoxin-induced shock in mice. AG suppressed the release of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages in a dose-dependent manner without affecting cell viability. Additionally, AG suppressed LPS-induced mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and TNF-α. AG treatment decreased the translocation of c-Jun into the nucleus, and decreased activator protein-1 (AP-1)-mediated luciferase activity through the inhibition of both p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Consistent with the in vitro observations, AG protected mice from LPS-induced endotoxin shock by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine production. Taken together, these results suggest that AG may be used as a source of anti-inflammatory agents as well as a dietary complement for health promotion.
- Published
- 2016
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