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An efficient propagation prediction model is presented. The modeling is subdivided into three phases; preprocessing, tracing rays, and postprocessing. Information obtained from the relations between the facet pairs is employed in the preprocessing. Heuristic removal of double tracing of rays shared among adjacent tubes halves the tube tracing time. For the prediction of the E-field over a surface, an accurate geometrical approach is proposed and a backtracking calculation method is tailored. Also, the multiple counting shortcoming is resolved in SBR and, single and double diffraction are modeled. The method directly functions on three dimensional geometry of the problem and considers all chains of interactions up to the second order successive diffractions. Finally, the applicability and reliability of the method is verified by comparison of results with a numerical method and measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Angular Z-Buffer (AZB) algorithm is widely used to speed up the ray tracing. Although the basic idea of this approach is definitely true, there is an error in the implementation method presented by developers of AZB. Here in this communication, the error is noted and, using a mathematical solution, an efficient remedy is put forward and implemented. Moreover, it is shown, by simulation of an appropriate three-dimensional case study using the original AZB and modified AZB, that a loss of accuracy occurs in the electrical field distribution predicted by the original. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]