417 results
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2. Rapid biochemical test for seed germinability.
- Author
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Martínez-Honduvilla CJ and Santos-Ruiz A
- Subjects
- Chromatography, Paper, Amino Acids analysis, Carbohydrates analysis, Seeds analysis, Trees
- Abstract
Sugar and aminoacids were investigated in sterile distilled water after Pinus pinea seeds had been soaked in it during 24 hours at 37 degrees C. Germination viability decreased with the ageing of the seeds and was accompanied by sugar and aminoacids increase in the exudate. The sugar content from seeds with loss of germinability was about 50 to 80 times greater than that from seeds with good germinability. Paper chromatography showed that there was an increase in mono, di, oligosaccharides and amino-acids in seeds without germinability, but these substances were only found as trace quantities in viable seeds. The methods already described by TKAYANAGI and MURAKAMI to determine germinability could be applied with some modifications to Pinus pinea seeds. The presence of sugar in the exudate could be detected by urine sugar test after 24 hours at 37 degrees C. It was necessary to concentrate the exudate till a final volume of 2 ml.
- Published
- 1975
3. Metagenomics of infective canaliculitis: The Lacriome paper 3
- Author
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Mohammad Javed Ali
- Subjects
Ophthalmology ,Bacteria ,Ice ,Canaliculitis ,Carbohydrates ,Humans ,DNA ,Prospective Studies ,General Medicine ,Amino Acids ,Ecosystem - Abstract
Purpose To study the metagenomics of the microbes isolated from the canaliculus of patients with infective canaliculitis. Methods A prospective study was performed on five consecutive canalicular samples obtained for the metagenomic analysis from the patients with infective canaliculitis who underwent non-incisional canalicular curettage at a tertiary care Dacryology service. The canalicular concretions were collected intraoperatively soon after a canalicular curettage and immediately transported on ice to the laboratory. Following DNA extraction and library preparation, a whole shotgun metagenome sequencing was performed on the Illumina™ platform. The downstream processing and bioinformatics of the samples were performed using multiple software packaged in SqueezeMeta™ pipeline or MG-RAST™ pipeline. Results The taxonomic hit distribution across the samples showed that bacteria were the most common isolates (mean—80.5%), followed by viruses (mean—0.74%), and archaea (0.01%). The five major phyla identified across the samples of infective canaliculitis were, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes. The prevalent organisms include Fusobacterium nucelatum, Fusobacterium periodonticum, Parvimonas micra, Prevotella oris, Selonomonas noxia, Pseudopropionobacterium propoinicum, Campylobacter showae, and Streptococcus anginosus, amongst few others. Actinomycetes israelii was noted in all the samples, though it was not the most abundant. The microbial gene mapping and protein prediction demonstrated proteins with known functions to range from 69.91% to 87.09% across the samples. The functional subsystem profiling demonstrated genes associated with carbohydrate, amino acid, and co-enzyme transport and metabolism, cell wall or cell membrane biogenesis, energy production and conversion, transcription, translation, and cellular communications. Conclusion This is the first whole metagenome sequencing of infective canaliculitis. Infected canaliculi harbor diverse microbial communities, including bacteria, viruses, and archaea. Functional analysis has provided newer insights into the ecosystem dynamics and strategies of microbial communities.
- Published
- 2022
4. PCA-MutPred: Prediction of Binding Free Energy Change Upon Missense Mutation in Protein-carbohydrate Complexes.
- Author
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Siva Shanmugam NR, Veluraja K, and Michael Gromiha M
- Subjects
- Protein Binding genetics, Protein Structure, Secondary, Thermodynamics, Amino Acids genetics, Carbohydrates chemistry, Mutation, Missense
- Abstract
Protein-carbohydrate interactions play an important role in several biological processes. The mutation of amino acid residues in carbohydrate-binding proteins may alter the binding affinity, affect the functions and lead to diseases. Elucidating the factors influencing the binding affinity change (ΔΔG) of protein-carbohydrate complexes upon mutation is a challenging task. In this work, we have collected the experimental data for the binding affinity change of 318 unique mutants and related with sequence and structural features of amino acid residues at the mutant sites. We found that accessible surface area, secondary structure, mutation preference, conservation score, hydrophobicity and contact energies are important to understand the binding affinity change upon mutation. We have developed multiple regression equations for predicting the binding affinity change upon mutation and our method showed an average correlation of 0.74 and a mean absolute error of 0.70 kcal/mol between experimental and predicted ΔΔG on a 10-fold cross-validation. Further, we have validated our method using an independent test data set of 124 (62 unique) mutations, which showed a correlation and MAE of 0.79 and 0.56 kcal/mol, respectively. We have developed a web server PCA-MutPred, Protein-CArbohydrate complex Mutation affinity Predictor, for predicting the change in binding affinity of protein-carbohydrate complexes and it is freely accessible at https://web.iitm.ac.in/bioinfo2/pcamutpred. We suggest that the method could be a useful resource for designing protein-carbohydrate complexes with desired affinities., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. High-voltage paper electrophoresis (HVPE) of cell-wall building blocks and their metabolic precursors
- Author
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Stephen C, Fry
- Subjects
Silver Staining ,Nucleotides ,Sulfates ,Carbohydrates ,Oligosaccharides ,Buffers ,Plants ,Phosphates ,Molecular Weight ,Cell Wall ,Calibration ,Hydroxybenzoates ,Polyamines ,Electrophoresis, Paper ,Amino Acids - Abstract
HVPE is an excellent and often overlooked method for obtaining objective and meaningful information about cell-wall "building blocks" and their metabolic precursors. It provides not only a means of analysis of known compounds but also an insight into the charge and/or mass of any unfamiliar compounds that may be encountered. It can be used preparatively or analytically. It can achieve either "class separations" (e.g. delivering all hexose monophosphates into a single pool) or the resolution of different compounds within a given class (e.g. ADP-Glc from UDP-Glc; or GlcA from GalA). All information from HVPE about charge and mass can be obtained on minute traces of analytes, especially those that have been radiolabelled, e.g. by in-vivo feeding of a (3)H- or (14)C-labelled precursor. HVPE does not usually damage the substance under investigation (unless staining is used), so samples of interest can be eluted intact from the paper ready for further analysis. Although HVPE is a technique that has been available for several decades, recently it has tended to be sidelined, possibly because the apparatus is not widely available. Interested scientists are invited to contact the author about the possibility of accessing the Edinburgh apparatus.
- Published
- 2011
6. Effect of paper mill effluent on germination of green gram (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) and growth behaviour of it's seedlings
- Author
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Luna, Malla and B K, Mohanty
- Subjects
Chlorophyll ,Paper ,Phaseolus ,Waste Products ,Seedlings ,Nucleic Acids ,Toxicity Tests ,Carbohydrates ,Germination ,Amino Acids ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Plant Proteins - Abstract
Effect of paper mill effluents on Phaseolus aureus Roxb was studied. The effluent significantly inhibited germination of root and shoot length. The bio-chemical injury does not appear spontaneously but with the increase in effluent treatment there is reduction in observed biochemical parameters (chlorophyll, protein, amino acid, nuclic acids and carbohydrate) which are negatively correlated. The shoots of the seedlings were found to be resistant; whereas roots of the seedlings were susceptible to paper mill effluent treatment.
- Published
- 2005
7. Effects of Different Parts on the Chemical Composition, Silage Fermentation Profile, In Vitro and In Situ Digestibility of Paper Mulberry.
- Author
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Hao, Yangyi, Huang, Shuai, Liu, Gaokun, Zhang, Jun, Liu, Gang, Cao, Zhijun, Wang, Yajing, Wang, Wei, Li, Shengli, Fondevila, Manuel, and Caroprese, Mariangela
- Subjects
- *
SILAGE , *SILAGE fermentation , *MULBERRY , *FATTY acids , *AMINO acids , *CARBOHYDRATES , *LACTATES - Abstract
Simple Summary: Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera, PM) is a potential roughage source widely distributed in Asia, but the chemical composition, silage fermentation, and digestibility are not fully understood. Here, we compared the chemical composition, silage fermentation, and digestibility of leaf, stem, and whole plant of PM to evaluate its feeding value. The result showed that the leaf had lower fiber content and higher protein content than the stem and whole plant. Meanwhile, the stem silage had the lowest pH value and lactate content, while those in the leaf were the highest. The in vitro and in situ digestibility showed the leaf was more digestible. Our study gives the reference of different parts of PM to be used as a feedstuff. Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera, PM) is high protein but unutilized as a feed source. The study explores the different parts (leaf, stem, and whole plant) of PM chemical composition, silage fermentation, and in vitro and in situ digestibility, aiming to give some guidelines to PM usage as feed. The result showed that the leaf had a higher fresh weight than the stem (p < 0.05). The dry matter contents of the three groups had no differences. The highest crude protein, ether extract, water-soluble carbohydrate, ash, calcium, phosphorus, amino acid contents, and butter capacity were observed in the leaf (p < 0.05). The stem had the highest (p < 0.05) neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin contents. After ensiling, the stem silage had the lowest pH value, ammonia nitrate (NH3-N), lactate, acetate, and propionate (p < 0.05). The leaf silage had the highest pH value (p < 0.05). The lactate, acetate, and propionate in the leaf and whole plant silage had no difference. The butyrate was not detected in all silage. The in vitro and in situ digestibility experiments showed the leaf had the highest digestibility (p < 0.05), which could produce more volatile fatty acids and have a higher effective digestibility. These results allow a greater understanding of PM to be used as a feedstuff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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8. Effective atomic number of some sugars and amino acids for scattering of (241)Am and (137)Cs gamma rays at low momentum transfer.
- Author
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Vinaykumar L and Umesh TK
- Subjects
- Algorithms, Amino Acids radiation effects, Carbohydrates radiation effects, Computer Simulation, Linear Energy Transfer, Protons, Radiation Dosage, Scattering, Radiation, Americium chemistry, Amino Acids chemistry, Carbohydrates chemistry, Cesium chemistry, Gamma Rays, Models, Chemical
- Abstract
In this paper, we report the effective atomic number of some H, C, N and O based sugars and amino acids. These have been determined by using a handy expression which is based on the theoretical angle integrated small angle (coherent+incoherent) scattering cross sections of seven elements of Z≤13 in four angular ranges of (0-4°), (0-6°), (0-8°) and (0-10°)for (241)Am (59.54 keV) and (137)Cs (661.6 keV) gamma rays. The theoretical scattering cross sections were computed by a suitable numerical integration of the atomic form factor and incoherent scattering function compilations of Hubbell et al. (1975) which make use of the non-relativistic Hartree-Fock (NRHF) model for the atomic charge distribution of the elements in the angular ranges of interest. The angle integrated small angle scattering cross sections of the H, C, N and O based sugars and amino acids measured by a new method reported recently by the authors were used in the handy expression to derive their effective atomic number. The results are compared with the other available data and discussed. Possible conclusions are drawn based on the present study., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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9. Amino acids interference on the quantification of reducing sugars by the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid assay mislead carbohydrase activity measurements.
- Author
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Teixeira RS, da Silva AS, Ferreira-Leitão VS, and da Silva Bon EP
- Subjects
- Colorimetry, Glycoside Hydrolases analysis, Reducing Agents metabolism, Salicylates chemistry, Amino Acids metabolism, Artifacts, Carbohydrates chemistry, Enzyme Assays methods, Glycoside Hydrolases metabolism, Reducing Agents chemistry, Salicylates metabolism
- Abstract
This study evaluated the interference of the amino acids tryptophan, cysteine, histidine, tyrosine, hydroxyproline, leucine, proline, serine, glycine, valine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, and methionine on the measurement of reducing sugars using a phenol-free 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) reagent. It was found that in reaction mixtures containing 20mM of either tryptophan, cysteine, histidine, tyrosine, or hydroxyproline the measurement of 3.7 mM glucose was overestimated by 76%, 50%, 35%, 18%, and 10%, respectively. The amino acids valine, glutamic acid, and phenylalanine did not affect the DNS reaction, while methionine decreased the color development by 5%. The measurement of glucose, xylose, arabinose, and cellobiose at the 3.7-12.4 mM range in the presence of 20 mM cysteine resulted in an overestimated concentration of 34.8-50%. Enzymatic assays for measuring xylanolytic and filter paper activity (FPAse) were conducted in the presence of 20-60 mM cysteine, and compared to cysteine-free assays. In the presence of cysteine, the measured xylanase activity increased threefold and the FPAse activity increased twofold due to the overestimation of the reducing sugar concentrations in the assays. The interference from cysteine was reduced to a maximum of 8.6% when a DNS reagent containing phenol was used., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. New avenue for mid-UV-range detection of underivatized carbohydrates and amino acids in capillary electrophoresis.
- Author
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Sarazin C, Delaunay N, Costanza C, Eudes V, Mallet JM, and Gareil P
- Subjects
- Electrophoresis, Capillary, Amino Acids analysis, Carbohydrates analysis, Ultraviolet Rays
- Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) appeared as an interesting alternative to chromatographic methods for carbohydrate analysis, but it can be difficult to implement, because of the lack of easily ionizable functions and chromophore groups. Recently, a promising method was proposed by Rovio et al. for the CE separation under extremely high alkaline conditions of neutral carbohydrates under their alcoholate form and their direct UV detection [Rovio et al. Electrophoresis 2007, 28, 3129-3135; and Rovio et al. J. Chromatogr. A 2008, 1185, 139-144], which is claimed to be due to the absorption of enediolate at 270 nm. Even so, most of the detected compounds in Rovio's paper (for example, sucrose) cannot give such enediolate, lacking a carbonyl group. In this work, a deeper insight was paid to the understanding of detection mechanism. In effect, unusual detection phenomena were observed in comparing reducing and nonreducing carbohydrate behaviors, which pointed to the existence of photochemical reactions in the detection window. A more systematic study of the influence of many parameters (carbohydrate nature, electrolyte pH, residence time in the detection window, and capillary diameter) was undertaken. In addition to this, most of this work was performed under cathodic (reversed) electro-osmotic flow conditions (using Polybrene-modified capillaries), to obtain much faster separations than under Rovio's conditions. This study also opens up new avenues for the detection in mid-UV range of non-UV-absorbing compounds bearing reducing moieties, such as amino acids.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
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11. Study of inherited metabolic disorders in Singapore - 13 years experience.
- Author
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Tan IK, Gajra B, and Lim MS
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Biomarkers blood, Biomarkers cerebrospinal fluid, Biomarkers urine, Child, Child, Preschool, Chromatography, Gas, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Mass Spectrometry, Metabolism, Inborn Errors metabolism, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Prognosis, Retrospective Studies, Singapore epidemiology, Amino Acids metabolism, Carbohydrates blood, Glycosaminoglycans metabolism, Metabolism, Inborn Errors epidemiology, Urea metabolism
- Abstract
Introduction: Recommended by the National Advisory Council of the Disabled, the Ministry of Health of Singapore supported a nationwide study of inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs). When the 5-year project ended, investigations were provided as a diagnostic service. This paper documents our 13-year experience., Materials and Methods: Patients with symptoms suggestive of an IMD were referred. Investigations on heparinised blood and/or urine included amino acid analysis using a Beckman 6300 Amino Acid Analyser, organic acids analysis using a Hewlett- Packard gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, mucopolysaccharides quantitative assay and high-resolution electrophoresis, sugars by thin-layer chromatography., Results: Of the 3656 patients studied from 1992 to 2005, IMDs were found in 127 (77 males; 50 females; age range, 1 day to 56 years). Their ethnic distribution was: 55.1% Chinese, 19.7% Malays, 11.0% Indians, 11.0% other races and 3.2% unknown. IMD diagnosed comprised 41 (32.3%) organic acidurias, 34 (26.8%) amino acidaemias/acidurias, 14 (11.0%) urea cycle defects, 15 (11.8%) mucopolysaccharidoses, 6 (4.7%) carbohydrate disorders and 17 (13.4%) others. Twenty-three (18.1%) cases were diagnosed during the neonatal period and 36 (28.3%) after the age of 13., Conclusion: Positive detection rate was 3.5% and 48 IMDs were found. Significant proportion of cases had late-onset IMDs. Early identification of IMDs permits timely management, genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis.
- Published
- 2006
12. Formation of a seed germination promoter from carbohydrates and amino acids.
- Author
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Light ME, Burger BV, and van Staden J
- Subjects
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Furans pharmacology, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hot Temperature, Plants chemistry, Pyrans pharmacology, Smoke analysis, Amino Acids chemistry, Carbohydrates chemistry, Furans chemical synthesis, Germination drug effects, Pyrans chemical synthesis, Seeds growth & development
- Abstract
The ability of plant-derived smoke to act as a germination cue in many species has led to widespread interest in this aspect of seed biology. Recently, 3-methyl-2H-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one was identified as the main germination cue from smoke. Here, we report on the formation of this compound from reactions of sugars with amino acids. Heating proteins or amino acids with sugars at 180 degrees C for 30 min produces water soluble extracts that promote germination. High-performance liquid chromatography indicated that the active compound(s) derived from these reactions coeluted with the active fraction from a smoke solution. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy showed that the active constituent is identical to the germination cue from plant-derived smoke. The results presented in this paper provide evidence for the formation of the major germination cue found in smoke from ubiquitously occurring organic compounds.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Determination of amino acids in cell culture and fermentation broth media using anion-exchange chromatography with integrated pulsed amperometric detection.
- Author
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Hanko VP and Rohrer JS
- Subjects
- Animals, Anions, Bacteria metabolism, Cell Culture Techniques, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Chromatography, Ion Exchange methods, Culture Media, Serum-Free chemistry, Eukaryotic Cells metabolism, Fermentation, Glucose analysis, Glycols analysis, Prokaryotic Cells metabolism, Sodium Hydroxide, Sugar Alcohols analysis, Time Factors, Yeasts metabolism, Amino Acids analysis, Carbohydrates analysis, Culture Media chemistry
- Abstract
Cell culture and fermentation broth media are used in the manufacture of biotherapeutics and many other biological materials. Characterizing the amino acid composition in cell culture and fermentation broth media is important because deficiencies in these nutrients can reduce desired yields or alter final product quality. Anion-exchange (AE) chromatography using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium acetate gradients, coupled with integrated pulsed amperometric detection (IPAD), determines amino acids without sample derivatization. AE-IPAD also detects carbohydrates, glycols, and sugar alcohols. The presence of these compounds, often at high concentrations in cell culture and fermentation broth media, can complicate amino acid determinations. To determine whether these samples can be analyzed without sample preparation, we studied the effects of altering and extending the initial NaOH eluent concentration on the retention of 42 different carbohydrates and related compounds, 30 amino acids and related compounds, and 3 additional compounds. We found that carbohydrate retention is impacted in a manner different from that of amino acid retention by a change in [NaOH]. We used this selectivity difference to design amino acid determinations of diluted cell culture and fermentation broth media, including Bacto yeast extract-peptone-dextrose (yeast culture medium) broth, Luria-Bertani (bacterial culture medium) broth, and minimal essential medium and serum-free protein-free hybridoma medium (mammalian cell culture media). These media were selected as representatives for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic culture systems capable of challenging the analytical technique presented in this paper. Glucose up to 10mM (0.2%, w/w) did not interfere with the chromatography, or decrease recovery greater than 20%, for the common amino acids arginine, lysine, alanine, threonine, glycine, valine, serine, proline, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, histidine, phenylalanine, glutamate, aspartate, cystine, and tyrosine.
- Published
- 2004
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14. Off-line elimination of carbohydrates for amino acid analysis of samples with high carbohydrate content by ion-exchange chromatography.
- Author
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Ding Y, Yu H, and Mou S
- Subjects
- Ammonia, Cation Exchange Resins, Formates, Hydrogen chemistry, Indicators and Reagents, Reproducibility of Results, Sodium Hydroxide, Amino Acids analysis, Carbohydrates isolation & purification, Chromatography, Ion Exchange methods
- Abstract
This paper introduces a new off-line sample preparation that eliminates carbohydrates from amino acid samples containing a high carbohydrate content before analysis by anion-exchange chromatography and integrated pulsed amperometric detection. First, the sample is introduced into a cation-exchange column in the hydrogen form. Carbohydrates are removed completely using 0.02% formic acid as a transfer fluid, while only amino acids are retained. Amino acids are then extracted from the cation-exchange resin by 10 ml of 1 M ammonia. The ammonia collected is evaporated to dryness and the residue redissolved in water containing 20 mg/l NaN3 for injection. All amino acids are recovered following the carbohydrate removal step. The average recovery is 97.2%. The relative standard deviation for seven replicates is less than 5.2%. The usefulness of the method is illustrated with chromatograms of ratafia samples obtained before and after the off-line removal of carbohydrates.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
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15. Serial hyphenation of dried spot, reversed phase liquid chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, and tandem mass spectrometry towards direct chemical profiling of herbal medicine-derived liquid matrices, an application in Cistanche sinensis
- Author
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Shuang-Bing Deng, Yun-Fang Zhao, Pengfei Tu, Qingqing Song, Yan Cao, Zhizi Zhou, Hai-Jun Qi, Jun Li, Yuelin Song, and Yong Jiang
- Subjects
Quality Control ,Cistanche ,Phytochemicals ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Carbohydrates ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Tandem mass spectrometry ,01 natural sciences ,Lignans ,Specimen Handling ,Analytical Chemistry ,Chemical library ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Tandem Mass Spectrometry ,Drug Discovery ,Iridoids ,Glycosides ,Amino Acids ,Organic Chemicals ,Spectroscopy ,Chromatography, Reverse-Phase ,Chromatography ,Filter paper ,010405 organic chemistry ,Hydrophilic interaction chromatography ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Nucleosides ,Reversed-phase chromatography ,Phenylethanoid ,Phenylethyl Alcohol ,Cistanche sinensis ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry ,Ion trap ,Acids ,Chromatography, Liquid ,Drugs, Chinese Herbal - Abstract
Inspired by dried blood spots (DBS), “dried spots of herbal medicines” (DSHM) concept was proposed here. In response to this superior sampling means, a new platform integrating dried spot, serially coupled reversed phase liquid chromatography and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (RPLC-HILIC), and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), was configured for directly, comprehensively chemical profiling of HM-derived liquid matrices. As an important original source of Cistanches Herba (Chinese name: Roucongrong) that is a well-known tonic HM, Cistanche sinensis (Csi) was employed to illustrate and validate the applicability. Dried spots (I.D. 3.0 mm) were prepared by loading 2 μL aliquots of Csi extract onto filter paper. Each dried spot was packed into an in-line filter holder (I.D. 3.0 mm × 4.0 mm) and then inserted behind the auto-sampler of a well-defined instrumentation named RPLC-HILIC–MS/MS. Hybrid ion trap-time of flight MS and hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap MS were deployed in combination for the in-depth MS/MS data acquisition of diverse chemical families, such as phenylethanoid glycosides, lignans, iridoids, amino acids, and so forth. To assist chemical profiling, an in-house chemical library was built by collecting as much prior knowledge as possible. A total of 88 components were detected and tentatively annotated in Csi by matching their multi-stage MS spectra with those of authentic standards and literature data. Collectively, DSHM carried all merits of DBS, and the integrative dried spot-RPLC-HILIC-MS/MS platform was a promising analytical tool for direct chemical analysis and rapid quality evaluation of HMs, in particular those traditional Chinese medicine injections.
- Published
- 2019
16. Synthesis of new asparagine-based glycopeptides for future scanning tunneling microscopy investigations
- Author
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Thomas Ziegler and Laura Sršan
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,amino acids ,Electrospray ,Peptidomimetic ,Organic Chemistry ,carbohydrates ,glycopeptides ,asparagine ,Peptide ,Mass spectrometry ,Combinatorial chemistry ,Full Research Paper ,Glycopeptide ,law.invention ,lcsh:QD241-441 ,Chemistry ,lcsh:Organic chemistry ,chemistry ,law ,peptidomimetics ,Reagent ,lcsh:Q ,Asparagine ,Scanning tunneling microscope ,lcsh:Science - Abstract
For investigations on the biological functions of oligosaccharides and peptidomimetics, new asparagine-based mono- and disaccharides containing glycopeptides were prepared in solution. The applicability of two common peptide coupling reagents, using an orthogonal Fmoc/t-Bu strategy along with acetyl protecting groups for the carbohydrate moiety, was studied. Thus, the prepared libraries of glycopeptides were designed as model systems of cell surfaces for future investigations by combined preparative mass spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) using soft-landing electrospray beam deposition (ES-IBD), on metal surfaces.
- Published
- 2020
17. Age-related changes in microbial composition and function in cynomolgus macaques
- Author
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Jiajia Duan, Yifan Li, Weiwei Liang, Xunmin Tan, Tingjia Chai, Peng Xie, Peng Zheng, Yu Huang, Yan Li, Wei Zhou, Li Wei, Bangmin Yin, and Jing Wu
- Subjects
Aging ,Rikenellaceae ,Carbohydrates ,Veillonellaceae ,Physiology ,Gut flora ,Coriobacteriaceae ,RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ,Animals ,Amino Acids ,metagenomics ,gut microbiota ,Bacteria ,biology ,Cell Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Phenotype ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,Macaca fascicularis ,RNA, Bacterial ,age ,Metagenomics ,Female ,cynomolgus macaques ,Research Paper ,Ruminococcaceae ,Succinivibrionaceae - Abstract
Age can significantly affect human physiology and disease risk. Recent studies have shown that age may affect the composition and function of the gut microbiota, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Non-human primates are an ideal model for uncovering how age shapes the gut microbiota, as their microbial composition is highly similar to that of humans and is not easily affected by confounding factors. Here, using the 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing methods, we characterized the microbial phenotypes of 16 female cynomolgus macaques from three age groups (young, adult and old). Our findings revealed significant differences in microbial composition among the three groups. With increased age, the relative abundances of Veillonellaceae, Coriobacteriaceae and Succinivibrionaceae were significantly increased, Ruminococcaceae and Rikenellaceae were significantly decreased at the family level. Functional enrichment showed that genes that differed among the three groups were mainly involved in arginine biosynthesis, purine metabolism and microbial polysaccharides metabolism. Moreover, CAZymes corresponding to polysaccharide degrading activities were also observed among the three groups. In conclusion, we characterized the composition and function of the gut microbiota at different ages, and our findings provide a new entry point for understanding the effects of age on the human body.
- Published
- 2019
18. Organic biomarkers in deep-sea regions affected by bottom trawling: pigments, fatty acids, amino acids and carbohydrates in surface sediments from the La Fonera (Palamós) Canyon, NW Mediterranean Sea.
- Author
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Sañé, E., Martín, J., Puig, P., and Palanques, A.
- Subjects
BIOMARKERS ,DEEP-sea ecology ,DREDGING (Fisheries) ,PIGMENTS ,FATTY acids ,AMINO acids ,CARBOHYDRATES ,SEDIMENTS ,CANYONS - Abstract
Deep-sea ecosystems are in general adapted to a limited variability of physical conditions, resulting in high vulnerability and slow recovery rates from anthropogenic perturbations such as bottom trawling. Commercial trawling is the most recurrent and pervasive of human impacts on the deep-sea floor, but studies on its consequences on the biogeochemistry of deep-sea sediments are still scarce. Pigments, fatty acids, amino acids and carbohydrates were analyzed in sediments from the flanks of the La Fonera (Palamós) submarine canyon (NW Mediterranean Sea), where a commercial bottom trawling fishery has been active for more than 70 yr. More specifically, we investigated how trawling-induced sediment reworking affects the quality of sedimentary organic matter which reaches the seafloor and accumulates in the sediment column, which is fundamental for the development of benthic communities. Sediment samples were collected during two oceanographic cruises in spring and autumn 2011. The sampled sites included trawl fishing grounds as well as pristine (control) areas. We report that bottom trawling in the flanks of the La Fonera Canyon has caused an alteration of the quality of the organic matter accumulated in the upper 5 cm of the seafloor. The use of a wide pool of biochemical tracers characterized by different reactivity to degradation allowed us to discriminate the long-term effects of trawled-induced sediment reworking from the natural variability caused by the seasonal cycle of production and sinking of biogenic particles. Differences between untrawled and trawled areas were evidenced by labile amino acids, while differences between spring and autumn samples were detected only by the more labile indicators chlorophyll a and mono-unsaturated fatty acids. These results suggest that changes in the biochemical composition of the sedimentary organic matter caused by bottom trawling can be more relevant than those associated with natural seasonality and pose serious concerns about the ecological sustainability of deep-sea trawling activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
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19. Metabolite profiles of diabetes mellitus and response to intervention in anti-hyperglycemic drugs.
- Author
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Yanzhong Liu, Dan Wang, and Yi-Ping Liu
- Subjects
DIABETES ,RESPONSE to intervention (Education) ,AMINO acid metabolism disorders ,TYPE 2 diabetes ,FREE fatty acids ,INSULIN - Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a major health problem, threatening the quality of life of nearly 500 million patients worldwide. As a typical multifactorial metabolic disease, T2DM involves the changes and interactions of various metabolic pathways such as carbohydrates, amino acid, and lipids. It has been suggested that metabolites are not only the endpoints of upstream biochemical processes, but also play a critical role as regulators of disease progression. For example, excess free fatty acids can lead to reduced glucose utilization in skeletal muscle and induce insulin resistance; metabolism disorder of branched-chain amino acids contributes to the accumulation of toxic metabolic intermediates, and promotes the dysfunction ofβ-cell mitochondria, stress signal transduction, and apoptosis. In this paper, we discuss the role of metabolites in the pathogenesis of T2DM and their potential as biomarkers. Finally, we list the effects of anti-hyperglycemic drugs on serum/plasma metabolic profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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20. Low vapour pressure deficit affects nitrogen nutrition and foliar metabolites in silver birch
- Author
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Sari Kontunen-Soppela, Elina Oksanen, Sarita Keski-Saari, Jenna Lihavainen, Markku Keinänen, and Viivi Ahonen
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Stomatal conductance ,Nitrogen ,Physiology ,Vapour Pressure Deficit ,carbohydrates ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plant Science ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nutrient ,pendula ,Air humidity ,VPD ,mineral nutrients ,Raffinose ,Betula ,Transpiration ,amino acids ,starch ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Humidity ,Plant Transpiration ,Starch production ,Plant Leaves ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Agronomy ,Chlorophyll ,flavonoids ,Plant Stomata ,metabolite profiling ,Carbohydrate Metabolism ,Research Paper ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Highlight Changing leaf to air vapour pressure deficit (VPD) modifies primary metabolism of plants as demonstrated by excess starch synthesis and reduced amino acid, chlorophyll, and nitrogen concentrations in leaves under low VPD., Air humidity indicated as vapour pressure deficit (VPD) is directly related to transpiration and stomatal function of plants. We studied the effects of VPD and nitrogen (N) supply on leaf metabolites, plant growth, and mineral nutrition with young micropropagated silver birches (Betula pendula Roth.) in a growth chamber experiment. Plants that were grown under low VPD for 26 d had higher biomass, larger stem diameter, more leaves, fewer fallen leaves, and larger total leaf area than plants that were grown under high VPD. Initially, low VPD increased height growth rate and stomatal conductance; however, the effect was transient and the differences between low and high VPD plants became smaller with time. Metabolic adjustment to low VPD reflected N deficiency. The concentrations of N, iron, chlorophyll, amino acids, and soluble carbohydrates were lower and the levels of starch, quercetin glycosides, and raffinose were higher in the leaves that had developed under low VPD compared with high VPD. Additional N supply did not fully overcome the negative effect of low VPD on nutrient status but it diminished the effects of low VPD on leaf metabolism. Thus, with high N supply, the glutamine to glutamate ratio and starch production under low VPD became comparable with the levels under high VPD. The present study demonstrates that low VPD affects carbon and nutrient homeostasis and modifies N allocation of plants.
- Published
- 2016
21. URINARY METABOLIC STUDIES IN HEREDITARY MACULAR DEGENERATION
- Author
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S. Nordström, William Thorburn, and G. Holmgren
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Male ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Urinary system ,Carbohydrates ,Urine ,Paper electrophoresis ,Glycosuria ,Phenylketonurias ,Albuminuria ,Humans ,Medicine ,Electrophoresis, Paper ,Histidine ,Amino Acids ,Cystinuria ,business.industry ,Retinal Degeneration ,Syndrome ,General Medicine ,Macular degeneration ,medicine.disease ,Keto Acids ,Pedigree ,Ophthalmology ,Aminoaciduria ,Tyrosine ,Female ,business - Abstract
Urinary metabolic studies by means of high-voltage paper electrophoresis (HVPE) and some qualitative chemical tests were performed in 40 patients in a family with hereditary macular degeneration and in 40 nonaffected members of the same family. No biochemical abnormalities were observed in the examined urine samples. The results are discussed with regard to earlier published reports of aminoaciduria in hereditary macular degeneration.
- Published
- 2009
22. Dynamics of metabolic responses to periods of combined heat and drought in Arabidopsis thaliana under ambient and elevated atmospheric CO 2
- Author
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James T. Weedon, Ivan A. Janssens, Darin Peshev, Han Asard, Wim Van den Ende, Hamada AbdElgawad, Ivan Nijs, Gaurav Zinta, Gerrit T.S. Beemster, and Systems Ecology
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0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,extreme events ,Hot Temperature ,Physiology ,Period (gene) ,Metabolite ,Arabidopsis ,carbohydrates ,Plant Science ,01 natural sciences ,Acclimatization ,membrane composition ,Transcriptome ,lipids ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,SDG 13 - Climate Action ,Arabidopsis thaliana ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,Sugar ,Biology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,Arabidopsis Proteins ,Chemistry ,primary metabolism ,food and beverages ,Metabolism ,Carbon Dioxide ,biology.organism_classification ,Droughts ,Amino acid ,030104 developmental biology ,climate change ,Biochemistry ,Plant—Environment Interactions ,gene expression ,Amino acids ,sense organs ,SDG 6 - Clean Water and Sanitation ,Research Paper ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Metabolic changes in Arabidopsis induced by periods of elevated heat and drought stress under ambient and elevated CO2, are dynamic and specific to different classes of molecules., As a consequence of global change processes, plants will increasingly be challenged by extreme climatic events, against a background of elevated atmospheric CO2. We analysed responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to periods of a combination of elevated heat and water deficit at ambient and elevated CO2 in order to gain mechanistic insights regarding changes in primary metabolism. Metabolic changes induced by extremes of climate are dynamic and specific to different classes of molecules. Concentrations of soluble sugars and amino acids increased transiently after short (4-d) exposure to heat and drought, and readjusted to control levels under prolonged (8-d) stress. In contrast, fatty acids showed persistent changes during the stress period. Elevated CO2 reduced the impact of stress on sugar and amino acid metabolism, but not on fatty acids. Integrating metabolite data with transcriptome results revealed that some of the metabolic changes were regulated at the transcriptional level. Multivariate analyses grouped metabolites on the basis of stress exposure time, indicating specificity in metabolic responses to short and prolonged stress. Taken together, the results indicate that dynamic metabolic reprograming plays an important role in plant acclimation to climatic extremes. The extent of such metabolic adjustments is less under high CO2, further pointing towards the role of high CO2 in stress mitigation.
- Published
- 2018
23. Synthesis of aromatic glycoconjugates. Building blocks for the construction of combinatorial glycopeptide libraries
- Author
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Markus Nörrlinger and Thomas Ziegler
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,amino acids ,Chemistry ,Glycoconjugate ,Organic Chemistry ,carbohydrates ,glycopeptides ,Glycoside ,Peptide ,Combinatorial chemistry ,Full Research Paper ,glycoconjugates ,Glycopeptide ,Amino acid ,lcsh:QD241-441 ,lcsh:Organic chemistry ,Moiety ,lcsh:Q ,aniline ,lcsh:Science - Abstract
New aromatic glycoconjugate building blocks based on the trifunctional 3-aminomethyl-5-aminobenzoic acid backbone and sugars linked to the backbone by a malonyl moiety were prepared via peptide coupling. The orthogonally protected glycoconjugates, bearing an acetyl-protected glycoside, were converted into their corresponding acids which are suitable building blocks for combinatorial glycopeptide synthesis.
- Published
- 2014
24. Review of Metabolic Screening Program of Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia. 1971--1977.
- Author
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Wong LT, Hardwick DF, Applegarth DA, and Davidson AG
- Subjects
- British Columbia, Chromatography, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Reagent Kits, Diagnostic, Amino Acids urine, Carbohydrates urine, Mass Screening, Metabolism, Inborn Errors diagnosis
- Abstract
1. Between 1971 to 1977, 74,521 urines, collected on filter paper and mailed in, were screened by the Metabolic Screening Program of the Children's Hospital. These represented 45.9% of live births in B.C. hospitals were the program has been available. The mean age of the infants was 4.4 weeks. Urines were examined by chromatography with ethyl acetate-pyridine-water for sugars. 1423 (2.13%) had an abnormal pattern necessitating a repeat urine card. A persistent abnormality was noted in 167 (0.22%) and from these a liquid urine sample was obtained for two dimensional amino acid chromatography and/or a repeat sugar chromatography. 2. In 47 (0.06%) of these a definite metabolic abnormality was confirmed. These included cases of Iminoglycinuria (8), Hartnup trait (4), Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (2), Histidinemia (1), Cystathioninuria (5), Argininosuccinic aciduria (1), Maple Syrup Urine Disease (1), Diabetes Mellitus (1), Renal glycosuria (1) and Persistent galactosuria (3). 201 infants had a slight increase of cystine and/or lysine, and 19 of these were documented to be heterozygous for cystinuria.
- Published
- 1979
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25. Citron and lemon under the lens of HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy
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Francesca Parenti, Luisa Schenetti, Valeria Righi, Adele Mucci, Adele Mucci, Francesca Parenti, Valeria Righi, and Luisa Schenetti
- Subjects
Citrus ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Sucrose ,lemon and citron ,Carbohydrates ,fruit ripening ,engineering.material ,Analytical Chemistry ,Terpene ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Magic angle spinning ,commercial assessment of fruit maturity ,Amino Acids ,High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HR-MAS) ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chromatography ,Pulp (paper) ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Fatty acid ,Ripening ,General Medicine ,Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ,metabolomics ,Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ,HR-MAS ,citron ,lemon ,metabolic profile ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Fruit ,engineering ,Malic acid ,Acids ,Food Science - Abstract
High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HR-MAS) is an NMR technique that can be applied to semi-solid samples. Flavedo, albedo, pulp, seeds, and oil gland content of lemon and citron were studied through HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy, which was used directly on intact tissue specimens without any physicochemical manipulation. HR-MAS NMR proved to be a very suitable technique for detecting terpenes, sugars, organic acids, aminoacids and osmolites. It is valuable in observing changes in sugars, principal organic acids (mainly citric and malic) and ethanol contents of pulp specimens and this strongly point to its use to follow fruit ripening, or commercial assessment of fruit maturity. HR-MAS NMR was also used to derive the molar percentage of fatty acid components of lipids in seeds, which can change depending on the Citrus species and varieties. Finally, this technique was employed to elucidate the metabolic profile of mold flavedo.
- Published
- 2013
26. Sour cherry seed proteins devoted to covalently bonded carbohydrate moieties: efficacy of transaction and carbohydrate type on amino acid distribution and emulsifier behavior.
- Author
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Akalan, Merve, Başyiğit, Bülent, Yücetepe, Melike, Karakuş, Mehmet Şükrü, Bayrak Akay, Kamile, Karaaslan, Asliye, and Karaaslan, Mehmet
- Subjects
SOUR cherry ,SEED proteins ,AMINO acids ,STABILIZING agents ,CARBOHYDRATES ,PECTINS - Abstract
This paper handled the Maillard reaction under controlled conditions to conjugate sour cherry seed protein isolate (SCPI) with gum Arabic (GA), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and pectin (P) polysaccharides. Characteristic investigations for conjugates were conducted by browning intensity, glycation degree, amino acid, FTIR, SEM, and TGA analyses. After glycation, the level of lysine and arginine declined. Conjugation process displayed beneficial efficacy on techno-functional attributes, namely solubility, water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, foaming capacity/stability and emulsion activity/stability of SCPI but maximum values in terms of these attributes were variable according to conjugate type. Stability index of emulsions stabilized by using conjugates including SCPI-GA (0.87 R), SCPI-CMC (0.94 R), and SCPI-P (0.95 R) was superior than that of SCPI alone (0.60 R). Centrifugal precipitation rate was 59.17, 36.04, 32.61, and 30.92% for emulsions prepared in the presence of SCPI, SCPI-GA, SCPI-CMC, and SCPI-P, respectively. Resilience to freeze-thawed, pH-shifting, various salt concentrations, and different temperature applications of emulsions were investigated to evaluate emulsifier behavior of protein and conjugates in food systems. Findings showed that emulsifying properties of the conjugates prepared using P and CMC came to the fore compared to SCPI alone and SCPI-GA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Synthesis and NMR studies of malonyl-linked glycoconjugates of
- Author
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Markus, Nörrlinger, Sven, Hafner, and Thomas, Ziegler
- Subjects
Chemistry ,amino acids ,Organic Chemistry ,carbohydrates ,glycopeptides ,N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine ,Full Research Paper ,glycoconjugates - Abstract
Summary Four glycoconjugate building blocks for the construction of combinatorial PNA like glycopeptide libraries were prepared in 75–79% yield by condensing tert-butyl N-[2-(N-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonylamino)ethyl]glycinate (AEG) 5 with 3-oxo-3-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosylamino)- (6a), 3-oxo-3-(β-D-galactopyranosylamino)- (6b), 3-oxo-3-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosylamino)- (6c) and 3-oxo-3-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranosylamino)propanoic acid (6d), respectively. The resulting AEG glycoconjugates 1a–d were converted into the corresponding free acids 2a–d in 97–98% yield by treatment with aqueous formic acid. The Fmoc group of compound 1c was removed and the intermediate amine 9 was condensed with 2a to afford the corresponding glycosylated AEG dipeptide 4 in 58% yield. All glycoconjugate building blocks showed the presence of cis and trans rotamers. Compounds 1a, 1b and 4 were subjected to temperature dependent 1H NMR spectroscopy in order to determine the coalescence temperature which resulted in calculated rotation barriers of 17.9–18.3 kcal/mol for the rotamers.
- Published
- 2016
28. JLigand: a graphical tool for the CCP4 template-restraint library
- Author
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Paul Young, Olga V. Moroz, Andrey Lebedev, Michail N. Isupov, Garib N. Murshudov, and A.A. Vagin
- Subjects
Models, Molecular ,Carbohydrates ,010402 general chemistry ,computer.software_genre ,Ligands ,01 natural sciences ,Data type ,Molecular graphics ,03 medical and health sciences ,Structural Biology ,Software Design ,molecular graphics ,Amino Acids ,Databases, Protein ,030304 developmental biology ,Graphical user interface ,0303 health sciences ,business.industry ,Chemistry ,Programming language ,macromolecular refinement ,General Medicine ,Research Papers ,3. Good health ,0104 chemical sciences ,Crystallography ,restraint library ,business ,computer ,Algorithms - Abstract
The CCP4 template-restraint library defines restraints for biopolymers, their modifications and ligands that are used in macromolecular structure refinement. JLigand is a graphical editor for generating descriptions of new ligands and covalent linkages., Biological macromolecules are polymers and therefore the restraints for macromolecular refinement can be subdivided into two sets: restraints that are applied to atoms that all belong to the same monomer and restraints that are associated with the covalent bonds between monomers. The CCP4 template-restraint library contains three types of data entries defining template restraints: descriptions of monomers and their modifications, both used for intramonomer restraints, and descriptions of links for intermonomer restraints. The library provides generic descriptions of modifications and links for protein, DNA and RNA chains, and for some post-translational modifications including glycosylation. Structure-specific template restraints can be defined in a user’s additional restraint library. Here, JLigand, a new CCP4 graphical interface to LibCheck and REFMAC that has been developed to manage the user’s library and generate new monomer entries is described, as well as new entries for links and associated modifications.
- Published
- 2012
29. N-fertilization has different effects on the growth, carbon and nitrogen physiology, and wood properties of slow- and fast-growing Populus species
- Author
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Andrea Polle, Xu Cao, Long Qu, Hua Bai, Dennis Janz, Ying Gai, Jie Luo, Changhui Peng, Zhi-Bin Luo, Xiangning Jiang, Tong-Xian Liu, Hong Li, and Mengchun Li
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Physiology ,nitrate transporter ,carbohydrates ,Plant Science ,bioenergy ,01 natural sciences ,Lignin ,Nitrate Reductase ,Plant Roots ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Soil ,Biomass ,Photosynthesis ,Plant Proteins ,0303 health sciences ,Plant Stems ,Glutamate Synthase ,Plant physiology ,food and beverages ,Wood ,Populus ,Shoot ,Amino acids ,Plant Shoots ,Research Paper ,Nitrogen ,Ammonium nitrate ,ammonium transporter ,Biology ,Nitrate reductase ,bioenergy, carbohydrates ,gene expression ,03 medical and health sciences ,Species Specificity ,Xylem ,Botany ,Ammonium ,Nitrogen cycle ,030304 developmental biology ,Nitrates ,fungi ,Biological Transport ,Plant Transpiration ,15. Life on land ,Carbon ,Plant Leaves ,Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ,chemistry ,Chlorophyll ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
To investigate how N-fertilization affects the growth, carbon and nitrogen (N) physiology, and wood properties of poplars with contrasting growth characteristics, slow-growing (Populus popularis, Pp) and fast-growing (P. alba×P. glandulosa, Pg) poplar saplings were exposed to different N levels. Above-ground biomass, leaf area, photosynthetic rates (A), instantaneous photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE (i)), chlorophyll and foliar sugar concentrations were higher in Pg than in Pp. Foliar nitrate reductase (NR) activities and root glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activities were higher in Pg than in Pp as were the N amount and NUE of new shoots. Lignin contents and calorific values of Pg wood were less than that of Pp wood. N-fertilization reduced root biomass of Pg more than of Pp, but increased leaf biomass, leaf area, A, and PNUE(i) of Pg more than of Pp. Among 13 genes involved in the transport of ammonium or nitrate or in N assimilation, transcripts showed more pronounced changes to N-fertilization in Pg than in Pp. Increases in NR activities and N contents due to N-fertilization were larger in Pg than in Pp. In both species, N-fertilization resulted in lower calorific values as well as shorter and wider vessel elements/fibres. These results suggest that growth, carbon and N physiology, and wood properties are more sensitive to increasing N availability in fast-growing poplars than in slow-growing ones, which is probably due to prioritized resource allocation to the leaves and accelerated N physiological processes in fast-growing poplars under higher N levels. peerReviewed
- Published
- 2012
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30. Phloem sap and leaf δ13C, carbohydrates, and amino acid concentrations in Eucalyptus globulus change systematically according to flooding and water deficit treatment
- Author
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Mark A. Adams, Charles R. Warren, Andrew Merchant, Claudia Keitel, Andreas D. Peuke, and Craig Macfarlane
- Subjects
raffinose ,Sucrose ,Physiology ,Carbohydrates ,phloem sap ,Plant Science ,Phloem ,Inorganic ions ,Biology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,flooding ,Nutrient ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Botany ,Savia ,Sugar ,water deficit ,Eucalyptus ,Carbon Isotopes ,fungi ,Myrtaceae ,food and beverages ,sucrose ,biology.organism_classification ,Research Papers ,Plant Leaves ,Photoassimilate ,chemistry ,Amino acids - Abstract
Phloem is a central conduit for the distribution of photoassimilate, nutrients, and signals among plant organs. A revised technique was used to collect phloem sap from small woody plants in order to assess changes in composition induced by water deficit and flooding. Bled phloem sap delta(13)C and sugar concentrations were compared to delta(13)C of bulk material, soluble carbon extracts, and the neutral sugar fraction from leaves. Amino acid composition and inorganic ions of the phloem sap was also analysed. Quantitative, systematic changes were detected in phloem sap composition and delta(13)C in response to altered water availability. Phloem sap delta(13)C was more sensitive to changes of water availability than the delta(13)C of bulk leaf, the soluble carbon fraction, and the neutral soluble fraction of leaves. Changes in water availability also resulted in significant changes in phloem sugar (sucrose and raffinose), inorganic nutrient (potassium), and amino acid (phenylalanine) concentrations with important implications for the maintenance of phloem function and biomass partitioning. The differences in carbohydrate and amino acid composition as well as the delta(13)C in the phloem, along with a new model system for phloem research, offer an improved understanding of the phloem-mediated signal, nutrient, and photoassimilate transduction in relation to water availability.
- Published
- 2010
31. INTESTINAL GLYCOPROTEINS OF GERMFREE RATS
- Author
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Riaz Khan, Jens K. Wold, and Tore Midtvedt
- Subjects
Male ,Chromatography, Gas ,Chromatography, Paper ,Colon ,Carbohydrates ,Biology ,Fucose ,Feces ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Aspartic acid ,Animals ,Germ-Free Life ,Amino Acids ,Threonine ,Cecum ,Glycoproteins ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Hydrolysis ,Mucin ,General Medicine ,Mucus ,Diet ,Rats ,Sialic acid ,Amino acid ,Molecular Weight ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Galactose ,Chromatography, Gel ,Female ,Ion Exchange Resins - Abstract
Intestinal and fecal contents were collected from germfree rats fed a chemically defined diet. The contents, considered to consist mainly of the epithelial mucin of the gastrointestinal tract, were separately extracted with water followed by dialysis and freezedrying. The products obtained had a similar composition, corresponding to substances of glyco-protein nature. The carbohydrate part, constituting about 80 per cent of the material, contained galactose, mannose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetyl-galactosamine and sialic acid. In the peptide moiety serine, threonine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid were the major amino acids. Gel chromatographic experiments indicated, chemical as well as physical heterogeneity of the extracts.
- Published
- 2009
32. Metabolic changes of salicylic acid-elicited Catharanthus roseus cell suspension cultures monitored by NMR-based metabolomics
- Author
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Natali Rianika Mustafa, Young Hae Choi, Robert Verpoorte, and Hye Kyong Kim
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Tryptamine ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Time Factors ,Sucrose ,Catharanthus ,Propanols ,Gentisates ,Carbohydrates ,Bioengineering ,01 natural sciences ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabolomics ,Metabolomics ,Amino Acids ,Cell suspension cultures ,030304 developmental biology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,0303 health sciences ,Catharanthus roseus ,biology ,Elicitation ,Salicylic acid ,General Medicine ,Metabolism ,Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ,biology.organism_classification ,Tryptamines ,3. Good health ,Amino acid ,Original Research Paper ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Cell culture ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Biotechnology - Abstract
The effect of salicylic acid (SA) on the metabolic profile of Catharanthus roseus suspension cells throughout a time course (0, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment) was investigated using NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis. When compared to control cell lines, SA-treated cells showed a high level of sugars (glucose and sucrose) up to 48 h after treatment, followed by a dynamic change in amino acids, phenylpropanoids, and tryptamine. Additionally, one compound--2,5-dihydroxybenzoic-5-O-glucoside--was detected solely in SA-treated cells.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
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33. ATG5-knockout mutants of Physcomitrella provide a platform for analyzing the involvement of autophagy in senescence processes in plant cells
- Author
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Yuko Inoue, Kyosuke Mukae, and Yuji Moriyasu
- Subjects
Chlorophyll ,autophagy ,senescence ,Physcomitrella ,Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase ,Mutant ,ATG5 ,Carbohydrates ,Plant Science ,Vacuole ,Cycloheximide ,Genes, Plant ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Gene Knockout Techniques ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Plant Cells ,Amino Acids ,Cellular Senescence ,Plant Proteins ,bryophyte ,biology ,Autophagy ,RuBisCO ,Darkness ,biology.organism_classification ,Bryopsida ,Culture Media ,Phenotype ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Solubility ,sugar ,Mutation ,biology.protein ,Cell aging ,amino acid ,Research Paper - Abstract
Autophagy is a pathway in which a cell degrades part of its cytoplasm in vacuoles or lysosomes. To identify the physiological functions of autophagy in plants, we disrupted ATG5, an autophagy-related gene, in Physcomitrella, and confirmed that atg5 mutants are deficient in the process of autophagy. On carbon or nitrogen starvation medium, atg5 colonies turned yellow earlier than the wild-type (WT) colonies, showing that Physcomitrella atg5 mutants, like yeast and Arabidopsis, are sensitive to nutrient starvation. In the dark, even under nutrient-sufficient conditions, colonies turned yellow and the net degradation of chlorophyll and Rubisco protein occurred together with the upregulation of several senescence-associated genes. Yellowing reactions were inhibited by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, suggesting that protonemal colonies undergo dark-induced senescence like the green leaves of higher plants. Such senescence responses in the dark occurred earlier in atg5 colonies than WT colonies. The sugar content was almost the same between WT and atg5 colonies, indicating that the early-senescence phenotype of atg5 is not explained by sugar deficiency. However, the levels of 7 amino acids showed significantly different alteration between atg5 and WT in the dark: 6 amino acids, particularly arginine and alanine, were much more deficient in the atg5 mutants, irrespective of the early degradation of Rubisco protein. On nutrient-sufficient medium supplemented with casamino acids, the early-senescence phenotype was slightly moderated. We propose that the early-senescence phenotype in atg5 mutants is partly explained by amino acid imbalance because of the lack of cytoplasmic degradation by autophagy in Physcomitrella.
- Published
- 2015
34. Long-term in vitro culture of grape berries and its application to assesse the effects of sugar supply on anthocyanin accumulation
- Author
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Ghislaine Hilbert, Christel Renaud, Eric Gomès, Zhanwu Dai, Isabelle Merlin, Messaoud Meddar, Serge Delrot, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne (UMR EGFV), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), and École Nationale d'Ingénieurs des Travaux Agricoles - Bordeaux (ENITAB)
- Subjects
Sucrose ,Time Factors ,Physiology ,Nitrogen ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Carbohydrates ,Down-Regulation ,Plant Science ,Berry ,Fructose ,Biology ,In Vitro Techniques ,Genes, Plant ,Anthocyanins ,Tissue Culture Techniques ,grape quality ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology ,Vitis ,Amino Acids ,Sugar ,Abscisic acid ,Anthocyanidin ,secondary metabolism ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Ripening ,in vitro ,sugar signalling ,Carbon ,Up-Regulation ,Glucose ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Anthocyanin ,Fruit ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,Transcriptome ,Abscisic Acid ,Research Paper - Abstract
Summary A long-term in vitro culture system of intact grape berries was developed which can serve to study the response of berry composition to various trophic factors, shown by sugar regulation of anthocyanin accumulation., Grape berry development and ripening are under complex regulation by the nutrients, hormones, and environment cues sensed by the berry. However, the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying these types of regulation are poorly understood. A simplified but realistic model system that enables fruit growth conditions to be modulated easily will facilitate the deciphering of these mechanisms. Here, an in vitro culture system of intact detached grape berries was developed by coupling the production of greenhouse fruiting-cuttings and in vitro organ culture techniques. 13C and 15N labelling experiments showed that this system enables the intact detached berries actively to absorb and utilize carbon and nitrogen from the culture medium. It was further used to study the effects of sugars on anthocyanin accumulation. A sucrose concentration >2% could induce anthocyanin synthesis in the absence of additional exogenous abscisic acid. The higher the sucrose concentration, the earlier was the induction of anthocyanin accumulation. Glucose, fructose, and sucrose increased anthocyanin accumulation, with glucose and fructose being more effective than sucrose. This increase was not due to an increase in its precursor level, since the phenylalanine content was decreased by a high sugar supply. Instead, genome-wide transcriptome analysis suggests that the sugar-induced enhancement of anthocyanin accumulation results from altered expression of regulatory and structural genes (especially UDP-glucose:anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase), together with massive reprogramming in signalling transduction pathways. This in vitro system may serve to study the response of berry composition to nutrient factors and hormones, and their interaction with environmental factors (e.g. light and temperature), which can all be finely tuned and controlled.
- Published
- 2014
35. Detection of sugars and aminoacids in antigens of Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei
- Author
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A H, Aubaid, A Z, Risan, and A K, Naem
- Subjects
Antigens, Fungal ,Trichophyton ,Chromatography, Paper ,Carbohydrates ,Amino Acids ,Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose - Abstract
Crude antigen extracted from mycelium of Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei by means of phenol and ethylene glycol was studied for sugar and amino acid constituents using DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column chromatography for fractionation. The results revealed that the crude antigen contains 13 sugars and 15 amino acids. It is presumed that the antigenicity is based on glycopeptide fractions.
- Published
- 1999
36. ACTIVE COMPOUNDS OBSERVATION IN POMEGRANATE PEEL.
- Author
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Parashar, Amit and Rajawat, Ajay Kumar
- Subjects
PHYTOCHEMICALS ,POMEGRANATE ,FLAVONOID glycosides ,PHENOLS ,CARBOHYDRATES ,DYSENTERY ,AMINO acids - Abstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The total area under cultivation of pomegranate in India is 107.00 thousand ha and production is around 743.00 thousand tons. Maharashtra is the leading producer of pomegranate followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. This plant is grown as small trees or shrubs in various countries like Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Russia and Mediterranean region. Mainly Pomegranate plant plays a vital role in medicinal treatments; it cures different diseases like cancer, stomach disorder, diabetes, anemia and dysentery. From the peel extract the tests were carried out to find the presence of the following chemical compounds such as carbohydrates, reducing sugars, glycosides proteins, amino acids, phenolic compounds, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, etc. This paper shows an evaluation of pomegranate peel extract using different chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
37. Some chemical characteristics of human minor salivary gland secretions
- Author
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Arne Hensten-Pettersen
- Subjects
Adult ,Immunodiffusion ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Carbohydrates ,Specimen Handling ,stomatognathic system ,Major Salivary Gland ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Electrophoresis, Paper ,Secretion ,Amino Acids ,Saliva ,General Dentistry ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Salivary gland ,Sulfates ,Hexuronic Acids ,Immune Sera ,Albumin ,General Medicine ,Carbohydrate ,Electrophoresis, Disc ,Lipids ,Amino acid ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Composition (visual arts) - Abstract
The minor salivary glands contribute to the composition of whole saliva, but little information has been available about their chemical constituents. Pilocarpine-stimulated labial and palatine secretion from 4 human subjects was investigated by paper and disc electrophoresis, immunochemical analysis, and for content of carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, hexuronic acids and sulphate. No significant differences were noted between the labial and palatine secretions by any of the methods employed. The minor gland secretions appeared to consist mainly of mucosubstances, possibly with blood group specificity. In addition, three water-soluble components with the characteristics of albumin, alpha-amylase and secretory IgA were seen. The minor gland secretions had an amino acid profile different from those of the major salivary glands and contained higher proportions of carbohydrate. Only one lipid component, with the characteristics of a polar lipid, was seen. Hexuronic acids were not detected in either secretion, whereas both contained sulphate. It would appear that the minor mucous glands contribute to the content of mucosubstances in whole saliva, whereas their content of water-soluble material is negligible in this respect.
- Published
- 1976
38. Structures of Sugar Chains of the Third Component of Human Complement
- Author
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Kozo Inoue, Tokuji Ikenaka, Norihisa Kikuchi, and Sumihiro Hase
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chemical Phenomena ,Chemistry ,Stereochemistry ,Component (thermodynamics) ,Carbohydrates ,Mannose ,Complement C3 ,General Medicine ,Paper electrophoresis ,Acetates ,Biochemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Carbohydrate Sequence ,Exoglycosidase ,Methylation analysis ,Humans ,Amino Acids ,Sugar ,Glycoprotein ,Molecular Biology ,Size determination ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,Acetic Acid - Abstract
Human C3, the third component of human complement, contained mannose and N-acetylglucosamine as sugar components. The sugar chains were liberated from the polypeptide chains by hydrazinolysis, and the free amino groups were N-acetylated. The reducing end residues of the sugar chains thus obtained were tagged with 2-aminopyridine, and the pyridylamino (PA-) derivatives of sugar chains were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The structures of purified PA-sugar chains were analyzed by a combination of stepwise exoglycosidase digestions, size determination by paper electrophoresis, methylation analysis, Smith degradation, and partial acetolysis. These results showed that C3 contained two high-mannose type sugar chains ranging from Man5GlcNAc2 to Man9GlcNAc2. Analyses of the sugar chains of alpha- and beta-chains of C3 indicated that the alpha-chain contained mainly Man8GlcNAc2 and Man9GlcNAc2, while the beta-chain contained mainly Man5GlcNAc2 and Man6GlcNAc2.
- Published
- 1985
39. Research Progress on Chemical Constituents, Extraction Methods and Pharmacological Effects of Sauropus spatulifolius Beille.
- Author
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Xin XIE, Liyuan LI, Chunxiao QIN, Tong LI, Yajie JING, Suoyi HUANG, Weijia LIN, Xiaolin FU, Liqiong ZHOU, Huiqin LI, and Cubda WANG
- Subjects
- *
ESSENTIAL oils , *ORGANIC acids , *CARBOHYDRATES , *PULMONARY edema , *SAPONINS , *AMINO acids , *GLYCOSIDES - Abstract
Sauropus spatulifolius Beille is a small evergreen shrub in Sauropus of the Euphorbiaceae family. It mainly contains chemical components such as amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, polypeptides, glycosides, saponins, tannins, organic acids, alkaloids, coumarin and lactones, volatile oils and oils. In addition, the chemical components obtained by different extraction processes are also different. spatulifolius Beille mainly has antitussive and expectorant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, bacteriostatic, antioxidant, and anti-allergic effects. The rich biological activity of S. spatulifolius Beille makes it have clinical applications such as adjuvant treatment of pulmonary edema, recovery of lung function, and treatment of chronic laryngitis or chronic pharyngitis. In this paper, the main chemical components, extraction and identification methods and biological activity of S. spatulifolius Beille were described in depth, in order to further lay a solid foundation for the in-depth research, development and utilization of S. spatulifolius Beille. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Short-term thermal exposure effects on growth rate, photosynthetic performance, and chemical composition in Pyropia spiralis (Rhodophyta) from the brazilian coast: insights and limitations
- Author
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Urrea-Victoria, Vanessa and Chow, Fungyi
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Covalent modification of chitosan surfaces with a sugar amino acid and lysine analogues
- Author
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Dorn, Tobias, Finšgar, Matjaž, Stana Kleinschek, Karin, Steindorfer, Tobias, Thonhofer, Martin, Wrodnigg, Tanja M., and Kargl, Rupert
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Pharmacological and nutritive potential of Euphorbia granulata.
- Author
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Ahmad, Saeed, Perveen, Samya, Arshad, Muhammad Adeel, and Rehman, Tayyeba
- Subjects
AMINO acids ,ANTIBIOTICS ,ANTIFUNGAL agents ,ANTIOXIDANTS ,CARBOHYDRATES ,DIURETICS ,MEDICINAL plants ,MINERALS ,PARASYMPATHOLYTIC agents ,TOXICOLOGY ,TRADITIONAL medicine ,ULCERATIVE colitis ,UNSATURATED fatty acids ,SATURATED fatty acids ,NUTRITIONAL value - Abstract
Background: Euphorbia granulata is herb of family Euphorbiaceae having several traditional uses. The aim of the study is to summarize reported nutritional and medicinal value along with ethnomedical records. Methods: The papers on nutritional and medicinal value of E. granulata are collected from electronic search engines (Google Scholar, PubMed). Synonyms are confirmed from "The plant List." Results: Pharmacological studies suggest that the extracts of E. granulata possess antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, diuretic, antiulcerative colitis and spasmolytic properties. Moreover, it is rich with nutritive components such as carbohydrates, lipid contents (saturated and unsaturated fatty acids), minerals and protein (amino acids). Toxicological data of E. granulata showed that it may be poisonous and toxic at higher doses. Conclusion: Research studies suggest that E. granulata has sufficient pharmacological potential against several diseases including infections, gastric ulcers, anuria, oliguria and spasmodic disorders; however, more research is required to confirm its pharmacological potential. Moreover, dose fixation studies should be carried out to avoid its toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Further studies on an eleventh case of heavy (Hgamma1) chain disease--physico-chemical studies
- Author
-
Arima, Terukatsu, Miyamoto-Sudo, Chizuko, Hirohata, Mamoru, Tanigawa, Takashi, Tsuboi, Shuhei, Tsunajima, Takehiko, Kuwauchi, Satoshi, and Imai, Masanobu
- Subjects
Adult ,Molecular Weight ,Viscosity ,Carbohydrates ,Humans ,Electrophoresis, Paper ,Female ,Amino Acids ,Immunoelectrophoresis ,Heavy Chain Disease ,Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments - Abstract
An abnormal protein with similar antigenic properties to Fc fragments of IgG, was found in the serum and urine of an eleventh case of heavy (Hgamma1) chain disease (Yok). This protein was purified with ammonium sulfate precipitation and by column chromatography of DEAE cellulose, CM cellulose and Sephadex G-200. The purity of the protein obtained was 98.5%. It was crystallized easily, forming thin hexagonal plates of various sizes. The chemical compositions and physical properties of the protein including viscosity, partial specific volume, diffusion constant, sedimentation constant, frictional ratio, extinction coefficient and iso-ionic point are reported.
- Published
- 1975
44. Isolation and Purification of a Small Molecular Weight Hydroxyproline-Containing Structural Glycopeptide From Early Mammalian Granulation Tissue
- Author
-
Luis E. Mejer and Nancy L. Noble
- Subjects
Carbohydrates ,Mannose ,Biology ,Biochemistry ,Hydroxyproline ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Residue (chemistry) ,Rheumatology ,medicine ,Animals ,Electrophoresis, Paper ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Proline ,Amino Acids ,Molecular Biology ,Alanine ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Glycopeptides ,Cell Biology ,Glycopeptide ,Rats ,Amino acid ,Molecular Weight ,chemistry ,Chromatography, Gel ,Granulation Tissue ,Collagenase ,medicine.drug - Abstract
A small molecular weight structural glycopeptide was solubilized after collagenase digestion of the connective tissue capsule surrounding the 5-day sponge-implant of the rat. The major amino acids are one residue each of aspartic and glutamic acids, proline, hydroxyproline and alanine and two residues of glycine, and the carbohydrates are one residue each of glucose, xylose and hexosamine and two residues of mannose. The sum of the amino acid and carbohydrate residues gives a molecular weight of 1635. Dansylation of the glycopeptide produces a single strongly fluorescent yellow-orange amino-terminal spot, not positively identified. The solubilization of the granuloma glycopeptide by collagenase and its composition are suggestive of its association with an immature form of collagen in early granulation tissue.
- Published
- 1977
45. Rapid biochemical test for seed germinability
- Author
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C J, Martínez-Honduvilla and A, Santos-Ruiz
- Subjects
Chromatography, Paper ,Seeds ,Carbohydrates ,Amino Acids ,Trees - Abstract
Sugar and aminoacids were investigated in sterile distilled water after Pinus pinea seeds had been soaked in it during 24 hours at 37 degrees C. Germination viability decreased with the ageing of the seeds and was accompanied by sugar and aminoacids increase in the exudate. The sugar content from seeds with loss of germinability was about 50 to 80 times greater than that from seeds with good germinability. Paper chromatography showed that there was an increase in mono, di, oligosaccharides and amino-acids in seeds without germinability, but these substances were only found as trace quantities in viable seeds. The methods already described by TKAYANAGI and MURAKAMI to determine germinability could be applied with some modifications to Pinus pinea seeds. The presence of sugar in the exudate could be detected by urine sugar test after 24 hours at 37 degrees C. It was necessary to concentrate the exudate till a final volume of 2 ml.
- Published
- 1975
46. Characterization of a glycopeptide from the proline-rich glycoprotein of human parotid saliva
- Author
-
H.C. Li and Michael J. Levine
- Subjects
Glycosylamine ,Chromatography ,Proline ,Carbohydrates ,Glycopeptides ,Mannose ,Cell Biology ,General Medicine ,Fucose ,Glycopeptide ,Sialic acid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Paper chromatography ,Otorhinolaryngology ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Sephadex ,Humans ,Parotid Gland ,Asparagine ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Amino Acids ,Salivary Proteins and Peptides ,General Dentistry ,Glycoproteins - Abstract
Glycopeptides (Gp I and Gp II) were prepared from the proline-rich glycoprotein of human parotid saliva by extensive papain-pronase digestion, Sephadex G-25 gel filtration, and DE-52 cellulose chromatography. Their carbohydrate units contained N-acetylgluco-samine, mannose, fucose, galactose and sialic acid. Based upon minimal mol wt calculations, the salivary glycoprotein contained four heteropolysaccharide units. One glycopeptide (Gp I) was homogeneous by N-terminal analysis and descending paper chromatography. Using dansyl-Edman degradation and partial acid hydrolysis coupled with dansylation, the peptide sequence of Gp I was found to be GlyGlyProAsn (CHO)Gln. Alkaline borohydride treatment of Gp I at 80 °C verified a glycosylamine bond between asparagine and N-acetylglucosamine.
- Published
- 1980
47. Chemical and immunological characterization of lipopolysaccharides from phase I and phase II Coxiella burnetii
- Author
-
K.-I. Amano and J. C. Williams
- Subjects
Lipopolysaccharides ,Immunodiffusion ,Carbohydrates ,Antigen-Antibody Complex ,Biology ,Microbiology ,Lipid A ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ethanolamine ,Coxiella ,Species Specificity ,Glucosamine ,Amino Acids ,Molecular Biology ,Gel electrophoresis ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Immune Sera ,Fatty Acids ,Fatty acid ,Acetylation ,Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion ,Paper chromatography ,Biochemistry ,chemistry ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ,Bacterial antigen ,Research Article - Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) isolated from phase I and phase II Coxiella burnetii (LPS I and LPS II, respectively) were analyzed for chemical compositions, molecular heterogeneity by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunological properties. The yields of crude phenol-water extracts from phase I cells were roughly three to six times higher than those from phase II cells. Purification of LPSs by ultracentrifugation gave similar yields for both LPS I and LPS II. Purified LPS I and LPS II contained roughly 0.8 and 0.6% protein, respectively. The fatty acid constituents of the LPSs were different in composition and content, with branched-chain fatty acids representing about 15% of the total. beta-Hydroxymyristic acid was not detected in either LPS I or LPS II. A thiobarbituric acid-periodate-positive compound was evident in the LPSs; however, this component was not identified as 3-deoxy-D-mannooctulosonic acid by gas and paper chromatographies. LPS II contained D-mannose, D-glucose, D-glyceromannoheptose, glucosamine, ethanolamine, 3-deoxy-D-mannooctulosonic acid-like material, phosphate, and fatty acids. LPS I contained the unique disaccharide galactosaminuronyl glucosamine and nine unidentified components in addition to the components of LPS II. The hydrophobic, putative lipid A fraction of LPS I and LPS II contained the above constituents, but the hydrophilic fraction was devoid of ethanolamine. The LPS I disaccharide galactosaminuronyl glucosamine was found in both fractions of the acetic acid hydrolysates. Analysis of LPSs by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by silver staining indicated that LPS II was composed of only one band, whereas LPS I consisted of six or more bands with irregular spacing. Ouchterlony immunodiffusion tests demonstrated that LPS I reacted with phase I but not with phase II whole-cell hyperimmune antibody, and LPS II reacted neither with phase I nor phase II hyperimmune antibody. From these results, it was concluded that the chemical structures of LPSs from C. burnetii were different from those of the LPSs of gram-negative bacteria; however, the LPS structural variation in C. burnetii may be similar to the smooth-to-rough mutational variation of saccharide chain length in gram-negative bacteria.
- Published
- 1984
48. Comparative study of carbohydrate-protein complexes. III. Peptide structures of the linkage region in proteoglycans of human, porcine and shark cartilages
- Author
-
M, Isemura, T, Hanyu, H, Kosaka, T, Ono, and T, Ikenaka
- Subjects
Species Specificity ,Swine ,Pronase ,Chondroitin Sulfates ,Carbohydrates ,Sharks ,Animals ,Humans ,Electrophoresis, Paper ,Amino Acids ,Chondroitin ,Peptide Fragments ,Chondroitinases and Chondroitin Lyases - Abstract
Chondroitin sulfite peptidoglycans were prepared by the pronase digestion of cartilages from human knee joints, porcine tracheae, and shark crania. The beta-elimination and sulfite addition reaction of these peptidoglycans yielded cysteic acid-containing peptides, and the amino acid sequences of some of them were determined. The finding that human and porcine peptidoglycans have the same sequence in the linkage region as that of the bovine peptidoglycan reported previously suggested that there is a common structural feature in the core proteins of these mammalian cartilage proteoglycans. The results also support the view that -Ser-Gly- is the minimum requisite for the formation of the xylosylserine linkage of proteochondroitin sulfates.
- Published
- 1981
49. On the carbohydrate-protein linkage group in vitreous humor hyaluronate
- Author
-
Williams S. Allen, Ranbir S. Varma, Rajendra Varma, and Ahmad H. Wardi
- Subjects
Threonine ,Chromatography, Gas ,Chromatography, Paper ,Size-exclusion chromatography ,Biophysics ,Carbohydrates ,Uronic acid ,Borohydrides ,Antiparallel (biochemistry) ,Biochemistry ,Serine ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Aspartic acid ,Animals ,Amino Acids ,Hyaluronic Acid ,Molecular Biology ,Fucose ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Aspartic Acid ,Chromatography ,Viscosity ,Proteins ,Hexosamines ,Carbohydrate ,Arabinose ,Amino acid ,Molecular Weight ,Vitreous Body ,chemistry ,Chromatography, Gel ,Cattle ,Oxidation-Reduction - Abstract
Fractional molar ratios of serine, threonine and aspartic acid to neutral sugars in the purified bovine vitreous humor hyaluronate, and a 4–5-fold increase in the percentage of these amino acids and the absence of sugar alditols in hyaluronate reduced with NaBH 4 PdCl 2 after alkali treatment indicated the absence of a carbohydrate—protein linkage. Gel filtration behavior, a decrease in intrinsic viscosity of reduced hyaluronate to about one-half and a significant decrease in its specific rotation suggested that the two antiparallel chains of the hyaluronate double helix may come apart upo reduction. The vitreous humor hyaluronate contained 109.2 ppm of “bound” silicon. It is suggested that the bound silicon may bridge the two antiparallel chains through the neutral sugars and/or through the hydroxyl group of the uronic acid moiety.
- Published
- 1974
50. Studies on fetuin from foetal bovine serum. The composition and amino acid sequences of glycopeptides from fetuin
- Author
-
R, Begbie
- Subjects
Fetal Proteins ,Glucosamine ,Binding Sites ,Carbohydrates ,Glycopeptides ,Galactose ,Neuraminidase ,Borohydrides ,Carboxypeptidases ,Electrophoresis, Disc ,Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose ,Molecular Weight ,Pronase ,Alpha-Globulins ,Chromatography, Gel ,Sialic Acids ,Animals ,Cattle ,Electrophoresis, Paper ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Amino Acids ,Isoelectric Focusing ,Peptides ,Mannose ,Ultracentrifugation - Published
- 1974
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