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Prior research suggests that culturally aligned, accessible and lower-barrier interventions are well-placed to align with the needs of American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) people with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Taking into account community members' suggestions and the need for physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic, our team developed a protocol for virtual Harm Reduction Talking Circles (HaRTC) to incorporate these points. The aims of this 8-week, single-arm pilot were to initially document feasibility, acceptability, and outcomes associated with attendance at virtual HaRTC, which integrates the accessibility of virtual connection, a lower-barrier harm-reduction approach, and a culturally aligned intervention. Participants (N = 51) were AI/AN people with AUD (current or in remission) across 41 Tribal affiliations and 25 US states. After a baseline interview, participants were invited to attend 8, weekly virtual HaRTC sessions. At the baseline, midpoint and post-test assessments, we collected data on virtual HaRTC acceptability, cultural connectedness, quality of life, and alcohol outcomes. Of the 123 people approached, 63% were interested in and consented to participation. Participants attended an average of 2.1 (SD = 2.02) virtual HaRTC sessions, with 64% of participants attending at least one. On a scale from 1 to 10, participants rated the virtual HaRTC as highly acceptable (M = 9.3, SD = 1.9), effective (M = 8.4, SD = 2.9), culturally aligned (M = 9.2, SD = 1.5), helpful (M = 8.8, SD = 1.9), and conducted in a good way (M = 9.8, SD = 0.5). Although the single-arm study design precludes causal inferences, participants evinced statistically significant decreases in days of alcohol use and alcohol-related harm over the three timepoints. Additionally, both sense of spirituality, which is a factor of cultural connectedness, and health-related quality of life increased over time as a function of the number of HaRTC sessions attended. Virtual HaRTC shows initial feasibility and acceptability as a culturally aligned intervention for AI/AN people with AUD. Future randomized controlled trials will provide a test of the efficacy of this approach., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Community Psychology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Civil commitment (CC) for substance use disorders (SUDs) is a legal mechanism, initiated by family members, healthcare professionals, or others, that compels individuals with substance use problems into involuntary treatment. With the recent rise of US overdose deaths, more states are considering these laws. Yet little is known about physicians' perspectives regarding CC in treating patients with SUDs., Methods: We conducted a web-based survey of American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) physician members regarding their awareness of, attitudes towards, and experiences with CC for adults with SUDs., Results: One hundred sixty-five addiction physicians completed the survey; 60.7% favored, 21.5% opposed, and 17.8% were unsure regarding CC for SUDs. More than a third (38.4%) were unfamiliar with these laws and more than a quarter (28.8%) were unsure if CC for SUDs was permitted in their state. Support for CC was strongest for SUDs involving heroin (79.0%), alcohol (74.7%), and nonheroin opioids (74.7%). Those opposing CC were more likely to believe it would jeopardize patient rapport (P < 0.001), would be ineffective for unmotivated individuals (P < 0.001), and should only be permitted for certain substances (P = 0.007). A majority of respondents endorsed the need for more clinician education (91.5%) and research (87.1%) on this topic., Conclusions: Although most addiction physicians in this study approve of CC for SUDs, enthusiasm for this compulsory intervention is mixed with strongest support for patients with opioid and alcohol use disorders. At the same time, many respondents are unfamiliar with these laws and most believe more education and research are needed., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 American Society of Addiction Medicine.)

Prior studies suggest that adult supervised drinking in adolescence predicts greater adolescent alcohol misuse. Long-term follow up data examining how adult supervised drinking during adolescence relates to alcohol misuse in adulthood are lacking. Longitudinal data from the International Youth Development Study tested associations between adult supervised drinking during adolescence (ages 13-16; 2002-2004) and adult alcohol misuse (ages 25-31; 2014, 2018, 2020). Cross-nationally matched samples were compared in Washington State, USA (n = 961) and Victoria, Australia (n = 1,957; total N = 2,918, 55 % female, 83 % White), where adult-supervised adolescent alcohol use was more common. Multilevel analyses adjusted for state, sex, adolescent drinking, parent education, family management, family history of substance use problems, and parent alcohol-related norms. Adult supervised drinking in adolescence (at dinner or parties, on holidays) predicted more adult alcohol misuse (mean Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test score; b[SE] 0.07[0.03]; p = 0.004) and higher rates of alcohol-impaired driving (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.501, p = 0.034) and riding with an alcohol-impaired driver (OR 1.669, p = 0.005), but not the use of strategies to moderate alcohol intake (e.g., counting drinks). Better family management (monitoring, clear rules) in adolescence predicted less adult alcohol misuse. Associations were similar in the two states. Reducing the frequency of adult supervised drinking and improving family management practices in adolescence may help to decrease alcohol misuse well into adulthood. Findings support the widespread implementation of substance use prevention and family management training programs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Ulysses S. Grant, Civil War general and twice-elected President of the United States, was highly respected in late-19th century America. Gradually however, it became the conventional wisdom that he was an alcoholic who had only succeeded as a general by using overwhelming force. This change began with his political enemies and those who resented his suppression of the Ku Klux Klan, his regard for the welfare of Native Americans and his support of Reconstruction. Jealous subordinates and those with an axe to grind added their voices to this and then the views of certain influential academic historians and romantic adherents of 'The Lost Cause' were unchallenged until the mid-1950s. Grant was undoubtedly an occasional binge drinker but this is not the same as being an alcoholic. Charles A. Dana is the most authoritative source for the claim that Grant was a frank alcoholic. In 1887 he wrote that Grant was drunk on a trip to Satartia, Mississippi in 1863 during the siege of Vicksburg. In this paper, the author shows that Grant was actually ill on that trip from the disease of malaria, alcohol was not involved at all, and that Grant suffered episodically from this disease both before and during the Civil War., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Alcohol consumption is common in many societies and has increased considerably, resulting in many socioeconomic and public health problems. In this sense, studies have been carried out in order to understand the mechanisms involved in alcohol consumption and related harmful effects. This study aimed to identify and map the knowledge and to perform bibliometric analysis of the neurotoxicology of alcohol based on the 100 most cited articles. A search was carried out in the Web of Science Core Collection database and information was extracted regarding the journal, authors, keywords, year of publication, number of citations, country and continent of the corresponding author. For each selected manuscript, the study design, alcohol exposure model, dose, period of exposure, and effect on the central nervous system and research hotspots were mapped. The journal with the highest number of publications was Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research (n = 11 papers), the author who contributed the most was Crews FT (n = 8 papers), the studies had a total of 288 keywords and 75% of the publications were from the United States of America. The experimental studies evaluated the effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure and were conducted in rats and mice using doses ranging from 2.5 to 14 g/kg/day, with administration by subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intragastric, or inhalation route or with free access through drinking bottles. Among the studies mapped, the oldest one (1989) aimed to understand the systemic damage and mechanisms of action involved, while the most recent focused on understanding the receptors and mechanisms involved in addiction, as well as genetic factors. Our results show the panorama of the most widespread scientific production in the scientific community on the neurotoxicology of ethanol, a high prevalence was observed in studies that addressed fetal alcohol syndrome and/or the effects of ethanol on neurodevelopment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In two randomized controlled trials, culturally adapted contingency management (i.e., incentives provided for substance-negative urine samples) was associated with reduced alcohol and drug use among geographically diverse American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) adults. In response to interest in contingency management from other Tribal and AI/AN communities, our research team in collaboration with AI/AN behavioral health experts, translated the research into practice with new AI/AN community partners. Tenets of community-based participatory research were applied to develop, pilot, and refine contingency management training and implementation tools, and identify implementation challenges. In partnership with the AI/AN communities, four members of the university team developed tools and identified implementation and policy strategies to increase the successful uptake of contingency management in each location. Through our collaborative work, we identified policy barriers including inadequate federal funding of contingency management incentives and a need for further clarity regarding federal anti-kickback regulations. Adoption of contingency management is feasible and can strengthen Tribal communities' capacity to deliver evidence-based substance use disorder treatments to AI/AN people. Unfortunately, non-evidence-based limits to the use of federal funding for contingency management incentives discriminate against AI/AN communities. We recommend specific federal policy reforms, as well as other practical solutions for Tribal communities interested in contingency management., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Dr. Michael McDonell has received funding from a Tribally owned for-profit clinic to evaluate outcomes related to the impact of cannabis on health. This Tribe and clinic were not involved in the current study. Dr. Michael McDonell also has a conflict-of-interest management plan at Washington State University for consulting on evidence-based interventions. The other authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in the United States. It contributes to over 140,000 annual deaths, to over 200 related diseases and health conditions globally, and accounts for 5.1% of the global disease burden. Despite its substantial impact, AUD remains undertreated, marked by a scarcity of approved medications. This paper explores the current treatment landscape and novel strategies for both alcohol withdrawal syndrome and AUD. Promising results, including the use of psychedelics alongside psychotherapy, noninvasive neural-circuit-based interventions, phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists, have emerged from recent studies. While these advancements show potential, further research is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of their effectiveness. The clear shortage of approved medications and other treatment modalities underscores the pressing need for ongoing research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol-attributable mortality contributes to growing health inequalities. Addressing hazardous alcohol use and alcohol use disorders through alcohol screening and brief intervention is therefore a promising public health strategy to improve health equity. In this narrative mini-review, we discuss the extent to which socioeconomic differences exist in the alcohol screening and brief intervention cascade, highlighting the example of the United States. We have searched PubMed to identify and summarize relevant literature addressing socioeconomic inequalities in (a) accessing and affording healthcare, (b) receiving alcohol screenings, and/or (c) receiving brief interventions, focusing predominantly on literature from the Unites States. We found evidence for income-related inequalities in access to healthcare in the United States, partly due to inadequate health insurance coverage for individuals with low socioeconomic status. Alcohol screening coverage appears to be generally very low, as is the probability of receiving a brief intervention when indicated. However, research suggests that the latter is more likely to be provided to individuals with low socioeconomic status than those with high socioeconomic status. Individuals with low socioeconomic status also tend to benefit more from brief interventions, showing greater reductions in their alcohol use. Once access to and affordability of healthcare is ensured and high coverage of alcohol screening is achieved for all, alcohol screening and brief interventions have the potential to enhance health equity by reducing alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health harms., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Despite the high prevalence of alcohol use disorder (AUD) in the United States, limited research is focused on the associations among AUD, pain, and opioids/benzodiazepine use. In addition, little is known regarding individuals with a history of AUD and their potential risk for pain diagnoses, pain prescriptions, and subsequent misuse. Moreover, the potential risk of pain diagnoses, prescriptions, and subsequent misuse among individuals with a history of AUD is not well known. The objective was to develop a tailored dataset by linking data from 2 New York State (NYS) administrative databases to investigate a series of hypotheses related to AUD and painful medical disorders., Methods: Data from the NYS Office of Addiction Services and Supports (OASAS) Client Data System (CDS) and Medicaid claims data from the NYS Department of Health Medicaid Data Warehouse (MDW) were merged using a stepwise deterministic method. Multiple patient-level identifier combinations were applied to create linkage rules. We included patients aged 18 and older from the OASAS CDS who initially entered treatment with a primary substance use of alcohol and no use of opioids between January 1, 2003, and September 23, 2019. This cohort was then linked to corresponding Medicaid claims., Results: A total of 177,685 individuals with a primary AUD problem and no opioid use history were included in the dataset. Of these, 37,346 (21.0%) patients had an OUD diagnosis, and 3,365 (1.9%) patients experienced an opioid overdose. There were 121,865 (68.6%) patients found to have a pain condition., Conclusion: The integrated database allows researchers to examine the associations among AUD, pain, and opioids/benzodiazepine use, and propose hypotheses to improve outcomes for at-risk patients. The findings of this study can contribute to the development of a prognostic prediction model and the analysis of longitudinal outcomes to improve the care of patients with AUD., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

High levels of alcohol use and the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD) are associated with various adverse consequences. Resilience has been proposed as a protective factor against increased alcohol use, though the existing research is limited by inconsistencies in the conceptualization and measurement of resilience. As such, the current scoping review examined 14 studies on individual, trait-level resilience as a protective factor against alcohol use and related consequences in adults over the age of 21 in the United States. Findings from the included studies generally suggest resilience as a protective factor against various outcomes, though methodological limitations should be considered. Although future research in this area should improve upon methodological limitations, the present review suggests clinical implications of resilience as beneficial in prevention and intervention programming for alcohol use outcomes., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. SEC's time is supported by NIMH 5T32MH020030-23., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background and Aims: Alcohol consumption increased in the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and risky drinking are linked to harmful health effects. This paper aimed to project future health and cost impacts of shifts in alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic., Design: An individual-level simulation model of the long-term drinking patterns for people with life-time AUD was used to simulate 10 000 individuals and project model outcomes to the estimated 25.9 million current drinkers with life-time AUD in the United States. The model considered three scenarios: (1) no change (counterfactual for comparison); (2) increased drinking levels persist for 1 year ('increase-1') and (3) increased drinking levels persist for 5 years ('increase-5')., Setting: United States., Participants: Current drinkers with life-time AUD., Measurements: Life expectancy [life-years (LYs)], quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), alcohol-related hospitalizations and associated hospitalization costs and alcohol-related deaths, during a 5-year period., Findings: Short-term increases in alcohol consumption (increase-1 scenario) resulted in a loss of 79 000 [95% uncertainty interval (UI]) 26 000-201 000] LYs, a loss of 332 000 (104 000-604 000) QALYs and 295 000 (82 000-501 000) more alcohol-related hospitalizations, costing an additional $5.4 billion ($1.5-9.3 billion) over 5 years. Hospitalizations for cirrhosis of the liver accounted for approximately $3.0 billion ($0.9-4.8 billion) in hospitalization costs, more than half the increase across all alcohol-related conditions. Health and cost impacts were more pronounced for older age groups (51+), women and non-Hispanic black individuals. Increasing the duration of pandemic-driven increases in alcohol consumption in the increase-5 scenario resulted in larger impacts., Conclusions: Simulations show that if the increase in alcohol consumption observed in the United States in the first year of the pandemic continues, alcohol-related mortality, morbidity and associated costs will increase substantially over the next 5 years., (© 2022 Society for the Study of Addiction.)

Background: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) represents the most prevalent addiction in the United States. Integration of AUD treatment in primary care settings would expand care access. The objective of this scoping review is to examine models of AUD treatment in primary care that include pharmacotherapy (acamprosate, disulfiram, naltrexone)., Methods: The team undertook a search across MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science on May 21, 2021. Eligibility criteria included: patient population ≥ 18 years old, primary care-based setting, US-based study, presence of an intervention to promote AUD treatment, and prescription of FDA-approved AUD pharmacotherapy. Study design was limited to controlled trials and observational studies. We assessed study bias using a modified Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Rating Framework quality rating scheme., Results: The qualitative synthesis included forty-seven papers, representing 25 primary studies. Primary study sample sizes ranged from 24 to 830,825 participants and many (44 %) were randomized controlled trials. Most studies (80 %) included a nonpharmacologic intervention for AUD: 56 % with brief intervention, 40 % with motivational interviewing, and 12 % with motivational enhancement therapy. A plurality of studies (48 %) included mixed pharmacologic interventions, with administration of any combination of naltrexone, acamprosate, and/or disulfiram. Of the 47 total studies included, 68 % assessed care initiation and engagement. Fewer studies (15 %) explored practices surrounding screening for or diagnosing AUD. Outcome measures included receipt of pharmacotherapy and alcohol consumption, which about half of studies included (53 % and 51 %, respectively). Many of these outcomes showed significant findings in favor of integrated care models for AUD., Conclusions: The integration of AUD pharmacotherapy in primary care settings may be associated with improved process and outcome measures of care. Future research should seek to understand the varied experiences across care integration models., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Study Objectives Fear of sleep contributes to insomnia in some individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) but remains uncharacterized in first responders, a population with high rates of insomnia and PTSD. We evaluated the clinical relevance of fear of sleep in first responders by (1) examining its relationship with trauma types and clinical symptoms and (2) assessing differences in fear of sleep severity between those reporting provisional PTSD, insomnia, or both. Methods A cross-sectional study of 242 first responders across the United States (59.2% male, 86.4% white, 56.2% law enforcement officers, 98.7% active duty, and M years of service = 17). Participants completed the Fear of Sleep Inventory-Short Form and measures of trauma history, psychopathology (e.g. PTSD), and sleep disturbances (insomnia and trauma-related nightmares). Results Fear of sleep was associated with trauma types characterized by interpersonal violence and victimization, as well as symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, stress, alcohol use problems, insomnia, and trauma-related nightmares. Fear of sleep was most pronounced among first responders reporting provisional PTSD comorbid with insomnia compared to those with PTSD or insomnia only. Post hoc analyses revealed PTSD hyperarousal symptoms and trauma-related nightmares were independently associated with fear of sleep, even after adjusting for the remaining PTSD clusters, insomnia, sex, and years of service. Conclusions Fear of sleep is a clinically relevant construct in first responders that is associated with a broad range of psychopathology symptoms and is most severe among those with cooccurring PTSD and insomnia. Fear of sleep may merit targeted treatment in first responders. This paper is part of the Sleep and Circadian Health in the Justice System Collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many states in the U.S. still have Alcohol Exclusion Laws (AELs), which allow insurance companies to deny health claims resulting from alcohol impairment. There are concerns that this form of structural stigmatization affects alcohol treatment-seeking behaviors. We examined the effects of AEL repeal on treatment admissions for alcohol use disorder (AUD)., Methods: Data on alcohol treatment admissions from 1992 to 2017 were obtained from the Treatment Episode Data Set. The state-level aggregate number of treatment admissions was derived, including healthcare professional referrals only, self-referrals only, and both self-referral and healthcare professional referrals. The number of treatment admissions by health insurance status (private, public, and uninsured) was also calculated. The study used a difference-in-differences (DID) quasi-experimental design., Results: The DID analysis showed that the number of admissions for alcohol treatment from healthcare professional referrals increased 16% in the AEL repeal states compared to states with AELs or that never had AELs (IRR=1.16, 95% CI=1.07, 1.25). These results were consistent for analysis by payment sources. In particular, treatment admissions from healthcare professional referrals for patients covered by private insurance increased about 38% in states with AEL repeal (IRR=1.38, 95% CI=1.17, 1.64) compared to states without AEL repeal. However, the findings were no longer significant when the state-specific time trends were taken into account., Conclusions: This study documented that AEL repeal may have had a significant impact on the number of treatment admissions for AUD. These findings suggest that AELs function as a barrier to treatment-seeking behavior., Competing Interests: Declarations of Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This paper presents qualitative data collected from 996 licensed social workers in the United States who reported mental health and/or alcohol and other drug problems and indicated the types of services they used to address these issues. Outpatient therapy was the most commonly accessed modality to treat mental health issues. Regarding problems with alcohol and other drugs, self-help groups were the most frequently utilized intervention. Qualitative findings suggest that behavioral health service use has influenced respondents' work with clients, personal and professional development, and career trajectories. Barriers to service use, such as stigma and limited access to care, were also identified. Implications for social work education and professional practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author describes what American organizations are doing with respect to employees with alcohol, drug, mental, and personality problems and other emotional difficulties affecting job performance. Specifically, this article is devoted to a more thorough description of American employee assistance programs and a discussion of factors that are important to their implementation. (SSH)

Sexual minority (e.g., gay, lesbian, bisexual) individuals experience alcohol dependence at 2-6 times the rates of heterosexual individuals. Among the general population, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) serves as the most common source of support for alcohol-related problems in the United States. Yet, relatively little is known about sexual minority involvement in AA, including rates and predictors of AA attendance among sexual minorities. This paper aims to: 1) Compare rates of AA attendance across sexual orientations; 2) Compare relationships between AA attendance and common predictors of AA attendance across sexual orientations. Using five waves of the National Alcohol Survey (N = 7862 respondents with at least one lifetime AUD symptom), this study found lesbian and bisexual women, but not gay and bisexual men, had greater odds of attending AA, even while controlling for lifetime AUD severity, gender, race/ethnicity, age, religiosity, and current income. Interaction models for women showed there was a stronger association between older age and AA attendance, a stronger association between greater religiosity and AA attendance, and a weaker association between lifetime AUD severity and AA attendance for sexual minority women relative to heterosexual women. This study did not find significant interactions between sexual orientation and these covariates for men. These results suggest AA may serve as a promising resource for sexual minority individuals experiencing alcohol-related problems, particularly for sexual minority women who are older, more religious, and have less severe AUD., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In 2019, the National Institutes of Health combined the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) and the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) into the MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study (MWCCS). In this paper, participants who made a study visit during October 2018–September 2019 (targeted for MWCCS enrollment) are described by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serostatus and compared with people living with HIV (PLWH) in the United States. Participants include 2,115 women and 1,901 men with a median age of 56 years (interquartile range, 48–63); 62% are PLWH. Study sites encompass the South (18%), the Mid-Atlantic/Northeast (45%), the West Coast (22%), and the Midwest (15%). Participant race/ethnicity approximates that of PLWH throughout the United States. Longitudinal data and specimens collected for 35 years (men) and 25 years (women) were combined. Differences in data collection and coding were reviewed, and key risk factor and comorbidity data were harmonized. For example, recent use of alcohol (62%) and tobacco (28%) are common, as are dyslipidemia (64%), hypertension (56%), obesity (42%), mildly or severely impaired daily activities (31%), depressive symptoms (28%), and diabetes (22%). The MWCCS repository includes serum, plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, cell pellets, urine, cervicovaginal lavage samples, oral samples, B-cell lines, stool, and semen specimens. Demographic differences between the MACS and WIHS can confound analyses by sex. The merged MWCCS is both an ongoing observational cohort study and a valuable resource for harmonized longitudinal data and specimens for HIV-related research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent evidence indicates that the United States is facing a public health crisis of alcohol misuse and alcohol use disorder (AUD), which has been fueled in part by dramatic rises in binge and heavy drinking and prevalence of AUD in women. Historically, alcohol misuse and AUD have been more prevalent in men than in women. However, recent evidence on data from the past decade shows increases in AUD prevalence rates that are associated with substantially higher binge and heavy drinking and AUD prevalence in women compared to men. This paper first addresses the key roles of stress, trauma, childhood maltreatment, negative affect, and mood and anxiety disorders; sex differences in the presentation of these psychosocial and psychological factors; and their contributions to alcohol misuse, escalation to binge and heavy drinking, and transition to AUD in women. Also examined are potential central and peripheral biological mechanisms by which stressors and traumatic experiences, as well as chronic stress states-including depression and anxiety-may facilitate differential pathways to alcohol misuse, escalation, and transition to AUD in women. Finally, this paper discusses major gaps in the literature on sex differences in these areas as well as the need for greater research on sex-specific pathways to alcohol misuse and transition to AUD, so as to support a more comprehensive understanding of AUD etiology and for the development of new strategies for prevention and treatment of alcohol misuse and AUD in women., Competing Interests: Financial Disclosure The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Introduction: The co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol misuse presents a pervasive and clinically relevant concern among US military veterans., Objective: The current investigation sought to examine the role of positive emotion dysfunction in the relation between PTSD symptomatology and alcohol misuse. To do so, we examined the separate and sequential roles of positive emotional intensity and positive emotional avoidance in the relation between PTSD symptoms and alcohol misuse among US military veterans., Method: Cross-sectional data were collected from 468 US military veterans (M age = 37.74, 70.5% male, 69.0% White) who responded to an online survey., Results: Findings suggest that positive emotional avoidance, separately, and positive emotional intensity and positive emotional avoidance, sequentially, mediated the relation between PTSD symptoms and alcohol misuse., Conclusions: Findings advance theory on the role of positive emotions and related processes in the co-occurrence of PTSD and alcohol misuse, and highlight important avenues for future research and treatment focused on the PTSD-alcohol misuse co-occurrence., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Although veterans are at increased risk of alcohol use disorder (AUD) relative to civilians, few longitudinal studies have examined both risk and protective factors that influence the development of AUD. This study aimed to identify risk and protective factors that contribute to incident AUD., Methods: Data were analyzed from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study (NHRVS), a nationally representative, prospective cohort study of U.S. veterans. The sample included 1,770 veterans who did not meet criteria for lifetime AUD at Wave 1 and completed at least one follow-up assessment over a 7-year period. Veterans completed self-report measures to assess for risk and protective factors. A multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine baseline factors associated with incident AUD., Results: A total of 5.9% of veterans without AUD at Wave 1 developed AUD in the 7-year follow-up period. Adult sexual trauma, greater severity of anxious arousal symptoms of PTSD, lifetime history of drug and nicotine use disorders, and higher alcohol consumption at Wave 1 were independently associated with incident AUD. Lifetime drug use disorder (75.9%) and higher alcohol consumption (22.1%) explained the most variance in incident AUD., Conclusion: Approximately 6% of veterans without AUD at Wave 1 developed AUD over a 7-year period. Lifetime drug use disorder and greater alcohol consumption at baseline, as well as trauma-related characteristics (i.e., adult sexual trauma, anxious arousal symptoms), were associated with increased risk of developing AUD. Future research should examine whether treatment of drug use disorder and PTSD symptoms in at-risk veterans may help mitigate risk of developing AUD in this population., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Despite high mortality rates due to opioid overdose and excessive alcohol consumption, medications for the treatment of alcohol and opioid use disorder have not been widely used in the USA. This paper provides an overview of the literature on the availability of alcohol and opioid used disorder medications in the specialty substance use disorder treatment system, other treatment settings and systems, and among providers with a federal waiver to prescribe buprenorphine. We also present the most current data on the availability of alcohol and opioid use disorder medications in the USA. These estimates show steady growth in availability of opioid use disorder medications over the past decade and a decline in availability of alcohol use disorder medications. However, overall use of medications in the USA remains low. In 2017, only 16.3% of specialty treatment programs offered any single medication for alcohol use disorder treatment and 35.5% offered any single medication for opioid use disorder treatment. Availability of buprenorphine-waivered providers has increased significantly since 2002. However, geographic disparities in access to buprenorphine remain. Some of the most promising strategies to increase availability of alcohol and opioid use disorder medications include the following: incorporating substance use disorder training in healthcare education programs, educating the substance use disorder workforce about the benefits of medication treatment, reducing stigma surrounding the use of medications, implementing medications in primary care settings, implementing integrated care models, revising regulations on methadone and buprenorphine, improving health insurance coverage of medications, and developing novel medications for the treatment of substance use disorder.

This paper describes my experiences with coming to understand my own relationship with alcohol dependency and addiction. Disability studies has offered me a lens and guide through which I have critically interrogated discourses about addiction, while examining the ways dominant and counter-narratives have impacted my own recovery process. In this paper, I review historical information about the emergence of culturally accepted recovery ideologies in the United States that have led to a dominant disease model perspective. Then, I explain the disability studies-informed theoretical underpinnings of this paper, which include discourse theory and disability studies as applied to alcohol addiction. Using disability studies and autoethnography as a guide, the body of the paper uses examples from my own journals to elucidate salient themes that emerged about my experiences in early recovery. The paper uncovers the ways I came to understand my own identity related to addiction, how I navigated feelings of stigma and shame, the ways I found recovery spaces that embraced empowering frameworks aligned to a disability studies ethos, and how I discovered community and pride through this experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alcohol use and abuse constitute a major public health problem and identifying their determinants is a priority. Social network analysis can indicate how characteristics of social networks are related to individual health behaviors. A growing number of studies have used social network analysis to examine how social network characteristics influence adult alcohol consumption, but this literature has never been systematically reviewed and summarized. The current paper systematically reviews empirical studies that used social network analysis to assess the influence of social network characteristics on drinking behaviors in adults., Methods: A literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases and a review of the reference lists of retrieved articles was conducted in March 2019. Two reviewers independently screened 5,510 non-duplicate records, and further screened the full text of 150 articles to determine their eligibility for inclusion. Seventeen articles were judged eligible and included., Results: Most studies were conducted among young adults (mean age<30), in university settings or follow up visits with adolescent networks moving into adulthood. The objectives and methods of the included studies were heterogeneous. All included studies reported a statistically significant association between a social network characteristic and an alcohol consumption-related outcome. Social network members drinking behaviors were associated with participants' drinking behaviors in multiple ways., Discussion: In young adults, among whom the majority of identified studies were conducted, with whom they socialize and how they socialize appears to be associated with alcohol consumption; this was observed across methodologies and settings. We still know very little about the relationship of social networks to drinking in older age groups, and in populations most impacted by alcohol. As social networks appear to play a role in the consumption of alcohol in young adulthood, interventions that utilize social networks to help reduce harmful alcohol consumption should be considered., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Background: Alcohol consumption and problems are increasing among older adults, who are at elevated risk for alcohol-related accidents and medical problems. This paper describes a pilot follow-up of older adults with a history of alcohol dependence that was designed to determine the feasibility of conducting a more extensive investigation., Methods: The sample consisted of previously assessed subjects in the Collaborative Studies on the Genetics of Alcoholism who: (i) were age 50+; (ii) had lifetime DSM-IV AD; and (iii) had DNA available. Individuals were located through family contacts, Internet searches, and death registries. A brief telephone interview assessed demographics, health, and alcohol involvement., Results: Of the total sample (N = 2,174), 36% were contacted, 24% were deceased, and 40% were not yet located. Most (89%) contacted subjects were interviewed, and 99% of them agreed to future evaluation. Thirty percent of interviewed subjects reported abstinence for 10+ years, 56% reported drinking within the past year, and 14% last drank between >1 and 10 years ago. There were no age-related past-year differences in weekly consumption (overall sample mean: 16 drinks), number of drinking weeks (30.8), maximum number of drinks in 24 hours (8.1), or prevalence of weekly risky drinking (19%). Among those who drank within the past 5 years, the 3 most common alcohol-related problems were spending excessive time drinking or recovering (49%), drinking more/longer than intended (35%), and driving while intoxicated (35%); and about a third (32%) received some form of treatment., Conclusions: Over a 1-year period, we located 60% of individuals last seen an average of 23 years ago. The majority of contacted individuals were interviewed and willing to be evaluated again. Although the proportion of individuals currently drinking diminished with age, subjects exhibited troublesome levels of alcohol consumption and problems. Our findings suggest the importance and feasibility of a more comprehensive follow-up., (© 2019 by the Research Society on Alcoholism.)

The Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) is frequently used by states and local school districts for monitoring and assessing health risk behaviors among middle and high school youth in the United Slates. This study assessed the reliability of the High School YRBS questions when the survey is administered as a web-based survey. A test-relest reliability study was conducted on a sample of high school students in grades 9-12. Students self- administered an online version of the high school YRBS at two different time periods. Kappa scores were computed for all items in order to measure reliability. Items measured prevalence eslimates of behaviors related to unintentional injuries and violence, tobacco use, alcohol and other drug use, and sexual behaviors. The mean kappa reliability score was similar to scores obtained in prior reliability studies of the YRBS when administered as paper surveys; 87% of the 69 selected items from the 79-item paper survey used had kappa scores that indicated moderate or substantial reliability. Findings indicate the reliability of the online High School YRBS when administered to students online and its potential as an alternative to paper survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The histories of ‘deinstitutionalization’ and ‘dual diagnosis’ seem inextricably intertwined. Neither term has a precise definition, although this paper will highlight working definitions for both. Widespread use of both terms began around the same time, and this paper explores a possible causal link between the two. Reviewing both older and recent references for comparisons, the paper discusses the history involved, and some of the systems on which, these co-morbidities have an impact. Finally, there are comments on the implications of the present trends in our society's treatment of the dually diagnosed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends that clinicians screen all adults for alcohol misuse and provide brief counseling to those engaged in risky or hazardous drinking. The World Health Organization's (WHO's) Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is the most widely tested instrument for screening in primary health care., Objectives: This paper describes the structural and functional features of the AUDIT and methodological problems with the validation of the alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C). The content, scoring, and rationale for a new version of the AUDIT (called the USAUDIT), adapted to US standard drink size and hazardous drinking guidelines, is presented., Method: Narrative review focusing on the consumption elements of the AUDIT. Four studies of the AUDIT-C are reviewed and evaluated., Results: The AUDIT has been used extensively in many countries without making the changes in the first three consumption questions recommended in the AUDIT User's Manual. As a consequence, the original WHO version is not compatible with US guidelines and AUDIT scores are not comparable with those obtained in countries that have different drink sizes, consumption units, and safe drinking limits. Clinical and Scientific Significance. The USAUDIT has adapted the WHO AUDIT to a 14 g standard drink, and US low-risk drinking guidelines. These changes provide greater accuracy in measuring alcohol consumption than the AUDIT-C.

The National Clearinghouse for Alcohol Information (NCALI) is an information resource developed by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. It provides numerous information services to professionals in a wide spectrum of alcohol-related disciplines and to the general public. These services are designed to aid in the identification and dissemination of literature in the alcoholism field. One such service is provision of a quality evaluation rating for the documents announced by the Clearinghouse. The Quality Evaluation of Literature System (QELS) is designed to select and discriminate among literature in the field on the basis of quality criteria developed by alcoholism field professionals and to announce the resulting comparative ratings to literature users. In this way, QELS aids literature users in determining those documents of highest potential value to them. QELS is by no means a censorship system. The Clearinghouse makes available a wide spectrum of alcohol-related information, including items which do not qualify for the QELS program as well as both high and low rated information items. The mechanics of the system include initial document ratings by highly regarded professionals who are peers of the authors, the conversion of these "raw" ratings into standardized scores for comparability, the announcement of these scores through the many information services of the Clearing-house, and the encouragement of user feedback ratings which are factored into the document scores on a regular review and update cycle. Evaluation of the techniques employed in the QELS program and of its overall effectiveness is being carried out on a continuing basis. The program holds promise for providing a valuable service to users in any discipline or issue-oriented information field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent changes in alcohol availability and access in the United States are reviewed and the role public policy research played in such changes are discussed. The paper finds that there are two concurrent trends, i.e. increased alcohol availability through changes in wine and spirits structural availability, lower prices and increased outlet densities, and decreased availability and access through higher minimum drinking ages, server intervention and training, server liability, low- and no-alcohol beverages, and warning labels on alcohol containers. This paper discusses these trends and the implications for policy development to which research is an input. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – Chronic homelessness is a serious public health issue that places a strain on health-care and criminal justice systems. Typical housing models place requirements on chronically homeless individuals that are often experienced as insurmountable barriers to housing. Housing First (HF) models attempt to more effectively reach this population, and an emerging version of this is the single-site HF approach introduced by Seattle’s DESC. Single-site HF entails the provision of immediate, permanent, low-barrier supportive housing to chronically homeless individuals within a single building. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – In this case report, the authors use DESC’s 1811 Eastlake, a well-known and well-researched application of the single-site HF approach, as an example to describe single-site HF, enumerate its underlying principles, and provide a strong evidence base for its replication. Findings – The paper provides information and insight into elements of a successful single-site HF program and what it looks like in practice. Research limitations/implications – 1811 Eastlake is one specific application of the single-site HF approach focused specifically on chronically homeless individuals with severe alcohol problems who are the highest utilizers of publicly funded services. Due to the specific nature of the population, the findings presented may lack generalizability. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to continue evaluating the outcomes of single-site HF programs on alcohol use, mental health and quality of life outcomes for all populations receiving single-site HF. Practical implications – The accumulating research and clinical evidence have indicated that HF is key to engaging and housing chronically homeless individuals. Social implications – These ongoing efforts stand to decrease the burden of chronic homelessness for affected individuals, their families, communities and society-at-large. Originality/value – Many housing providers look to DESC’s 1811 as a model program. This paper fulfills an identified need to describe a successful model of single-site HF for purposes of replication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Estimated alcohol consumption from national self‐report surveys is often only 30–40% of official estimates based on sales or taxation data. Global burden of disease (GBD) estimates for alcohol adjust survey estimates up to 80% of total per capita consumption. This assumes that cohort studies needed to estimate relative risks for disease suffer less from under‐reporting than typical national surveys. However, there is limited evidence on which to base that assumption. This paper aims to assess the extent of underestimation of alcohol consumption in cohort studies concerning alcohol and mortality compared with official total consumption estimates. Design Comparisons of estimated per capita consumption from a comprehensive sample of cohort studies against official estimates by country and year. Participants: A total of 1 876 046 participants in 40 cohort studies from 18 countries on alcohol use and all‐cause mortality identified by systematic review. Measurements Alcohol consumption data from the cohort studies were converted into usual grams of ethanol per day and then to total age 15+ per capita consumption. Matched estimates were sourced from the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Observatory. Findings The cohort studies had mean coverages of age 15+ per capita alcohol consumption of 61.71% (ranging from 29.19% for Russia to 96.53% for Japan), after weighting estimates by sample size for within‐country estimates and by number of studies per country for the overall estimate. Regional estimates were higher for the United States (66.22%) and lower for western European countries (55.35%). Conclusions: Underestimation of alcohol consumption in cohort studies is less than in typical population surveys. Because some under‐coverage is caused by under‐sampling heavier drinkers, the current practice of uplifting survey estimates to 80% of total population consumption in global burden of disease studies appears to be appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This conclusion reviews the critical issues raised by the papers in this Special Issue on Drinking Games, with an eye toward directions for future research and the development of palliative interventions. In particular, this conclusion highlights the significance of individual-level characteristics that are associated with drinking game risk, the social context in which these games take place, and methodological considerations for studying both the individual and the context as they unfold as part of drinking game practices. Given both the ubiquity of these games in North American college drinking life, and the substantial hazards with which these games are associated, interventions that may reduce harmful outcomes are needed but have not yet been developed. Issues relevant to the development of such interventions are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Drinking games are prevalent among college students and are associated with increased alcohol use and negative alcohol-related consequences. There has been substantial growth in research on drinking games. However, the majority of published studies rely on retrospective self-reports of behavior and very few studies have made use of laboratory procedures to systematically observe drinking game behavior. Objectives: The current paper draws on the authors' experiences designing and implementing methods for the study of drinking games in the laboratory. Results: The paper addressed the following key design features: (a) drinking game selection; (b) beverage selection; (c) standardizing game play; (d) selection of dependent and independent variables; and (e) creating a realistic drinking game environment. Conclusions: The goal of this methodological review paper is to encourage other researchers to pursue laboratory research on drinking game behavior. Use of laboratory-based methodologies will facilitate a better understanding of the dynamics of risky drinking and inform prevention and intervention efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: This paper examines risk factors of gambling and problem gambling among racial subgroups in the U.S. population, namely Native Americans and blacks, for whom research data are lacking., Methods: Findings are based on a large representative general population survey (n = 3,474) of gambling in the U.S. with an oversample of Native Americans (n = 549). Multiple domains were assessed including sociodemographic factors; ecological factors (census-defined neighborhood disadvantage, geocoded density of casinos within 30 miles of respondents' homes, and perceived gambling convenience); impulsivity; and alcohol abuse., Results: After controlling for all variables in the study, neighborhood disadvantage has a significantly greater effect on overall gambling, frequent gambling, and problem gambling for Native Americans than for the rest of the U.S., Population: In addition, the relationship between frequent gambling and heavier drinking is much stronger for blacks than for the rest of the U.S., Discussion and Conclusions: There is a lack of research on gambling involvement among minority groups in the U.S. Blacks and Native Americans are at a higher risk for problem gambling as compared with the rest of the population. Furthermore, social factors and alcohol abuse may show a stronger co-occurrence with gambling involvement among minority groups than among whites., Scientific Significance: This study is a large representative U.S. sample with sizeable numbers of Native Americans and blacks. Thus, prevalence rates and risk factors can be assessed for these important population subgroups. This will allow for targeted intervention programs for Native Americans and blacks with problem gambling and alcohol abuse. (Am J Addict 2017;26:713-721)., (© 2017 American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry.)

Background: Alcohol-related rape among university students is clearly a major concern. However, there have been no large-scale surveys of the prevalence of this offence among university students in the UK. The aim of the current paper is to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of alcohol-related rape among university students in seven universities in Wales. Methods: All universities in Wales were approached to take part in the research. Eight of the nine universities agreed to take part and seven universities emailed their students as planned. On the launch date, emails were sent by the universities to all students requesting that they take part in the survey. The email contained a link to a questionnaire covering a range of topics including: demographics, lifestyle factors, and substance misuse. Results: In total, 7,846 students submitted a questionnaire. Overall, just under six per cent of females reported being the victim of alcohol-related rape while at university compared with one per cent of males. Sexual orientation was significantly correlated with alcohol-related rape, with three per cent of heterosexuals reported being the victim of alcohol-related rape, compared with eight per cent of lesbians or gays. Students who drank alcohol frequently and those involved in binge drinking were also significantly more likely to report the offence. Conclusions: The government and universities should play a more direct role to ensure that actions are taken to deter, prevent, and treat the consequences of these largely unreported offences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To assess heterogeneity in pandemic-period excess fatal overdoses in the United States, by location (state, county) and substance type. Methods. We used seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) models to estimate counterfactual death counts in the scenario that no pandemic had occurred. Such estimates were subtracted from actual death counts to assess the magnitude of pandemic-period excess mortality between March 2020 and August 2021. Results. Nationwide, we estimated 25 668 (95% prediction interval [PI] = 2811, 48 524) excess overdose deaths. Specifically, 17 of 47 states and 197 of 592 counties analyzed had statistically significant excess overdose-related mortality. West Virginia, Louisiana, Tennessee, Kentucky, and New Mexico had the highest rates (20–37 per 100 000). Nationally, there were 5.7 (95% PI = 1.0, 10.4), 3.1 (95% PI = 2.1, 4.2), and 1.4 (95% PI = 0.5, 2.4) excess deaths per 100 000 involving synthetic opioids, psychostimulants, and alcohol, respectively. Conclusions. The steep increase in overdose-related mortality affected primarily the southern and western United States. We identified synthetic opioids and psychostimulants as the main contributors. Public Health Implications. Characterizing overdose-related excess mortality across locations and substance types is critical for optimal allocation of public health resources. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(6):599–609. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307618) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstinence from alcohol is a way of life for many American evangelicals, with rates of abstention running at over 70% among some Pentecostal denominations. This paper examines the religious beliefs that, historically, have supported teetotalism. The most notable of these is Christian perfection, a doctrine that originated in 18th-century England, that was then radicalized in America in the early 19th century. Abstinence from alcohol is highest among denominations that make Christian perfection the cornerstone of their teachings, and lowest among those that discount human agency. The paper also argues that 19th-century American evangelicals were by no means committed uniformly to temperance as a way of life, and that this was especially true of the various Methodist churches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a Sikh perspective on the use of alcohol and drugs. In doing so, it takes into account the dichotomy that exists between Sikh ethical values and the Punjabi cultural attitude toward alcohol and drugs. It further discusses the Sikh perspective on treating substance-related disorders in the light of contemporary approaches to addiction, such as the bio-psychosocial model and the Alcoholics Anonymous twelve-step program. The paper concludes by highlighting the treatment issues that need to be taken into consideration when helping Punjabi-Sikh patients recover from alcohol or drug related addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. This paper reports the results of the 1995, 1998, 2001 and 2004 Australian and US household surveys, with emphasis on changes since 2001. Design and Methods. The US survey data were recalculated to match age groups in the Australian data. Statistically significant changes are reported. Differences in prevalence of use by gender within age group were tested for significance. Results. The past-year use of 'any illicit drug', cannabis, cocaine, tranquillisers and injecting drugs decreased between 2001 and 2004 in Australia, but remained stable for all these drugs except ecstasy between 2002 and 2004 in the United States. The use of hallucinogens decreased in both countries. Alcohol and use of many illicit drugs by teenage girls in both countries increased to rates similar to or higher than boys, and teens in both countries reported binge and heavy drinking in the past month. Australians in their 20s had the highest rates of use, but in the United States, past-year use of many drugs was highest among teenagers. Discussion. More treatment services are needed, particularly for people dependent upon non-opiate drugs. The changes in acceptability of use of different drugs and their perceived availability are related to changes in prevalence rates. Even with the similarities in levels of use, there are differences in patterns of use and preferences for certain drugs in each country, and geographic proximity to drug sources is a factor. [Maxwell JC. Are we becoming more alike? Comparison of substance use in Australia and the United States as seen in the 1995, 1998, 2001, and 2004 national household surveys. Drug Alcohol Rev 2008;27:473-481] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes various alcohol related collections and images at the Brown University Library in Rhode Island. The Chester H. Kirk Collection on Alcoholism and Alcoholics Anonymous is a collection of literatures by Charles Bishop, a book dealer. The Dr. Bob Archives is a collection of books, photographs and manuscripts and letter related to the history of Alcoholics Anonymous. The Rutgers Anti-Saloon League Collection of Foreign Temperance and Addictions Studies Periodicals is a collection of items from the Anti-Saloon League.

This program calls attention to the upcoming timetable for the revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-IV and the publication of DSM-V. It is vitally important for Research Society of Alcoholism members to be aware of the current discussions of the important scientific questions related to the next DSM revision and to use the opportunity for input. The title of the symposium highlights 1 key question, i.e., whether the DSM definitions should remain strictly categorical as in the past or whether a dimensional component should be included in this revision. Two substantive and 1 conceptual paper are included in this portion of the symposium. The fourth and final presentation detailing the revision timetable and the opportunities for input is by Dr. Darrel Regier. Dr. Regier is the director of American Psychiatric Institute for Research and Education the research and education branch of the American Psychiatric Association and the organization within the APA that will oversee the DSM revision. The discussion is by Marc Schuckit, who was chair of the Substance Use disorders (SUD) Committee for DSM-IV and cochair of the international group of experts reviewing the SUD definitions for DSM-V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social and economic conditions faced by much of the Native American population, as well as the history and treatment of Native Americans in our society, create many risk factors for criminal offending. At the same time, however, the cultures, traditions, and spiritualities of Native American tribes likely provide unique protective factors against offending in light of these risks. While these issues, especially drug and alcohol abuse, have received considerable attention by a handful of scholars, the level of research on risk and protective factors of offending have not, although recent research and funding decisions are beginning to make this topic a priority. This paper provides a brief review of the literature on risk and protective factors among Native Americans, highlighting some of the major factors likely to receive the most research attention over the next several years. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]