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Background: This study explored state-related tendencies in DNA methylation in people with anorexia nervosa. Methods: We measured genome-wide DNA methylation in 75 women with active anorexia nervosa (active), 31 women showing stable remission of anorexia nervosa (remitted) and 41 women with no eating disorder (NED). We also obtained postintervention methylation data from 52 of the women from the active group. Results: Comparisons between members of the active and NED groups showed 58 differentially methylated sites (Q < 0.01) that corresponded to genes relevant to metabolic and nutritional status (lipid and glucose metabolism), psychiatric status (serotonin receptor activity) and immune function. Methylation levels in members of the remitted group differed from those in the active group on 265 probes that also involved sites associated with genes for serotonin and insulin activity, glucose metabolism and immunity. Intriguingly, the direction of methylation effects in remitted participants tended to be opposite to those seen in active participants. The chronicity of Illness correlated (usually inversely, at Q < 0.01) with methylation levels at 64 sites that mapped onto genes regulating glutamate and serotonin activity, insulin function and epigenetic age. In contrast, body mass index increases coincided (at Q < 0.05) with generally increased methylation-level changes at 73 probes associated with lipid and glucose metabolism, immune and inflammatory processes, and olfaction. Limitations: Sample sizes were modest for this type of inquiry, and findings may have been subject to uncontrolled effects of medication and substance use. Conclusion: Findings point to the possibility of reversible epigenetic alterations in anorexia nervosa, and suggest that an adequate pathophysiological model would likely need to include psychiatric, metabolic and immune components., Introduction Anorexia nervosa can devastate medical, psychological and social adjustments, and despite treatment advances, only about half of people with the condition achieve full remission after 10 or more years. [...]

Recent studies have reported altered methylation levels at disorder-relevant DNA sites in people who are ill with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) compared to findings in people with no eating disorder (ED) or in whom AN has remitted. The preceding implies state-related influences upon gene expression in people with AN. This study further examined this notion. We measured genome-wide DNA methylation in 145 women with active AN, 49 showing stable one-year remission of AN, and 64 with no ED. Comparisons revealed 205 differentially methylated sites between active and no ED groups, and 162 differentially methylated sites between active and remitted groups (Q < 0.01). Probes tended to map onto genes relevant to psychiatric, metabolic and immune functions. Notably, several of the genes identified here as being differentially methylated in people with AN (e.g. SYNJ2, PRKAG2, STAT3, CSGALNACT1, NEGR1, NR1H3) have figured in previous studies on AN. Effects also associated illness chronicity and lower BMI with more pronounced DNA methylation alterations, and remission of AN with normalisation of DNA methylation. Findings corroborate earlier results suggesting reversible DNA methylation alterations in AN, and point to particular genes at which epigenetic mechanisms may act to shape AN phenomenology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Findings show virtual therapy (conducted using internet‐based videoconferencing techniques) to be a viable alternative to in‐person therapy for a variety of mental‐health problems. COVID‐19 social‐distancing imperatives required us to substitute virtual interventions for in‐person sessions routinely offered in our outpatient eating disorder (ED) program—and afforded us an opportunity to compare the two treatment formats for clinical efficacy. Methods: Using self‐report assessments, we compared outcomes in a historical sample of 49 adults with heterogeneous EDs (treated in‐person over 10–14 weeks in individual and group therapies) to those of 76 patients receiving comparable virtual treatments, at distance, during the COVID‐19 outbreak. Linear mixed models were used to study symptom changes over time and to test for differential effects of treatment modality. Results: Participants in both groups showed similar improvements on eating symptoms, levels of weight gain (in individuals in whom gain was indicated), and satisfaction with services. Discussion: Our results suggest that short‐term clinical outcomes with virtual and in‐person ED therapies are comparable, and point to potentials of virtual therapy for situations in which geographical distance or other barriers impede physical access to trained therapists or specialized treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although hospitalization is sometimes necessary when treating individuals with anorexia nervosa, the available literature provides limited guidance to inform decisions surrounding optimal components or duration of inpatient treatments. We report observational data comparing outcomes of two inpatient treatments. The first was longer and more strictly structured around a Contingency Management Protocol (CMP) emphasizing external incentives for achieving weight‐restoration goals; the second was a shorter Autonomy Support Protocol (ASP) that progressively increased patient autonomy around meal management without external incentives. Method: We compared data from 41 patients who participated in the ASP to a historical sample of 41 patients treated using the CMP. At admission, discharge, and post‐treatment follow‐up, participants completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire and the Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale‐32, and we measured height and weight to compute body mass index. Results: Multilevel modeling analyses that controlled for time in treatment and time in follow‐up indicated the two protocols yielded equivalent in‐treatment gains and post‐treatment loss of gains. Discussion: Our results indicate that shorter inpatient stays emphasizing autonomous control over eating behavior may yield outcomes that are equivalent to those of lengthier, more stringent, and more costly approaches implicating external incentives and controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anhedonia is a negative prognostic indicator in schizophrenia. However, the underlying nature of this emotional deficit is unclear. Laboratory studies examining patients' emotional reactions under controlled circumstances have failed to find evidence for a diminished hedonic response, instead finding that patients' reactions to laboratory stimuli are characterised by high levels of negative emotion. The present study employed lexical analysis of natural speech in 52 patients and 49 non-patient controls while they discussed separate neutral, pleasant and unpleasant autobiographical memories. Patients with clinically rated anhedonia, versus other patients and controls, showed a dramatic increase in negative emotion expression when discussing pleasurable memories, but they showed no corresponding decrease in positive emotion. These findings provide further evidence that “anhedonia” is more reflective of negative emotional states than the absence of positive ones. These findings also raise questions about how positive and negative emotions can be simultaneously co-activated in patients with schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Many recent studies have found that, although schizophrenia patients tend to display diminished facial expressions of emotion, they report levels of emotional experiences that are similar to those of controls. Although these findings are very informative, it is unknown whether such dissociation exits for other modalities such as verbal expression of emotion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the use of emotion words during a free speech task and subjective experience of emotion in schizophrenia patients and controls. Methods. Speech samples of 48 schizophrenia patients and 48 nonpsychiatric control individuals were compared on the type and amount of emotional words used, as well as on the level of self-reported stress experienced while providing descriptions of themselves. Results. Groups did not differ in the amount or type of emotion words uttered during the free speech task. Patients, however, found the task more stressful than controls. Emotion word use and subjective emotional experience were not related in either group. Conclusions. Results do not fully support prior findings, but are consistent with the notion of a lack of correspondence between the expression and experience of emotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This report presents a French translation and validation of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) in a population of women exposed to a natural disaster during or preceding pregnancy.Method: A total of 223 francophone women who were either pregnant at the time of the 1998 ice storm or who became pregnant shortly thereafter completed the IES-R and other questionnaires 6 months after the disaster.Results: The French IES-R has good internal consistency, with alpha coefficients ranging from 0.81 to 0.93 for its 3 subscales and total score. The test-retest reliability of the scale, although examined with another sample, proved to be satisfactory, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.71 to 0.76 for its 3 subscales and total score. Its convergent validity with perceived life threat and general psychiatric symptoms was judged to be marginally acceptable. Finally, a principal components analysis was conducted and a 3-factor solution, which explained 56% of the variance, was retained: a hyperarousal factor (7 items), an avoidance factor (6 items), and an intrusion factor (6 items).Conclusions: The French version of the IES-R has satisfactory internal validity and test-retest reliability. Further, the factor structure of the translation was similar to the proposed theoretical structure of the IES-R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: Cabría esperar que las alteraciones del lenguaje asociadas con la esquizofrenia tuvieran un intenso impacto sobre la capacidad de producir un discurso coherente, pero las asociaciones entre el rendimiento cognitivo y los trastornos del lenguaje han sido habitualmente débiles. Es posible que hallazgos al respecto hayan estado limitados por los métodos de medición y por la heterogeneidad del trastorno del lenguaje. Este estudio examinó las contribuciones de las alteraciones del mantenimiento de la atención y de la capacidad de secuenciación en el trastorno esquizofrénico del lenguaje, medido en cuanto a fallos de la comunicación y dividido en diferentes tipos de trastorno. Método: Se recopilaron muestras de habla natural de pacientes institucionalizados gravemente enfermos y de individuos no psiquiátricos de comparación, y se evaluó la frecuencia de seis tipos de fallos de comunicación: cuatro tipos estructurales y dos no estructurales. Los individuos también completaron una batería de pruebas cognitivas que evaluaban varias facetas de la atención y de la capacidad de secuenciación. Se empleó la regresión jerárquica para identificar los contribuyentes cognitivos a los fallos de comunicación. Resultados: El déficit del mantenimiento de la atención se asoció con una mayor frecuencia de fallos estructurales de comunicación. Como se había pronosticado, el déficit de la secuenciación y, especialmente, de la secuenciación conceptual, también tuvo una contribución fundamental a los fallos estructurales de la comunicación, pero no a los no estructurales. Estos resultados se mantuvieron cuando se controló estadísticamente el grado global de alteración. Los resultados de las pruebas de atención y de secuenciación explicaron el 56 % de la varianza del trastorno estructural del lenguaje. Conclusiones: El trastorno esquizofrénico del lenguaje es heterogéneo en su forma y en sus fundamentos cognitivos. Los déficit de atención y de las capacidades de secuenciación pronostican en gran medida los fallos de comunicación relacionados con la estructura del lenguaje. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]