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Physiotherapy plays a crucial role in the rehabilitation of damaged or defective organs due to injuries or illnesses, often requiring long-term supervision by a physiotherapist in clinical settings or at home. AI-based support systems have been developed to enhance the precision and effectiveness of physiotherapy, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. These systems, which include game-based or tele-rehabilitation monitoring using camera-based optical systems like Vicon and Microsoft Kinect, face challenges such as privacy concerns, occlusion, and sensitivity to environmental light. Non-optical sensor alternatives, such as Inertial Movement Units (IMUs), Wi-Fi, ultrasound sensors, and ultrawide band (UWB) radar, have emerged to address these issues. Although IMUs are portable and cost-effective, they suffer from disadvantages like drift over time, limited range, and susceptibility to magnetic interference. In this study, a single UWB radar was utilized to recognize five therapeutic exercises related to the upper limb, performed by 34 male volunteers in a real environment. A novel feature fusion approach was developed to extract distinguishing features for these exercises. Various machine learning methods were applied, with the EnsembleRRGraBoost ensemble method achieving the highest recognition accuracy of 99.45%. The performance of the EnsembleRRGraBoost model was further validated using five-fold cross-validation, maintaining its high accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Driving while drowsy poses significant risks, including reduced cognitive function and the potential for accidents, which can lead to severe consequences such as trauma, economic losses, injuries, or death. The use of artificial intelligence can enable effective detection of driver drowsiness, helping to prevent accidents and enhance driver performance. This research aims to address the crucial need for real-time and accurate drowsiness detection to mitigate the impact of fatigue-related accidents. Leveraging ultra-wideband radar data collected over five minutes, the dataset was segmented into one-minute chunks and transformed into grayscale images. Spatial features are retrieved from the images using a two-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network. Following that, these features were used to train and test multiple machine learning classifiers. The ensemble classifier RF-XGB-SVM, which combines Random Forest, XGBoost, and Support Vector Machine using a hard voting criterion, performed admirably with an accuracy of 96.6%. Additionally, the proposed approach was validated with a robust k-fold score of 97% and a standard deviation of 0.018, demonstrating significant results. The dataset is augmented using Generative Adversarial Networks, resulting in improved accuracies for all models. Among them, the RF-XGB-SVM model outperformed the rest with an accuracy score of 99.58%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Driving a vehicle is a complex, multidimensional, and potentially risky activity demanding full mobilization and utilization of physiological and cognitive abilities. Drowsiness, often caused by stress, fatigue, and illness declines cognitive capabilities that affect drivers' capability and cause many accidents. Drowsiness-related road accidents are associated with trauma, physical injuries, and fatalities, and often accompany economic loss. Drowsy-related crashes are most common in young people and night shift workers. Real-time and accurate driver drowsiness detection is necessary to bring down the drowsy driving accident rate. Many researchers endeavored for systems to detect drowsiness using different features related to vehicles, and drivers' behavior, as well as, physiological measures. Keeping in view the rising trend in the use of physiological measures, this study presents a comprehensive and systematic review of the recent techniques to detect driver drowsiness using physiological signals. Different sensors augmented with machine learning are utilized which subsequently yield better results. These techniques are analyzed with respect to several aspects such as data collection sensor, environment consideration like controlled or dynamic, experimental set up like real traffic or driving simulators, etc. Similarly, by investigating the type of sensors involved in experiments, this study discusses the advantages and disadvantages of existing studies and points out the research gaps. Perceptions and conceptions are made to provide future research directions for drowsiness detection techniques based on physiological signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel approach is presented in this study for the classification of lower limb disorders, with a specific emphasis on the knee, hip, and ankle. The research employs gait analysis and the extraction of PoseNet features from video data in order to effectively identify and categorize these disorders. The PoseNet algorithm facilitates the extraction of key body joint movements and positions from videos in a non-invasive and user-friendly manner, thereby offering a comprehensive representation of lower limb movements. The features that are extracted are subsequently standardized and employed as inputs for a range of machine learning algorithms, such as Random Forest, Extra Tree Classifier, Multilayer Perceptron, Artificial Neural Networks, and Convolutional Neural Networks. The models undergo training and testing processes using a dataset consisting of 174 real patients and normal individuals collected at the Tehsil Headquarter Hospital Sadiq Abad. The evaluation of their performance is conducted through the utilization of K-fold cross-validation. The findings exhibit a notable level of accuracy and precision in the classification of various lower limb disorders. Notably, the Artificial Neural Networks model achieves the highest accuracy rate of 98.84%. The proposed methodology exhibits potential in enhancing the diagnosis and treatment planning of lower limb disorders. It presents a non-invasive and efficient method of analyzing gait patterns and identifying particular conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noisy environments, changes and variations in the volume of speech, and non-face-to-face conversations impair the user experience with hearing aids. Generally, a hearing aid amplifies sounds so that a hearing-impaired person can listen, converse, and actively engage in daily activities. Presently, there are some sophisticated hearing aid algorithms available that operate on numerous frequency bands to not only amplify but also provide tuning and noise filtering to minimize background distractions. One of those is the BioAid assistive hearing system, which is an open-source, freely available downloadable app with twenty-four tuning settings. Critically, with this device, a person suffering with hearing loss must manually alter the settings/tuning of their hearing device when their surroundings and scene changes in order to attain a comfortable level of hearing. However, this manual switching among multiple tuning settings is inconvenient and cumbersome since the user is forced to switch to the state that best matches the scene every time the auditory environment changes. The goal of this study is to eliminate this manual switching and automate the BioAid with a scene classification algorithm so that the system automatically identifies the user-selected preferences based on adequate training. The aim of acoustic scene classification is to recognize the audio signature of one of the predefined scene classes that best represent the environment in which it was recorded. BioAid, an open-source biological inspired hearing aid algorithm, is used after conversion to Python. The proposed method consists of two main parts: classification of auditory scenes and selection of hearing aid tuning settings based on user experiences. The DCASE2017 dataset is utilized for scene classification. Among the many classifiers that were trained and tested, random forests have the highest accuracy of 99.7%. In the second part, clean speech audios from the LJ speech dataset are combined with scenes, and the user is asked to listen to the resulting audios and adjust the presets and subsets. A CSV file stores the selection of presets and subsets at which the user can hear clearly against the scenes. Various classifiers are trained on the dataset of user preferences. After training, clean speech audio was convolved with the scene and fed as input to the scene classifier that predicts the scene. The predicted scene was then fed as input to the preset classifier that predicts the user's choice for preset and subset. The BioAid is automatically tuned to the predicted selection. The accuracy of random forest in the prediction of presets and subsets was 100%. This proposed approach has great potential to eliminate the tedious manual switching of hearing assistive device parameters by allowing hearing-impaired individuals to actively participate in daily life by automatically adjusting hearing aid settings based on the acoustic scene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Afghanistan is located at the convergence of Central, Middle and South Asian regions, one of the most world prime geographical locations. Its strategic location and abundant mineral resources have always attracted international community including India. Hence Indian objectives to develop relations with Afghanistan are manifold and decades old. Indian foreign policy is devised by many factors like its bitter relations with Pakistan and its desire of access route to Central Asian Republics by limiting Pakistan's reach that has serious implications for Pakistan. In view of its past experience, Pakistan perceives Indian extended desire to engage in Afghanistan as a deliberate strategy of using the later as a battleground to show its power and use influence against Pakistan. Terrorist incidents in Balochistan provide evidence and links with Indian RAW activities organized in Afghan areas. So, Indian intention to invest in Afghanistan for infrastructure rebuilding is not as simple as it is often claimed. India has covert objectives of troubling Pakistan. In hostile lunacy, India increased, dramatically, its involvement in Afghanistan when the Taliban era came to an end. India's interference in Afghanistan is a clear reflection of its desire to execute Afghan land against Pakistan. India sees Afghan war an opportunity to encounter Pakistan's influence in the region. This research paper will analyze Indian involvement in Afghanistan and its implications for Pakistan. The study is designed to unveil the hidden objectives of fast growing Indo-Afghan relations and evaluates Indian strategies in regional context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]