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To address the significance of enhancing myelination for functional recovery after white matter injury (WMI) in preterm infants, we characterized hypomyelination associated with chronic hypoxia and identified structural and functional deficits of excitatory cortical synapses with a prolonged motor deficit. We demonstrate that genetically delaying myelination phenocopies the synaptic and functional deficits observed in mice after hypoxia, suggesting that myelination may possibly facilitate excitatory presynaptic innervation. As a gain-of-function experiment, we specifically ablated the muscarinic receptor 1 (M1R), a negative regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation in oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Genetically enhancing oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination rescued the synaptic loss after chronic hypoxia and promoted functional recovery. As a proof of concept, drug-based myelination therapies also resulted in accelerated differentiation and myelination with functional recovery after chronic hypoxia. Together, our data indicate that myelination-enhancing strategies in preterm infants may represent a promising therapeutic approach for structural/functional recovery after hypoxic WMI.

Recent evidence indicates that the abnormal differentiation of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. LncRNA SNHG1 has been found to be associated with the differentiation ability of BMSCs. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the role of lncRNA SNHG1 and its associated pathway on the differentiation of BMSCs in osteoporosis. Mice that underwent bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) were used as models of osteoporosis. Induced osteogenic or adipogenic differentiation was performed in mouse BMSCs. Compared to sham animals, lncRNA SNHG1 expression was upregulated in OVX mice. Also, the in vitro expression of SNHG1 was increased in adipogenic BMSCs but decreased in osteogenic BMSCs. Moreover, overexpression of SNHG1 enhanced the adipogenic capacity of BMSCs but inhibited their osteogenic capacity as determined by oil red O, alizarin red, and alkaline phosphatase staining, while silencing of SNHG1 led to the opposite results. LncRNA SNHG1 interacting with the RNA‐binding polypyrimidine tract‐binding protein 1 (PTBP1) promoted osteoprotegerin (Opg) methylation and suppressed Opg expression via mediating DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1. Furthermore, Opg was showed to regulate BMSC differentiation. Knockdown of SNHG1 decreased the expressions of adipogenic related genes but increased that of osteogenic related genes. However, the knockdown of Opg partially reversed those effects. In summary, lncRNA SNHG1 upregulated the expression of DNMT1 via interacting with PTBP1, resulting in Opg hypermethylation and decreased Opg expression, which in turn enhanced BMSC adipogenic differentiation and contributed to osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorescent RNA is a kind of emerging RNA labeling technique that can be used for in situ labeling and imaging of RNA in live cells, which plays an important role in understanding the function and regulation mechanism of RNA. Biosensing technology based on fluorescent RNA can be applied in dynamic detection of small molecule metabolites and proteins in real time, offering valuable tools for basic life science research and biomedical sensing technology development. In this review, we introduce the development of genetically encoded fluorescent RNA, and the application of fluorescent RNA in RNA imaging and biosensing technology based on fluorescent RNA in biosensing in live cell. Meanwhile, we discuss the direction and challenge of future development of fluorescent RNA technology to provide valuable insights for further development and application of this technology in relevant fields.

There are still many unresolved problems in the treatment and prognosis of nondisplaced femoral neck fractures, such as nonunion and avascular necrosis of the caput femoris .In order to reduce the risk of various complications after non-displaced femoral neck fractures, the caput femoris posterior tilt of femoral neck fractures and its impact on prognosis have attracted more and more attention. A large number of scholars' studies have found that when the posterior tilt exceeds 20°, the risk of internal fixation failure increases significantly. Based on this concept, we can choose to use primary artificial joint replacement instead of three-screw internal fixation according to the different posterior tilt angles of patients to reduce the incidence of postoperative complications. At the same time, our analysis found that comminution of the posterior segment of the femoral neck would lead to an increase in the posterior inclination angles. The purpose of this review was to investigate the relationship between caput femoris posterior tilt of femoral neck fractures and surgical outcome, and to introduce a new method for measuring caput femoris posterior tilt of the femoral neck.

Objective: To propose the an optimal screw placement scheme to prevent femoral neck shortening, finite element analysis was used to evaluate the biomechanical outcome of different numbers formed by full threaded screws at different positions in the treatment of femoral neck fractures of Pauwels type Ⅱ., Methods: Recruited for this study was a 55-year-old female volunteer with a weight of 70 kg and a height of 165 cm. CT scan data of her right femur was collected. The models of femoral of Pauwels typeⅡ and fully threaded screw(FTS) and partially threaded screw(PTS) were constructed in three-dimensional modeling software. All these screw placement schemes were divided into eight groups simulated the inverted triangular configuration:three PTSs, an anterosuperior FTS and two PTSs, a posterosuperior FTS and two PTSs, an inferior FTS and two PTSs, an anterosuperior PTS and two FTSs, a posterosuperior PTS and two FTSs, an inferior PTS and two FTSs and three FTSs. All fracture internal fixation models were processed in finite element analysis software. Parameters of postoperative femoral neck length, displacement distribution and peak displacement of screws and VonMises stress distribution and peak stress of screws, the proximal femur and fracture section were collected., Results: The maximum VonMises stress of screws was 239.71, 213.44, 199.37, 230.82, 201.63, 215.72, 185.65 and 192.64 MPa, respectively, which was concentrated in the inferior screw near the fracture line. The maximum Von Mises stress of the proximal femur was 269.48, 241.62, 249.43, 269.69, 271.60, 346.64, 236.97 and 439.62 MPa, respectively, which was concentrated in the inferior medial area of subtrochanteric femur. The maximum Von Mises stress of fracture section was 149.12, 143.04, 140.47, 139.63, 139.81, 130.07, 117.77 and 57.89 MPa, respectively, which was concentrated around the partially threaded screw channel instead of the fully threaded screw channel. The maximum displacement of screws was 5.52, 5.43, 5.32, 5.17, 5.05, 5.13, 5.28 and 5.04 mm, respectively, which was along the axis of the femoral neck, and the displacement distribution was concentrated on the tip of the screw. The length of postoperative femoral neck length was 74.69, 74.72, 74.70, 74.70, 74.72, 74.70, 74.72 and 74.74 mm, respectively., Conclusion: The placement of one anterosuperior partially threaded screw and two fully threaded screws with an inverted triangular distribution can not only meet the sliding compression effect to promote femoral neck healing and ensure the stability of the proximal femur, but also reduce the degree of postoperative femoral neck shortening and reduce the incidence of hip joint dysfunction. This study provides a new optimal screw placement solution for the treatment of femoral neck fractures.

Objective: To explore clinical outcomes of director for sustentaculum tali screwing for fixing sustentaculum tali of calcaneus., Methods: From May 2012 to October 2013, totally 50 patients (60 feet) with calcaneal fractures were analyzed, and divided into director for sustentaculum calcaneous tali screwing treatment group (group A) and ordinary screwing group(group B). In group A, there were 25 patients, including 22 males and 3 females, aged from 17 to 75 years old with an average of (45.08±11.98) years; according to Sanders classification, 9 feet were type II, 16 feet were type III, and 7 feet were type IV. In group B, there were 25 patients, including 20 males and 5 females, aged from 19 to 78 years old with an average of (46.36±15.74) years; according to Sanders classification, 8 feet were type II, 13 feet were type III, and 7 feet were type IV. Radiological change, operative time, postoperative complications were observed and compared, Maryland scoring at 1 year after operation was applied to evaluate clinical outcomes., Results: Fifty patients were followed up, group A was followed up from 12 to 24 months with an average of (17.72±4.08) months;while group B was followed up from 12 to 24 months with an average of (18.68±3.40) months;there was no significant difference between two groups in following-up time( P >0.05). There were significant difference in operative time, complications and fluoroscopy times between two groups( P <0.05). There were significant difference in Böhler angle and Gissanes angle between two groups before and after operation( P <0.05). Maryland score at 1 year after operation in group A was (84.94±12.75) and (76.96±15.32) in group B, had significant meaning between two groups ( P <0.05)., Conclusions: Fixation of sustentaculum tali of calcaneus aided by director for sustentaculum tali screwing, has advantages of less operative time, fluoroscopy times, incidence of complications and good recovery of function, which could provide a new aiding method for treating intra-articular calcaneal fractures., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose.

Objective: To evaluate the short term clinical effects and surgery methods of the total hip arthroplasty (THA)for the treatment of Crowe type IV congenital dysplasia of hip (CDH) in adults., Methods: From March 2013 to March 2015, 20 patients (20 hips) with Crowe type IV CDH in adults were underwent THA, including 4 males and 16 females, with an average age of 52 years old ranged from 32 to 68 years old. All the cementless acetabular cups were placed at the original anatomic location. S-ROM prosthesis was adopted together with subtrochanteric transverse osteotomy in femoral side. All the patients were evaluated by using the Modified Harris Hip Score. Radiographic evaluations were made preoperatively and during follow up., Results: The incisions were healed by first intention. There was no hip dislocation events and venous thrombosis occurred. All patients were followed up for 8 to 60 months with an average of 38.1 months. Postoperative X ray films showed all acetabular prosthesis were in true acetabulum. No nonunion and loosening were found in all patients. Harris score at final follow up improved from preoperative 50.90±9.35 to postoperative 90.25±3.16. The difference was statistically significant ( P <0.05). There were 1 patient with femoral split fracture, 1 patient with nerve injury, 1 patient with heterotopic ossification of Brooker I. The hip function of all patients was good, the pain was disappeared., Conclusions: THA with S-ROM prosthesis and subtrochanteric osteotomy is an effective method for the treatment of Crowe type IV CDH in adults. The recent clinical curative effect is satisfied., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose.

Objective: To search all studies that had been published in the world with regarding to the effectiveness of the extent of intralesional curettage and wide excision for recurrence rate and complications and comparative functional outcomes in patients with giant cell tumours (GCT) of the distal radius and analyze them which were in high quality by means of Meta analysis, in order to give some evidences for the choice of method dealing with giant cell tumors GCT in surgery., Methods: Cochrane central register of controlled trials(Issue 8 2014), PubMed(1970-01-01/2013-01-01), Ovid (1970-01-01/2013- 01-01), Elsevier (1970-01-01/2013-01-01), CNKI (1970-01-01/2013-01-01) were searched. Including intralesional curettage and wide excision were performed to treat giant cell tumors (GCTs) of the distal radius in the literatures, selecting on meet eligibility in the standard literatures underwent strict quality assessment. The Meta-analysis was performed with software RevMan5.0 from the Cochrane collaboration. Additionally, the analysis checked the heterogeneity of data. The effectiveness of the extent of intralesional curettage and wide excision for recurrence rate and complication in patients with giant cell tumours of the distal radius were evaluated and Odds Ratio was calculated., Results: Seven relevant articles were identified involving total 163 cases. Among them, 92 cases were intralesional curettage (PMMA, n = 54; bone graft, n = 33; no PMMA or bone grafts, n = 5) and 71 cases were wide excision. The patients in the intralesional curettage group had a higher recurrence rate [OR = 3.87, 95% CI (1.42, 10.53)],especially for Campanacci grade 3 GCTs [OR = 10.12, 95% CI (1.57, 65.27)], yet fewer major complications [OR = 0.13, 95% CI (0.04, 0.40)] than the wide excision group. The use of PMMA versus bone graft did not affect the recur- rence rate [OR = 0.96, 95% CI (0.26, 3.56)]. By selecting the system evaluation of MSTS, the VAS and dynamometer, the result showed that the intralesional curettage group was equivalent or preferable to wide excision in terms of function rehabilitation., Conclusion: Based on data obtained from the limited number of studies available, intralesional curettage appears to be moreappropriate for the treatment of local lesions (Grade 1 and 2) than Grade 3 GCTs of the distal radius. Moreover, PMMA was not additionally effective as an adjuvant, the intralesional curettage group was found to be equivalent or preferable to wide excision in terms of function rehabilitation.

Objective: To explore the treatment strategies and clinical effect of the acetabular malunion with traumatic arthritis by total hip arthroplasty., Methodology: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 47 cases of acetabular malunion with traumatic arthritis from June 2000 to December 2009. All the patients underwent total hip arthroplasty with bone grafting or titanium cage for bone defect of the acetabulum. Harris hip scoring system was used for evaluating the functional recovery of the hip joint., Results: Thirty three cases had an average of 47 months follow-up. No prosthesis was loosened and the function of hip joint was improved obviously with the Harris hip scores improving from 43.5 to 87.6. However, there were one case of sciatic nerve injury and four cases of heterotopic ossification postoperatively., Conclusion: Total hip arthroplasty might be an effective treatment of acetabular malunion with traumatic arthritis. Proper evaluation and reasonable reconstruction of acetabular defect as well as reasonable selection of prosthesis are essential to obtain an excellent outcome.