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Street views, satellite imageries and remote sensing data have been integrated into a wide spectrum of topics in the social sciences. Computer vision methods not only help analysts and policymakers make better decisions and produce more effective solutions but they also enable models to achieve more precise predictions and greater interpretability. In this paper, we review the growing literature applying such methods to economic issues and the social sciences, in which social scientists employ deep learning approaches to utilise image data to retrieve additional information. Typically, image data produce better results than traditional approaches and can provide detailed results and helpful insights to improve society and people's well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxes are the most important source of public revenue. Therefore tax policies have great importance for public economy. Despite the modern tax theories and policies of 20th century, no permanant success has yet been achieved in solving the problems related to tax collection. For this reason, problems related to this field remain current on the agenda. Examining the substainability of the tax farming system, has great importance in terms of solving the tax problems of the 20th century. The main aim of this study is to examine the substainability of this tax system. For this aim, analysis is realized by a repeated game theoretical model. The findings of the repeated game theoretical model reveals that this tax system has an unsustainable structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents study results of the region's sustainable development possibility, thus improving the population's life quality using cognitive simulation methods of complex systems. The main theoretical provisions of cognitive modeling developed and tested earlier in various socioeconomic system modeling are briefly outlined. The cognitive modeling application's mathematical apparatus and CMCS software No. 2018661506 system were developed using quantitative data from one of Russia's southern regions (Rostov oblast). The task was to study the region, model, understand, explain, and develop possible situation development scenarios, and foresee this complex system's possible future outcome. The main statistical socioeconomic indicators of the state region were studied and processed. Data analysis necessary for developing and researching a cognitive model is given. The regional economic mechanism cognitive model is a functional graph consisting of quantitative and qualitative concepts. Between them, relationships are given in the form of functions, which is the novelty of research. The results of several scenarios of impulse modeling are presented, making it possible to predict future desirable and undesirable processes in the system. Scenario analysis was carried out, making it possible to propose a number of recommendations for the region's sustainable development. A direction for the region's development of further cognitive research is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on reevaluating Alexander Hamilton's role as an economist, arguing that he deserves greater recognition in this regard. It emphasizes Hamilton's transition towards economic liberalism and his efforts in shaping a stable economic environment during a period of significant transitions in the United States.

While the quality-adjusted life-year construct has advantages of simplicity and consistency, simplicity requires strong assumptions. In particular, standard assumptions result in health-state utility functions that are unrealistically linear and separable in risk and duration. Consequently, sequencing of a series of health improvements has no effect on the total value of the sequence because each increment is assessed independently of previous increments. Utility functions in nearly all other areas of applied economics are assumed to be nonlinear with diminishing marginal utility so it matters where an improvement occurs in a sequence. We construct a conceptual framework that that demonstrates how diminishing marginal utility for health improvements could affect preferences for different sequence patterns. Using this framework, we derive conditions for which the sum of conventional health-state utilities understates, overstates, or approximates the sequence-sensitive value of health improvements. These patterns suggest the direction and magnitude of possible adjustments to conventional value calculations. We provide numerical examples and identify recent studies whose results are consistent with the conceptual model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper chronicles my fisheries compliance and enforcement research during the past 40 years. My colleagues and I at the University of Rhode Island began researching fisheries law enforcement issues around 1980 because of the high degree of noncompliance in fisheries managed by the New England Fisheries Management Council. We collected data and demonstrated that the pure deterrence model does not explain fisheries compliance behavior well. This set us on a course to develop an enriched model of compliance behavion The formal enriched model accounts for tangible and intangible motivations influencing individuals' compliance decisions, resulting in better explanations of the evidence than the pure deterrence model. The model also provides practical and superior policy prescriptions. Although the enriched model is superior to the basic pure deterrence model, much research remains to be done on explaining compliance behavior and crafting more efficient and effective compliance and regulatory programs in fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses sources of stress by risk category for row crop producers. It discusses weather and climate as the biggest stress in agricultural production where weather plays important role in the entire process; it also discusses government policies and other economic influences such as rapid change in price and inflation; and where it mentions that price uncertainty can lead to stress over whether operations will be profitable for a certain year or not.

This study establishes economic growth needed for supply-side mobile money drivers in developing countries to be positively related to mobile money innovations in the perspectives of mobile money accounts, the mobile phone used to send money, and the mobile phone used to receive money. The empirical evidence is based on Tobit regressions. For the negative net relationships that are computed, minimum economic growth thresholds are established above which the net negative relationships become net positive relationships. The following minimum economic growth rates are required for nexuses between supply-side mobile money drivers and mobile money innovations to be positive: (i) 6.109 percent (6.193%) of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth for mobile connectivity performance to be positively associated with the mobile phone used to send (receive) money and (ii) 4.590 percent (4.259%) of GDP growth for mobile connectivity coverage to be positively associated with the mobile phone used to send (receive) money. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the key tools in an organization's performance management is the goal tree, which is used for solving both direct and inverse problems. This research deals with goal setting based on a model of the future by presenting the goal and subgoal in the form of concrete quantitative and qualitative characteristics and stepwise formation of factors. A stepwise solution to a factor generation problem is considered on the basis of mathematical symmetry. This paper displays an algorithm for solving hierarchical inverse problems with constraints, which is based on recursively traversing the vertices that constitute the separate characteristics. Iterative methods, modified for the case of nonlinear models and the calculation of constraints, were used to generate solutions to the subproblems. To realize the algorithm, the object-oriented architecture, which simplifies the creation and modification of software, was elaborated. Computational experiments with five types of models were conducted, and the solution to a problem related to fast-food restaurant profit generation was reviewed. The metrics of remoteness from set values and t-statistics were calculated for the purpose of testing the received results, and solutions to the subproblems, with the help of a mathematical package using optimization models and a method of inverse calculations, were also provided. The results of computational experiments speak to the compliance of the received results with set constraints and the solution of separate subproblems with the usage of the mathematical package. The cases with the highest solution accuracy reached are specified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SPOCS is a brand-new teaching concept, which focuses on reflecting the dominant position of students. The application of SPOCS guidance mode in international trade practice teaching will help stimulate students' interest in knowledge, improve classroom-teaching effect, and improve classroom teaching quality. In order to fully mobilize students' subjective initiative and creativity, we should cultivate students into new talents with strong comprehensive quality. Let students study actively and autonomously under the correct guidance of teachers. From the perspective of "1 + x" certificate system, this paper introduces the necessity of developing application-oriented undergraduate education. This paper expounds the requirements of the "1 + x" certificate system for the classroom teaching of applied economics and analyzes the problems existing in the classroom teaching. This paper puts forward the reconstruction of efficient classroom teaching mode, makes great efforts to deepen the cooperation between industry and education in classroom teaching, and realizes the goal of "1 + x" certificate system to cultivate talents. A three-stage tutoring mode of "knowledge transfer before class," "knowledge internalization in class," and "evaluation and reflection after class" is designed. Practice has proved that the combination of microclassroom and flipped classroom is an effective strategy to improve the effect of learning knowledge. It provides some references and suggestions for front-line teachers to implement flipped classroom teaching in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article argue that the COVID-19 pandemic caused many U.S. workers to reassess their work status and the nature of their work, especially as regards working in an office or factory versus telecommuting. It mentions shift to home-based work in May 2020 and found that COVID-based telecommuters were likely to be well-educated, white, and higher income. It also mentions COVID's impact on the U.S. labor market and reported less work and less looking for work by women due to in-person schooling.

The article focuses on relationship between demand for broadband to enable smart agriculture and the availability of broadband for nearby rural communities. It mentions onset of the COVID-19 pandemic forced the planning committee to rethink the strategy for surfacing and addressing key research and Extension questions. It also mentions visibility of the digital divide during the pandemic drove unprecedented investments in rural broadband.

The article presents the discussion on creating an environment of modest economic growth. Topics include supply chain woes exacerbating by slowdowns in Chinese production and the Ukraine war weighing heavily on the oil and gas and grain markets; and decrease in the pandemic assistance payments and a resurgence of the Omicron variant.

Application of Bayesian inference to analyze real economic phenomena is rare in the literature on applied economics. This study contributes in two ways. Firstly, it contributes to methodological advancement in the literature on applied economic modeling by estimating a structural model using the classical econometric framework as well as the Bayesian two-stage econometric framework. The performance of the two approaches is compared due to the small sample size and the best model is selected. Secondly, the study is used to get fresh evidence about the impact of human capital upon economic growth in the form of Bayes mean estimates along with their Highest Posterior Density Intervals (HPDIs) which give certain ranges of estimates within which the parameters are likely to lie. Annual data on the Pakistan economy ranging from 1965 to 2019 is used for the estimation of the model. Classical estimates are obtained using the efficient GMM method. Bayes mean estimates are simulated using a Bayesian two-stage procedure assuming multivariate normal-Wishart informative priors. Results show that the Bayesian econometric framework gives more precise parameters' estimates as compared to the classical econometric framework, and hence, the Bayesian inference may be preferred over classical inference, especially in the case of a small sample size. The Bayes estimates show that a 1% increase in education capital and health capital causes raising economic growth by 0.0091% and 0.1778%, respectively, with a 0.95 probability that the estimates are likely to lie within the intervals 0.0085%–0.0097% and 0.1606%–0.1952%, respectively. Hence, human capital might be considered a vital factor to achieve economic growth in Pakistan. Moreover, health capital shows strong effects as compared to education capital in the process of economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This resulted in UNICEF's path-breaking I Adjustment with a Human Face i (1987) and Richard's personal role from the 1980s in enabling UNICEF to lead the UN against the World Bank and IMF's narrowness and the negative impacts of their Structural Adjustment Programmes. In 1982, after ten years as IDS Director, Richard was appointed as UNICEF's Deputy Director (Programmes), where he stayed for fifteen years. Sir Richard Jolly will be remembered as a pioneer development thinker and enabler; both as a distinguished academic and as a practitioner. [Extracted from the article]

The objective of this work consisted of the examination of the relation between the exchange rate variations and the Brazilian export prices of ethanol, relation defined as the pass-through of the exchange rate, having as reference the period from March 2005 to February 2019. For this, we estimated two models: in dollar and in euro. The data were collected in the sites of Center for Advanced Studies in Applied Economics - CEPEA, Instituted for Applied Economics - IPEA and in Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board - AHDB. In this sense, we used the instrumentals of time series, especially the Vector Error Correction Model (VEC). The results found provided indications that the degree of pass-through of the exchange rate for the export prices of ethanol occurred in an incomplete way, with the coefficients for dollar and euro of, respectively, 0.36 and 0.64, representing that depreciations of the exchange rate do not translate themselves in significant gains of competitiveness, since that they do not reduce expressively the export prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health Services Academy is a unique public sector institution which enjoys autonomous status as well as financial independence. HAS Dr. Shahzad said has a long history of promoting public health in Pakistan and it offers a large number of educational and training programmes to students in Pakistan and other countries. [Extracted from the article]

The aim of this article is to present the panorama of the teaching of Accounting Sciences in the third sector (TS) in the Accounting course in view of its prominence and growth, it is expected that higher education can prepare the professional to act with the recent changes gives TS legislation, preparing useful and transparent information for its users. To achieve the objective, the offer of disciplines in higher education institutions (HEIs) in Brazil was verified. The empirical study of an applied nature, has as exploratory methodology analyzing the curriculum available in the pages of 77 public HEIs, being analyzed 62 subjects offered on the TS. The results indicated that the TS course is not offered in all HEIs in Brazil, those that have it available as an elective course (optional). The research highlighted that among the HEIs studied, UNIFESP offers the TS discipline with the highest number of hours. Among the analysis by regions, the results showed that the Northeast region and represented by the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais, are the ones that offer the most TS disciplines. According to the Institute of Applied Economics Research (IPEA, 2020) this region and these states are not the most quantitative of TS institutions. Finally, data analyzed revealed that HEIs in Brazil are not complying with Resolution 4 of 2005 in its entirety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bolsa Família Program (PBF) has been the subject of several studies in applied economics. The program was consolidated and assumed centrality in Brazilian social policy, but still, there are few studies on the effectiveness of the program in combating poverty in the rural environment, according to the specificities of the country's regions. In this context, the present work aims to analyze the socioeconomic profile of rural PBF beneficiaries from rural areas in the North of Brazil. Using data from the CadÚnico of the Ministry of Citizenship, the results show a significant number of families in extreme poverty. The survey reveals the precarious living conditions of the beneficiaries of the program, especially with regard to the lack or lack of access to essential public goods. Thus, it is concluded that the PBF is insufficient to meet the basic needs of rural families in the sense of creating social and economic opportunities for them to escape the poverty trap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One constraint when dealing with food security problems is the absence of measurement tools that allow for mitigation strategies to be targeted on each region individually. The elasticities can be used as a good exploratory instrument of food security. This paper presents a proposal for measuring the food insecurity dimensions of access and stability, integrating the values of the different kinds of elasticities. The methodology was applied to Spain, using data from nine groups of protein-rich foods of animal origin during the 2004-2015 period in 17 regions. The results suggest that, as regards foods rich in animal proteins, Navarra and Galicia are the regions with the highest food insecurity, and pork meat is the most insecure food product. Comparisons can be carried out between and within regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines some of the important trends in economics that influenced the liberalization of aviation markets from the late 1970s, the role that economics has played in the subsequent assessment of the implications of these reforms and more recent policy "tweaking", and at the possible importance of more recent trends in economic thinking in influencing future policy developments. It primarily highlights the roles played by economic analysis in understanding how markets for airline, airport, and air traffic control work, how many of these features have been quantified, and situations where serious market failures can occur. • Provides assessment of economic theory in developing aviation policy. • Provides a contextual overview of the ways in which economic regulation develops. • Offers some thoughts about the future role of economics in shaping aviation policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents infographic which provides statistics a national survey conducted by the American Farm Bureau Federation and Morning Consult, which discusses farm stress issues and lists resources available nationwide to assist farmers with their mental health and wellbeing.

A principal source of interest in behavioral economics has been its advertised contributions to policies aimed at ‘nudging’ people away from allegedly natural but self-defeating behavior toward patterns of response thought more likely to improve their welfare. This has occasioned controversies among economists and philosophers around the normative limits of paternalism, especially by technical policy advisors. One recent suggestion has been that ‘boosting,’ in which interventions aim to enhance people’s general cognitive skills and representational repertoires instead of manipulating their choice environments behind their backs, avoids the main normative challenges. A limitation in most of this literature is that it has focused on relatively sweeping policy recommendations and consequently on strong polar alternatives of general paternalism and strictlaissez faire. We review a real instance, drawn from a consulting project we conducted for an investment bank, of a proposed intervention that is more typical of the kind that economists are more often actually called upon to offer. In this example, the sophistication of current tools for preference attribution, combined with philosophical externalism about the semantics of preferences that makes it less plausible to attribute their literal self-conscious representation to people as propositional attitude content becomes more tightly refined, blocks applicability of the distinction between nudging and boosting. This seems to call for irreducible, context-specific ethical judgment in assessing the appropriateness of the forms of paternalism that economists must actually wrestle with in going about their everyday business. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Textbooks are an important subject for the study of science in general and economics in particular. In this paper, we analyse at the process of the acceptance of human capital theory through its inclusion in economics textbooks by looking at two specialized fields to which this theory became highly influential: labour economics and the economics of education. The analysis will compare the patterns of the dissemination of these new theoretical developments in a more consolidated field and in an emergent field of economics research with a particular focus in the early stages of that dissemination process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavioral economics is an approach to understanding behavior though integrating behavioral psychology and microeconomic principles. Advances in behavioral economics have resulted in quick-to-administer tasks to assess discounting (i.e., decrements in the subjective value of a commodity due to delayed or probabilistic receipt) and demand (i.e., effort exerted to defend baseline consumption of a commodity amidst increasing constraints)—these tasks are built upon decades of foundational work from the experimental analysis of behavior and exhibit adequate psychometric properties. We propose that the behavioral economic approach is particularly well suited, then, for experimentally evaluating potential public policy decisions, particularly during urgent times or crises. Using examples from our collaborations (e.g., cannabis legalization, happy hour alcohol pricing, severe weather alerts, COVID-19 vaccine marketing), we demonstrate how behavioral economic approaches have rendered novel insights to guide policy development and garnered widespread attention outside of academia. We conclude with implications on multidisciplinary work and other areas in need of behavioral economic investigations. • Behavioral economics incorporates discounting and demand. • Demand and discounting have historically provided novel information for health issues. • Behavioral economics is uniquely situated to empirically inform policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses theoretical, methodological and interdisciplinary as areas where economic analysis could benefit from critical assessment. Topics include the reasoning used in the political process especially in the case of evidence-based policy, the relationship between theory and the real world, theory and empirical analysis, and how the results of empirical analysis may relate to real world effects.

One of the most controversial issues in public finance and macroeconomics is the nature of the relationship between government spending and revenues. The debate between economists and politicians has been emphasised recently because of the increased budget deficits and defaults in many developed and developing countries. Many economists (Friedman, 1978; Payne, 1997; Darrat, 1998; Albatel, 2002) argued that it is very important to investigate whether the government spending determines the revenues and/or whether government revenue determines the government spending. We are applying an empirical analysis of the spend-tax or tax-spend hypothesis, in order to identify the direction of the causality between government spending and revenues in Greece for the period 1833-2009, a period of industrialisation, urbanisation, increased growth, increased government spending, and enormous budget deficits during the last decades and a serious problem with the public debt. In order to investigate the relationship between government revenues and spending we used the Dickey and Fuller (1979) and Phillips and Perron (1988) unit root tests, the Chow (1960) test and Zivot and Andrews (1992) unit root tests which allow structural changes, the Johansen (1988) cointegration approach and finally the Granger (1969) causality tests. We found strong evidence of long-run relationship between government spending and revenues. Additionally, we used the Granger-causality test which indicates that the causality runs from spending to revenues, thus support of the spend-tax hypothesis. The spend-tax hypothesis maintains that a political system somehow determines how much to spend and then makes the adjustments in tax policy and revenue sources in order to finance the government spending so limitations in spending will be effective for the economy of Greece, but no one could argue that limitations of taxation will be ineffective. It is very important for Greek government to identify the causal direction between government spending and tax revenues, because the direction of causality provides useful insights into how the country can manage their unsustainable budget deficits in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an innovating experience in the teaching of Applied Economics based on cooperative learning and the participative elaboration of contents, carried out in the teaching of International Economic Structure and Economics of Public Sector in the Department of Applied Economics at the University of Vigo. The educational system combines skillful teaching with a set of practices and directed activities - including the accomplishment of cooperative learning- in which the competences of the students are developed. The cooperative learning carried out in groups of students is incorporated into the general contents of the course, being evaluated. This activity implies that students develop an active role in the configuration of the course, and students exercise their competences through cooperative learning and the participative elaboration of contents. This form of content elaboration is the main educative innovation of this case-analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, evidence in economics has been seen in the context of theory choice. Much of recent methodological debate on the role of evidence has turned on the recognition that the status and role of evidence is somewhat more involved in economics than the conventional wisdom suggests. Rather than approaching this question in general terms from a starting point of philosophy of science or even science studies, our aim in this introduction to a symposium of articles on evidence in economics is to approach the question from the perspective of applied economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a disciplinary contribution to the Housing, Theory and Society debate on the role of theory in housing studies. The discipline in question is economics, but considered widely across the range of perspectives it offers. A pragmatic case is made for investigating applied economics from across the subject's spectrum provided they meet the criteria of being useful, insightful, interesting or novel and potentially testable. It is argued that this is consistent with a multidisciplinary approach to housing research. The paper also argues that recent trends in economics have contributed positively, particularly through the increasingly mainstream behavioural economics and finance school, an area of practical relevance to housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to bring to the attention of regulatory economists and policymakers the existence of some approaches to utility regulation that have hitherto received little or no attention in the economics literature. It begins by noting that regulatory actions have discouraged certain kinds of retail contracts in the UK that are offered in Nordic countries, almost extinguished retail competition in Ohio, and distorted the market for merchant interconnectors in Australia. In contrast, Argentina secured an efficient appraisal and implementation of transmission expansions by empowering users and severely limiting the role for regulation. Some US and Canadian jurisdictions have fostered the emergence of negotiated settlements that exhibit considerable innovation, and greater benefits for all parties than would have been possible with the conventional regulatory approach. These examples of the actual regulatory world can inform the work of theorists and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to develop and demonstrate a performance-based allocation model for university libraries in India. Design/methodology/approach - Using economic models with weighted values, a system of allocating funds to university library departments is illustrated. Findings - The paper finds that many university libraries in India struggle to continue their existing operations and services due to financial problems. Careful budgeting and most appropriate use of financial resources is essential to solve the existing financial problems. Originality/value - The model takes into account efficiency and equity considerations, which can assist the library in allocating its budget in a transparent and fair manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on fall 2020 survey of 5,000 representative households.

The article offers information on COVID-19 influenced the OJ market so far.